Western Civilization · Volume B · 1300 to 1815 · 8th Edition by Spielvogel, Jackson J. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

DOCUMENTS MAPS FEATURES PREFACE INTRODUCTION TO STUDENTS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION WESTERN CIVILIZATION TO 1300 11 THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY

A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis Famine and Population The Black Death: From Asia to Europe The Black Death in Europe OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS C AUSES OF THE B LACK D EATH : C ONTEMPORARY V IEWS Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval War and Political Instability Causes of the Hundred Years’ War Conduct and Course of the War Political Instability FILM & HISTORY J OAN OF A RC (1948), T HE M ESSENGER : T HE S TORY OF J OAN OF A RC (1999) The Growth of England’s Political Institutions The Problems of the French Kings The German Monarchy The States of Italy The Decline of the Church Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State The Papacy at Avignon (1305–1377) The Great Schism New Thoughts on Church and State and the Rise of Conciliarism Popular Religion in an Age of Adversity Changes in Theology The Cultural World of the Fourteenth Century The Development of Vernacular Literature Art and the Black Death Society in an Age of Adversity Changes in Urban Life New Directions in Medicine IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE E NTERTAINMENT IN THE M IDDLE A GES Inventions and New Patterns Chapter Summary Chapter Timeline Chapter Review

12 RECOVERY AND REBIRTH: THE AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE

Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance The Making of Renaissance Society Economic Recovery Social Changes in the Renaissance The Family in Renaissance Italy The Italian States in the Renaissance The Five Major States Independent City-States Warfare in Italy The Birth of Modern Diplomacy Machiavelli and the New Statecraft The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy Italian Renaissance Humanism OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS T HE R ENAISSANCE P RINCE : T HE V IEWS OF M ACHIAVELLI AND E RASMUS Education in the Renaissance Humanism and History The Impact of Printing The Artistic Renaissance Art in the Early Renaissance The Artistic High Renaissance The Artist and Social Status The Northern Artistic Renaissance Music in the Renaissance The European State in the Renaissance The Growth of the French Monarchy England: Civil War and a New Monarchy The Unification of Spain The Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the Habsburgs The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire The Church in the Renaissance The Problems of Heresy and Reform The Renaissance Papacy Chapter Summary Chapter Timeline Chapter Review

13 REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

Prelude to Reformation Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany The Early Luther FILM & HISTORY L UTHER (2003) The Rise of Lutheranism Organizing the Church Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics The Spread of the Protestant Reformation Lutheranism in Scandinavia The Zwinglian Reformation The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS A R EFORMATION D EBATE : C ONFLICT AT M ARBURG The Reformation in England John Calvin and Calvinism The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation The Family Education in the Reformation Religious Practices and Popular Culture The Catholic Reformation Revival of the Old The Society of Jesus A Revived Papacy The Council of Trent Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) Philip II and Militant Catholicism Revolt of the Netherlands The England of Elizabeth FILM & HISTORY E LIZABETH (1998) Chapter Summary Chapter Timeline Chapter Review

14 EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW ENCOUNTERS, 1500–1800

On the Brink of a New World The Motives for Expansion The Means for Expansion New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE S PICES AND W ORLD T RADE Voyages to the New World The Spanish Empire in the New World New Rivals on the World Stage Africa: The Slave Trade The West in Southeast Asia The French and British in India OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS W EST M EETS E AST : A N E XCHANGE OF R OYAL L ETTERS China Japan The Americas The Impact of European Expansion The Conquered FILM & HISTORY T HE M ISSION (1986) The Conquerors Toward a World Economy Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Mercantilism Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization Chapter Summary Chapter Review Chapter Timeline

15 STATE BUILDING AND THE SEARCH FOR ORDER IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

Social Crises, War, and Rebellions The Witchcraft Craze The Thirty Years’ War A Military Revolution? Rebellions The Practice of Absolutism: Western Europe Absolute Monarchy in France The Reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715) The Decline of Spain Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe The German States Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power The Great Northern States The Ottoman Empire The Limits of Absolutism Limited Monarchy and Republics The Weakness of the Polish Monarchy The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE D UTCH D OMESTICITY OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS O LIVER C ROMWELL : T HREE P ERSPECTIVES The Flourishing of European Culture The Changing Faces of Art A Wondrous Age of Theater Chapter Summary Chapter Timeline Chapter Review

16 TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND A NEW EARTH: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN SCIENCE

Background to the Scientific Revolution Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists Technological Innovations and Mathematics Renaissance Magic Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy Copernicus Brahe Kepler Galileo OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS A N EW H EAVEN? F AITH V ERSUS R EASON Newton Advances in Medicine and Chemistry Paracelsus Vesalius William Harvey Chemistry Women in the Origins of Modern Science Margaret Cavendish Maria Merian Maria Winkelmann Debates on the Nature of Women Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind The Scientific Method and the Spread of Scientific Knowledge The Scientific Method The Spread of Scientific Knowledge Science and Religion Chapter Summary Chapter Review Chapter Timeline

17 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: AN AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

The Enlightenment The Paths to Enlightenment The Philosophes and Their Ideas The Social Environment of the Philosophes OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS W OMEN IN THE A GE OF THE E NLIGHTENMENT : R OUSSEAU AND WOLLSTONECRAFT Culture and Society in the Enlightenment Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature FILM & HISTORY A MADEUS (1984) The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century Crime and Punishment The World of Medicine Popular Culture Religion and the Churches The Institutional Church Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century Chapter Summary Chapter Timeline Chapter Review

18 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE

The European States Enlightened Absolutism? The Atlantic Seaboard States FILM & HISTORY M ARIE A NTOINETTE (2006) Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS E NLIGHTENED A BSOLUTISM : E NLIGHTENED OR A BSOLUTE? The Mediterranean World The Scandinavian States Enlightened Absolutism Revisited Wars and Diplomacy The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) European Armies and Warfare Economic Expansion and Social Change Growth of the European Population Family, Marriage, and Birthrate Patterns An Agricultural Revolution? New Methods of Finance European Industry Mercantile Empires and Worldwide Trade The Social Order of the Eighteenth Century The Peasants The Nobility IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE T HE A RISTOCRATIC W AY OF L IFE The Inhabitants of Towns and Cities Chapter Summary Chapter Review Chapter Timeline

19 A REVOLUTION IN POLITICS: THE ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON

The Beginning of the Revolutionary Era: The American Revolution The War for Independence Forming a New Nation Impact of the American Revolution on Europe Background to the French Revolution Social Structure of the Old Regime Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy The French Revolution From Estates-General to a National Assembly Destruction of the Old Regime OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS T HE N ATURAL R IGHTS OF THE F RENCH P EOPLE : T WO V IEWS The Radical Revolution Reaction and the Directory The Age of Napoleon The Rise of Napoleon The Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon Napoleon’s Empire and the European Response The Fall of Napoleon Chapter Summary Chapter Timeline Chapter Review GLOSSARY CHAPTER NOTES INDEX

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