The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature, Reading, Thinking, Writing, Twelfth Edition, The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing, Twelfth Edition by Michael Meyer -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

About this Book

Cover Page Resources for Reading and Writing about Literature Title Page Copyright Page Dedication About the Author Preface for Instructors Brief Contents Contents Introduction: Reading Imaginative Literature

The Nature of Literature

Emily Dickinson • A narrow Fellow in the Grass

The Value of Literature The Changing Literary Canon

Fiction

The Elements of Fiction

Chapter 1. Reading Fiction

Reading Fiction Responsively

Kate Chopin • The Story of an Hour

A Sample Close Reading: An Annotated Section of “The Story of an Hour” A Sample Paper: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin’s “The Story of an Hour”

Explorations and Formulas

Grace Paley • Wants Judith Ortiz Cofer • Volar

Chapter 2. Plot

T. C. Boyle • The Hit Man Alice Walker • The Flowers William Faulkner • A Rose for Emily

Perspective

William Faulkner • On “A Rose for Emily” A Sample Close Reading: An Annotated Section of “A Rose for Emily” A Sample Student Response: Conflict in the Plot of William Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily”

Andre Dubus • Killings

Perspective

A. L. Bader • Nothing Happens in Modern Short Stories

Chapter 3. Character

Tobias Wolff • Powder Jamaica Kincaid • Girl Xu Xi • Famine James Baldwin • Sonny’s Blues

Chapter 4. Setting

Ernest Hemingway • Soldier’s Home

Perspective

Ernest Hemingway • On What Every Writer Needs

Ursula K. Le Guin • The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas Charlotte Perkins Gilman • The Yellow Wallpaper

Chapter 5. Point of View

Third-Person Narrator (Nonparticipant) First-Person Narrator (Participant)

John Updike • A & P Manuel Muñoz • Zigzagger Maggie Mitchell • It Would Be Different If

Chapter 6. Symbolism

Louise Erdrich • The Red Convertible Ralph Ellison • King of the Bingo Game Cynthia Ozick • The Shawl

A Sample Student Response: Layers of Symbol in Cynthia Ozick’s “The Shawl”

Ann Beattie • Janus

Chapter 7. Theme

Shirley Jackson • The Lottery Katherine Mansfield • Miss Brill Zora Neale Hurston • Sweat

Chapter 8. Style, Tone, and Irony

Style Tone Irony

Raymond Carver • Popular Mechanics

Perspective

John Barth • On Minimalist Fiction A Sample Student Response: The Minimalist Style of Raymond Carver’s “Popular Mechanics”

Susan Minot • Lust Jim Shepard • Reach for the Sky

Approaches to Fiction

Chapter 9. A Study of Nathaniel Hawthorne

A Brief Biography and Introduction

Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Minister’s Black Veil Young Goodman Brown The Birthmark Perspectives on Hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthorne • On Solitude Nathaniel Hawthorne • On the Power of the Writer’s Imagination Nathaniel Hawthorne • On His Short Stories Herman Melville • On Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Tragic Vision Gaylord Brewer • The Joys of Secret Sin

Chapter 10. A Study of Flannery O’Connor

A Brief Biography and Introduction

Flannery O’Connor

A Good Man Is Hard to Find Good Country People Revelation Perspectives on O’Connor

Flannery O’Connor • On the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion Josephine Hendin • On O’Connor’s Refusal to “Do Pretty” Claire Katz • The Function of Violence in O’Connor’s Fiction Edward Kessler • On O’Connor’s Use of History Time Magazine, on A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories

Chapter 11. A Cultural Case Study: James Joyce’s “Eveline”

A Brief Biography and Introduction

James Joyce • Eveline

Documents

The Alliance Temperance Almanack • On the Resources of Ireland Bridget Burke • A Letter Home from an Irish Emigrant A Plot Synopsis of The Bohemian Girl

Chapter 12. A Study of Dagoberto Gilb: The Author Reflects on Three Stories

Introduction A Brief Biography

Dagoberto Gilb • How Books Bounce (Essay) Dagoberto Gilb • Love in L.A. (Story) Dagoberto Gilb • On Writing “Love in L.A.” (Essay) Dagoberto Gilb • Shout (Story) Dagoberto Gilb • On Writing “Shout” (Essay) Dagoberto Gilb • Uncle Rock (Story) Dagoberto Gilb • On Writing “Uncle Rock” (Essay)

Perspectives

Dagoberto Gilb • On Physical Labor Dagoberto Gilb • On Distortions of Mexican American Culture Dagoberto Gilb • Michael Meyer Interviews Dagoberto Gilb Dagoberto Gilb • Two Draft Manuscript Pages (FACSIMILES)

Chapter 13. A Thematic Case Study: War and Its Aftermath

Tim O’Brien • How to Tell a True War Story Kurt Vonnegut Jr. • Happy Birthday, 1951 Edwidge Danticat • The Missing Peace

Chapter 14. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire

Annie Proulx • 55 Miles to the Gas Pump George Saunders • I Can Speak™ Ron Hansen • My Kid’s Dog Mark Twain • The Story of the Good Little Boy

Chapter 15. A Thematic Case Study: Privacy

Oscar Wilde • The Sphinx without a Secret: An Etching David Long • Morphine ZZ Packer • Drinking Coffee Elsewhere John Cheever • The Enormous Radio

Chapter 16. Stories for Further Reading

Washington Irving • Rip Van Winkle Jhumpa Lahiri • Sexy Alecia McKenzie • Private School Joyce Carol Oates • Tick Edgar Allan Poe • The Cask of Amontillado Carol Shields • Mrs. Turner Cutting the Grass John Edgar Wideman • All Stories Are True

Poetry

The Elements of Poetry

Chapter 17. Reading Poetry

Reading Poetry Responsively

Lisa Parker • Snapping Beans Robert Hayden • Those Winter Sundays John Updike • Dog’s Death

The Pleasure of Words

Gregory Corso • I am 25

A Sample Close Reading: An Annotated Version of “I am 25”

Robert Francis • Catch

A Sample Student Analysis: Tossing Metaphors in Robert Francis’s “Catch”

Philip Larkin • A Study of Reading Habits Robert Morgan • Mountain Graveyard E. E. Cummings • l(a Anonymous • Western Wind Regina Barreca • Nighttime Fires

Poetic Definitions of Poetry

Marianne Moore • Poetry Billy Collins • Introduction to Poetry Ruth Forman • Poetry Should Ride the Bus Charles Bukowski • a poem is a city

Recurrent Poetic Figures: Five Ways of Looking at Roses

Robert Burns • A Red, Red Rose Edmund Waller • Go, Lovely Rose William Blake • The Sick Rose Dorothy Parker • One Perfect Rose H.D. (Hilda Doolittle) • Sea Rose

Poems for Further Study

Mary Oliver • The Poet with His Face in His Hands Jim Tilley • The Big Questions Alberto Ríos • Seniors Alfred, Lord Tennyson • The Eagle Edgar Allan Poe • Sonnet — To Science Cornelius Eady • The Supremes

Poetry and the Visual Arts

Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing

Grant Wood • American Gothic (Painting) John Stone • American Gothic (Poem) Cathy Song • Girl Powdering Her Neck (Poem) Kitagawa Utamaro • Girl Powdering Her Neck (Woodblock Print) Yusef Komunyakaa • Facing It (Poem) Maya Lin • The Vietnam Veteran’s Memorial Wall (Sculpture) Wisława Szymborska • Bruegel’s Two Monkeys (Poem) Pieter Bruegel the Elder • Two Monkeys (Painting) Edward Hirsch • Edward Hopper and the House by the Railroad (1925) (Poem) Edward Hopper • House by the Railroad (Painting) Wisława Szymborska • Vermeer (Poem) Vermeer • The Milkmaid (Painting)

Encountering Poetry: Images of Poetry in Popular Culture

Dorothy Parker • Unfortunate Coincidence (Poster) Carl Sandburg • Window (Photo) Roz Chast • The Love Song of J. Alfred Crew (Cartoon) Tim Taylor • I Shake the Delicate Apparatus (Photo) Eric Dunn and Mike Wigton • National Poetry Slam (Poster) Kevin Fleming • National Poetry Slam (Photo) Ted Kooser • American Life in Poetry (Web Screen) Michael McFee • Spitwads (Poem in Newspaper)

Chapter 18. Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone

Word Choice

Diction Denotations and Connotations Randall Jarrell • The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner

Word Order Tone

Marilyn Nelson • How I Discovered Poetry Katharyn Howd Machan • Hazel Tells LaVerne

A Sample Student Response: Tone in Katharyn Howd Machan’s “Hazel Tells LaVerne”

Martín Espada • Latin Night at the Pawnshop Jonathan Swift • The Character of Sir Robert Walpole

Diction and Tone in Three Love Poems

Robert Herrick • To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time Andrew Marvell • To His Coy Mistress Ann Lauinger • Marvell Noir

Poems for Further Study

Walt Whitman • The Dalliance of the Eagles Kwame Dawes • History Lesson at Eight a.m. Cathy Song • The Youngest Daughter John Keats • Ode on a Grecian Urn Alice Jones • The Lungs Louis Simpson • In the Suburbs

A Note on Reading Translations

Three Translations of a Poem by Sappho Sappho • Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne (trans. Henry T. Wharton) Sappho • Beautiful-throned, immortal Aphrodite (trans. Thomas Wentworth Higginson) Sappho • Prayer to my lady of Paphos (trans. Mary Barnard)

Chapter 19. Images

Poetry’s Appeal to the Senses

William Carlos Williams • Poem Walt Whitman • Cavalry Crossing a Ford David Solway • Windsurfing Matthew Arnold • Dover Beach

Poems for Further Study

Adelaide Crapsey • November Night Ruth Fainlight • Crocuses Mary Robinson • London’s Summer Morning William Blake • London

A Sample Student Response: Imagery in William Blake’s “London” and Mary Robinson’s “London’s Summer Morning”

Kwame Dawes • The Habits of Love Charles Simic • Fork Sally Croft • Home-Baked Bread John Keats • To Autumn

Perspective

T. E. Hulme • On the Differences between Poetry and Prose

Chapter 20. Figures of Speech

William Shakespeare • From Macbeth Simile and Metaphor

Langston Hughes • Harlem Jane Kenyon • The Socks Anne Bradstreet • The Author to Her Book

Other Figures

Edmund Conti • Pragmatist Dylan Thomas • The Hand That Signed the Paper Janice Townley Moore • To a Wasp Tajana Kovics • Text Message

Poems for Further Study

William Carlos Williams • To Waken an Old Lady Ernest Slyman • Lightning Bugs Martín Espada • The Mexican Cabdriver’s Poem for His Wife, Who Has Left Him Judy Page Heitzman • The Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill Robert Pinsky • Icicles Jim Stevens • Schizophrenia Kay Ryan • Learning Ronald Wallace • Building an Outhouse Elaine Magarrell • The Joy of Cooking

Perspective

John R. Searle • Figuring Out Metaphors

Chapter 21. Symbol, Allegory, and Irony

Symbol

Robert Frost • Acquainted with the Night

Allegory

James Baldwin • Guilt, Desire and Love

Irony

Edwin Arlington Robinson • Richard Cory

A Sample Student Response: Irony in Edwin Arlington Robinson’s “Richard Cory”

Kenneth Fearing • AD E. E. Cummings • next to of course god america i Stephen Crane • A Man Said to the Universe

Poems for Further Study

Christina Rossetti • Goblin Market Jane Kenyon • The Thimble Kevin Pierce • Proof of Origin Carl Sandburg • A Fence Julio Marzán • Ethnic Poetry Mark Halliday • Graded Paper Robert Browning • My Last Duchess William Blake • A Poison Tree

Perspective

Ezra Pound • On Symbols

Chapter 22. Sounds

Listening to Poetry

Anonymous • Scarborough Fair John Updike • Player Piano Emily Dickinson • A Bird came down the Walk —

A Sample Student Response: Sound in Emily Dickinson’s “A Bird came down the Walk —”

Rhyme

Richard Armour • Going to Extremes Robert Southey • From “The Cataract of Lodore”

Perspective

David Lenson • On the Contemporary Use of Rhyme

Sound and Meaning

Gerard Manley Hopkins • God’s Grandeur

Poems for Further Study

Lewis Carroll • Jabberwocky William Heyen • The Trains Alfred, Lord Tennyson • Break, Break, Break John Donne • Song Kay Ryan • Dew Andrew Hudgins • The Ice-Cream Truck Robert Francis • The Pitcher Helen Chasin • The Word Plum Richard Wakefield • The Bell Rope Jean Toomer • Unsuspecting John Keats • Ode to a Nightingale Howard Nemerov • Because You Asked about the Line between Prose and Poetry Major Jackson • Autumn Landscape

Chapter 23. Patterns of Rhythm

Some Principles of Meter

Walt Whitman • From “Song of the Open Road” William Wordsworth • My Heart Leaps Up

Suggestions for Scanning a Poem

Timothy Steele • Waiting for the Storm

A Sample Student Response: The Rhythm of Anticipation in Timothy Steele’s “Waiting for the Storm”

William Butler Yeats • That the Night Come

Poems for Further Study

Samuel Taylor Coleridge • Mnemonic John Maloney • Good! Alice Jones • The Foot A. E. Housman • When I was one-and-twenty Robert Herrick • Delight in Disorder Ben Jonson • Still to Be Neat E. E. Cummings • O sweet spontaneous William Blake • The Lamb William Blake • The Tyger Carl Sandburg • Chicago Gwendolyn Brooks • We Real Cool

Perspective

Louise Bogan • On Formal Poetry

Chapter 24. Poetic Forms

Some Common Poetic Forms

A. E. Housman • Loveliest of trees, the cherry now Robert Herrick • Upon Julia’s Clothes Sonnet John Keats • On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer William Wordsworth • The World Is Too Much with Us William Shakespeare • Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? William Shakespeare • My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun Edna St. Vincent Millay • I will put Chaos into fourteen lines Mark Jarman • Unholy Sonnet R. S. Gwynn • Shakespearean Sonnet Villanelle Dylan Thomas • Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night Edwin Arlington Robinson • The House on the Hill Sestina Algernon Charles Swinburne • Sestina Florence Cassen Mayers • All-American Sestina Julia Alvarez • Bilingual Sestina Epigram Samuel Taylor Coleridge • What Is an Epigram? David McCord • Epitaph on a Waiter Paul Laurence Dunbar • Theology Limerick Arthur Henry Reginald Buller • There was a young lady named Bright Laurence Perrine • The limerick’s never averse Haiku Matsuo Bashō • Under cherry trees Carolyn Kizer • After Bashō Amy Lowell • Last night it rained Gary Snyder • A Dent in a Bucket Ghazal Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib • Ghazal 4 Patricia Smith • Hip-Hop Ghazal Elegy Ben Jonson • On My First Son Thomas Gray • Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Kate Hanson Foster • Elegy of Color Ode Alexander Pope • Ode on Solitude Parody Blanche Farley • The Lover Not Taken Joan Murray • We Old Dudes Picture Poem Michael McFee • In Medias Res

Perspective

Elaine Mitchell • Form

Chapter 25. Open Form

Walt Whitman • From “I Sing the Body Electric”

Perspective

Walt Whitman • On Rhyme and Meter

A Sample Student Response: The Power of Walt Whitman’s Open Form Poem “I Sing the Body Electric”

David Shumate • Shooting the Horse Reginald Shepherd • Self-Portrait Surviving Spring Major Jackson • The Chase Michael Ryan • I E. E. Cummings • old age sticks Natasha Trethewey • On Captivity Julio Marzán • The Translator at the Reception for Latin American Writers Charles Harper Webb • Descent Kevin Young • Eddie Priest’s Barbershop & Notary Anonymous • The Frog David Hernandez • All-American Found Poem Donald Justice • Order in the Streets

Approaches to Poetry

Chapter 26. A Study of Emily Dickinson

A Brief Biography An Introduction to Her Work

If I can stop one Heart from breaking If I shouldn’t be alive The Thought beneath so slight a film — To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee Success is counted sweetest Water, is taught by thirst Papa above! Safe in their Alabaster Chambers — (1859 version) Safe in their Alabaster Chambers — (1861 version) Portraits are to daily faces Some keep the Sabbath going to Church — I taste a liquor never brewed — “Heaven” — is what I cannot reach! I like a look of Agony Wild Nights — Wild Nights! The Soul selects her own Society — Much Madness is divinest Sense — I dwell in Possibility — I heard a Fly buzz — when I died — Because I could not stop for Death — The Bustle in a House Tell all the Truth but tell it slant — Oh Sumptuous moment A Route of Evanescence From all the Jails the Boys and Girls Perspectives on Emily Dickinson

Emily Dickinson • A Description of Herself Thomas Wentworth Higginson • On Meeting Dickinson for the First Time Mabel Loomis Todd • The Character of Amherst Richard Wilbur • On Dickinson’s Sense of Privation Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar • On Dickinson’s White Dress Paula Bennett • On “I heard a Fly buzz — when I died —” Martha Nell Smith • On “Because I could not stop for Death —”

Questions for Writing about an Author in Depth

A Sample In-Depth Study

“Faith” is a fine invention I know that He exists I never saw a Moor — Apparently with no surprise A Sample Student Paper: Religious Faith in Four Poems by Emily Dickinson Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

Chapter 27. A Study of Robert Frost

A Brief Biography An Introduction to His Work

The Road Not Taken The Pasture Mowing Mending Wall Birches “Out, Out —” Fire and Ice Dust of Snow Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening The Need of Being Versed in Country Things Nothing Gold Can Stay Once by the Pacific Neither Out Far nor In Deep Design Desert Places The Gift Outright Perspectives on Robert Frost

Robert Frost • “In White”: An Early Version of “Design” Robert Frost • On the Living Part of a Poem Amy Lowell • On Frost’s Realistic Technique Robert Frost • On the Figure a Poem Makes Herbert R. Coursen Jr. • A Parodic Interpretation of “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”

Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

Chapter 28. A Study of Billy Collins: The Author Reflects on Five Poems

A Brief Biography and an Introduction to His Work

Billy Collins • “How Do Poems Travel?” (Introduction) Billy Collins • Osso Buco (Poem) Billy Collins • On Writing “Osso Buco” (Essay) Billy Collins • Nostalgia (Poem) Billy Collins • On Writing “Nostalgia” (Essay) Billy Collins • Questions About Angels (Poem) Billy Collins • On Writing “Questions About Angels” (Essay) Billy Collins • Litany (Poem) Billy Collins • On Writing “Litany” (Essay) Billy Collins • Building With Its Face Blown Off (Poem)

Perspective

Billy Collins • On “Building with Its Face Blown Off”: Michael Meyer Interviews Billy Collins

Draft Poems

Billy Collins • Three Draft Manuscript Pages (Facsimiles)

Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

Chapter 29. A Study of Julia Alvarez: The Author Reflects on Five Poems

A Brief Biography An Introduction to Her Work

Julia Alvarez • Queens, 1963 (Poem) Julia Alvarez • On Writing “Queens, 1963” (Essay) Queens Civil Rights Demonstration (Photo)

Perspective

Marny Requa • From an Interview with Julia Alvarez

Julia Alvarez • Housekeeping Cages (Essay) Julia Alvarez • On Writing “Housekeeping Cages” and Her Housekeeping Poems (Essay) Julia Alvarez • Dusting (Poem) Julia Alvarez • On Writing “Dusting” (Essay) Julia Alvarez • Ironing Their Clothes (Poem) Julia Alvarez • On Writing “Ironing Their Clothes” (Essay) Julia Alvarez • Sometimes the Words Are So Close (Poem) Julia Alvarez • Drafts of “Sometimes the Words Are So Close:” A Poet’s Writing Process (Facsimiles) Julia Alvarez • On Writing “Sometimes the Words Are So Close” (Essay) Julia Alvarez • First Muse (Poem) Julia Alvarez • On Writing “First Muse” (Essay)

Perspective

Kelli Lyon Johnson • Mapping an Identity

Chapter 30. A Cultural Case Study: Harlem Renaissance Poets Claude McKay, Georgia Douglas Johnson, Langston Hughes, and Countee Cullen

Claude McKay

The Harlem Dancer If We Must Die The Tropics in New York The Lynching America The White City The Barrier

Georgia Douglas Johnson

Youth Foredoom Calling Dreams Lost Illusions Fusion Prejudice

Langston Hughes

The Negro Speaks of Rivers Jazzonia The Weary Blues Lenox Avenue: Midnight Ballad of the Landlord

Countee Cullen

Yet Do I Marvel Incident Heritage Perspectives

Karen Jackson Ford • Hughes’s Aesthetics of Simplicity David Chinitz • The Romanticization of Africa in the 1920s Alain Locke • Review of Georgia Douglas Johnson’s Bronze: A Book of Verse Countee Cullen • On Racial Poetry Onwuchekwa Jemie • On Universal Poetry

Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

Chapter 31. Song Lyrics as Poetry

Anonymous • Lord Randal Frederic Weatherly • Danny Boy W. C. Handy • Beale Street Blues Woody Guthrie • Gypsy Davy Hank Williams • I’m So Lonesome I Could Cry Bob Dylan • A Hard Rain’s A-Gonna Fall Bob Dylan • It’s Alright, Ma (I’m Only Bleeding) John Lennon and Paul McCartney • I Am the Walrus Van Morrison • Astral Weeks Joni Mitchell • Cold Blue Steel and Sweet Fire Bruce Springsteen • You’re Missing Tom Waits and Kathleen Brennan • Alice Janelle Monáe • Americans

Chapter 32. A Thematic Case Study: The Natural World

J. Estanislao Lopez • Meditation on Beauty Jane Hirshfield • Optimism Wendell Berry • The Peace of Wild Things Gail White • Dead Armadillos Dave Lucas • November Walt McDonald • Coming Across It Edna St. Vincent Millay • Spring Alden Nowlan • The Bull Moose Kay Ryan • Turtle Allen Ginsberg • Sunflower Sutra Mary Oliver • Wild Geese Sylvia Plath • Pheasant

Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

Chapter 33. A Thematic Case Study: The World of Work

Jan Beatty • My Father Teaches Me to Dream Michael Chitwood • Men Throwing Bricks Walt Whitman • I Hear America Singing Langston Hughes • I, Too Pedro Pietri • Puerto Rican Obituary Theodore Roethke • Dolor Marge Piercy • To be of use Seamus Heaney • Digging Rita Dove • Daystar

Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

An Anthology of Poems

Chapter 34. An Anthology of Poems

Margaret Atwood • Owl Song W. H. Auden • The Unknown Citizen Charles Baudelaire • A Carrion Aphra Behn • Song: Love Armed William Blake • Infant Sorrow William Blake • The Mental Traveller Anne Bradstreet • Before the Birth of One of Her Children Emily Brontë • Stars Elizabeth Barrett Browning • How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways Michelle Cliff • The Land of Look Behind Samuel Taylor Coleridge • Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream Gregory Corso • Marriage Bei Dao • Notes from the City of the Sun John Donne • Batter My Heart John Donne • The Flea Paul Laurence Dunbar • Sympathy T. S. Eliot • The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock T. S. Eliot • The Hollow Men Lawrence Ferlinghetti • Constantly Risking Absurdity Louisa Glück • Celestial Music Seamus Heaney • Personal Helicon Gerard Manley Hopkins • Pied Beauty Brionne Janae • Alternative Facts Ben Jonson • To Celia John Keats • When I have fears that I may cease to be John Keats • Bright star, would I were steadfast as thou art — Philip Larkin • Sad Steps Emma Lazarus • The New Colossus Luise Lopez • Junior Year Abroad Audre Lorde • Learning to Write Robert Lowell • Skunk Hour John Milton • When I consider how my light is spent Naomi Shihab Nye • To Manage Edgar Allan Poe • Annabel Lee Adelia Prado • Denouement Edwin Arlington Robinson • Miniver Cheevy William Shakespeare • Let me not to the marriage of true minds William Shakespeare • When, in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyes Percy Bysshe Shelley • Ozymandias Stevie Smith • Not Waving but Drowning Tracy K. Smith • Self-Portrait as the Letter Y Wallace Stevens • Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird Jonathan Swift • A Description of the Morning Alfred, Lord Tennyson • Ulysses Natasha Trethewey • Incident Phillis Wheatley • To S. M. a young African Painter, on seeing his Works Walt Whitman • When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer William Wordsworth • I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud William Wordsworth • The Solitary Reaper William Butler Yeats • Leda and the Swan William Butler Yeats • The Lake Isle of Innisfree

Drama

The Study of Drama

Chapter 35. Reading Drama

Reading Drama Responsively

Susan Glaspell • Trifles

A Sample Close Reading: An Annotated Section of Trifles Perspective

Susan Glaspell • From the Short Story Version of Trifles

Plays in Performance

Oedipus the King Othello Fences Proof The Birthday Party How I Learned to Drive The Importance of Being Earnest A Doll’s House

Elements of Drama

Lynn Nottage • POOF!

Chapter 36. A Study of Sophocles

Theatrical Conventions of Greek Drama Tragedy

Sophocles • Oedipus the King (trans. by David Grene)

Perspectives on Sophocles

Aristotle • On Tragic Character Sigmund Freud • On the Oedipus Complex Muriel Rukeyser • On Oedipus the King David Wiles • On Oedipus the King as a Political Play

Chapter 37. A Study of William Shakespeare

Shakespeare’s Theater The Range of Shakespeare’s Drama: History, Comedy, and Tragedy A Note on Reading Shakespeare

William Shakespeare • Othello, the Moor of Venice

Perspectives on Shakespeare

The Mayor of London • Objections to the Elizabethan Theater Lisa Jardine • On Boy Actors in Female Roles Samuel Johnson • On Shakespeare’s Characters Jane Adamson • On Desdemona’s Role in Othello David Bevington • On Othello’s Heroic Struggle James Kincaid • On the Value of Comedy in the Face of Tragedy

Suggested Topics for Longer Papers

Chapter 38. Modern Drama

Realism Naturalism Theatrical Conventions of Modern Drama

Oscar Wilde • The Importance of Being Earnest

Chapter 39. A Critical Case Study: Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House

Henrik Ibsen • A Doll’s House (trans. R. Farquharson Sharp)

Perspectives

Henrik Ibsen • Notes for A Doll House A Nineteenth-Century Husband’s Letter to His Wife Barry Witham and John Lutterbie • A Marxist Approach to A Doll House Carol Strongin Tufts • A Psychoanalytic Reading of Nora Joan Templeton • Is A Doll House a Feminist Text?

Questions for Writing A Sample Student Paper: On the Other Side of the Slammed Door in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House

Chapter 40. Contemporary Drama

David Auburn • Proof Beyond Realism Musical Theater Drama in Popular Forms

A Collection of Contemporary Plays

Chapter 41. Plays for Further Reading

Harold Pinter • The Birthday Party Paula Vogel • How I Learned to Drive August Wilson • Fences

Perspective

David Savran • An Interview with August Wilson

Strategies for Reading and Writing

Chapter 42. Critical Strategies for Reading

Critical Thinking Formalist Strategies Biographical Strategies

Psychological Strategies Historical Strategies Marxist Criticism New Historicist Criticism Cultural Criticism

Gender Strategies

Feminist Criticism LGBTQ+ Criticism

Mythological Strategies Reader-Response Strategies Deconstructionist Strategies

Chapter 43. Writing about Literature

Why Am I Being Asked to Do This? From Reading and Discussion to Writing Reading the Work Closely Prewriting

Annotating the Text and Journal Note Taking Choosing a Topic More Focused Prewriting

Arguing about Literature Writing

Writing a First Draft Textual Evidence: Using Quotations, Summarizing, and Paraphrasing Writing the Introduction and Conclusion

Revising and Editing

Questions for Writing: A Revision Checklist

Types of Writing Assignments

Explication

A Sample Student Explication: A Reading of Emily Dickinson’s “There’s a certain Slant of light”

Analysis

A Sample Student Analysis: Memory in Elizabeth Bishop’s “Manners”

Comparison and Contrast

A Sample Student Comparison: The Struggle for Women’s Self-Definition in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and James Joyce’s “Eveline”

Writing about Fiction, Poetry, and Drama Writing about Fiction

Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing About Fiction A Sample Student Essay: John Updike’s “A & P” as a State of Mind

Writing about Poetry

Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing About Poetry

The Elements Together

John Donne • Death Be Not Proud

A Sample Close Reading: An Annotated Version of “Death Be Not Proud” A Sample First Response

Organizing Your Thoughts

A Sample Informal Outline

The Elements and Theme

A Sample Explication: The Use of Conventional Metaphors for Death in John Donne’s “Death Be Not Proud”

Writing about Drama

Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing About Drama A Sample Student Paper: The Feminist Evidence in Susan Glaspell’s Trifles

Chapter 44. The Literary Research Paper

Choosing a Topic Finding Sources Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes Developing a Draft, Integrating Sources, and Organizing the Paper Documenting Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism

The List of Works Cited Parenthetical References

A Sample Student Research Paper: How William Faulkner’s Narrator Cultivates a Rose for Emily

Glossary of Literary Terms Index of First Lines Index of Authors and Titles Index of Terms Inside Back Cover Back Cover

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