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Index
About This E-Book Title Page Copyright Page About the Authors About the Technical Reviewers Dedications Acknowledgments Contents at a Glance Contents Introduction
How This Book Is Organized
Chapter 1. Defining Complexity
What Is Complexity?
Anything I Don’t Understand Anything with a Lot of Parts Anything for Which There Is More State Than Required to Achieve a Goal Unintended Consequences
Why So Much Complexity?
Future Extensions versus New Protocols Unexpected Errors
Why Not Build Infinitely Complex Systems?
Quick, Cheap, and High Quality: Choose Two Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance: Choose Two
Journey into the Center of Complexity
Chapter 2. Components of Complexity
Network Convergence
Path Vector: A BGP Example Distance Vector: An EIGRP Example Link State: OSPF and IS-IS Convergence
State
Amount of Information An Example of State Failure in the Real World Final Thoughts on State
Speed
The Network That Never Converges The Flapping Link Final Thoughts on Speed
Surface The Hourglass Model Optimization A Final Thought
Chapter 3. Measuring Network Complexity
Some Measures of Network Complexity
Network Complexity Index Modeling Design Complexity NetComplex
Organized Complexity Is This a Waste of Time? A Final Thought
Chapter 4. Operational Complexity
Exploring the Problem Space
The Cost of Human Interaction with the System Policy Dispersion Versus Optimal Traffic Handling
Solving the Management Complexity Problem
Automation as a Solution to Management Complexity Modularity as a Solution to Management Complexity Protocol Complexity versus Management Complexity
A Final Thought
Chapter 5. Design Complexity
Control Plane State versus Stretch
Aggregation versus Stretch Traffic Engineering State versus Stretch: Some Final Thoughts
Topology versus Speed of Convergence
Ring Topology Convergence Redundancy versus Resilience Topology versus Speed of Convergence: Some Final Thoughts
Fast Convergence versus Complexity
Improving Convergence with Intelligent Timers: Talk Faster Removing Timers from Convergence: Precompute Working around Topology: Tunneling to the Loop-Free Alternate Some Final Thoughts on Fast Convergence
Virtualization versus Design Complexity
Functional Separation Forwarding Plane Complexity Control Plane Complexity Shared Fate Risk Groups
A Final Thought
Chapter 6. Managing Design Complexity
Modularity
Uniformity Interchangeable Modules How Modularity Attacks the Complexity Problem
Information Hiding
Aggregation Failure Domains and Information Hiding Final Thoughts on Information Hiding
Models
Waterfall Places in the Network Hierarchical UML
A Final Thought
Chapter 7. Protocol Complexity
Flexibility versus Complexity: OSPF versus IS-IS Layering versus Protocol Complexity
The Seven-Layer Model The Four-Layer Model The Iterative Model Protocol Stacks and Design
Protocol Complexity versus Design Complexity
Microloops and Fast Reroute EIGRP and the Design Conundrum
A Final Thought
Chapter 8. How Complex Systems Fail
Feedback Loops
Positive Feedback Loops in Network Engineering Speed, State, and Surface: Stability in the Network Control Plane
Shared Fate
Virtual Circuits TCP Synchronization as a Shared Fate Problem
A Final Thought
Thoughts on Root Cause Analysis Engineering Skills and Failure Management
Chapter 9. Programmable Networks
Drivers and Definition
Business Drivers The Ebb and Flow of Centralization Defining Network Programmability
Use Cases for Programmable Networks
Bandwidth Calendaring Software-Defined Perimeter
Programmable Network Interfaces The Programmable Network Landscape
OpenFlow YANG Path Computation Element Protocol Interface to the Routing System
A Final Thought
Chapter 10. Programmable Network Complexity
The Subsidiarity Principle Policy Management
Policy Dispersion Policy Consistency Policy Complexity
Surface and the Programmable Network Impact on Failure Domains
Wide Area Failure Domains Data Center Failure Domains Application to Control Plane Failure Domain Controller to Controller Failure Domain Final Thoughts on Failure Domains
A Final Thought
Chapter 11. Service Virtualization and Service Chaining
Network Function Virtualization
NFV: A Use Case
Service Chaining
Service Function Chaining Segment Routing
A Final Thought
Chapter 12. Virtualization and Complexity
Policy Dispersion and Network Virtualization
State and Service Chaining State and Optimization Surface and Policy Interaction Surface and Policy Proxies
Other Design Considerations
Coupling and Failure Domains Troubleshooting
The Orchestration Effect Managing Complexity A Final Thought
Chapter 13. Complexity and the Cloud
Where Does the Complexity Live?
Cloud Centric Vendor Centric Network Centric Is There a “Right Way?”
Centralize What? Cloudy Complications
Security Data Portability
A Final Thought
Chapter 14. A Simple Ending
Defining Complexity
Difficult to Understand Unintended Consequences Large Numbers of Interacting Parts What Makes Something “Too Complex”?
Complexity Is a Tradeoff Modeling Complexity Managing Complexity in the Real World
Don’t Ignore Complexity Find a Model to Contain the Complexity
A Final Thought
Index Code Snippets
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