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Index
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Authors' Biography
1: The COST Action NORM4Building
Abstract
2: Introduction
Abstract
3: Basic aspects of natural radioactivity
Abstract
3.1 Radioactivity
3.2 Naturally occurring radioactive materials
3.3 Radiation physics
3.4 Radiation exposure
3.5 Principal radiation characteristics of NORM
3.6 Conclusions
4: Legislative aspects
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Evolution of the EU legislative approach to natural radioactivity in building materials
4.3 Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionizing radiation
4.4 Drinking water Directive
4.5 Analysis of national legislations
4.6 Examples of national legislations
4.7 Screening tools
4.8 Conclusions and recommendations
5: Measurement of NORM
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Measurements by gamma-ray spectrometry
5.3 Dose rate measurement
5.4 Radon measurement
5.5 Conclusions and recommendations
Annex A Uncertainties, decision threshold (decision limit), and detection limit (lower limit of detection)
Annex B Calibration and metrological assurance for semiconductor detectors
Annex C Uncertainties in estimation of annual average indoor radon concentration
6: From raw materials to NORM by-products
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 NORM4Building database
6.3 Coal mining and combustion
6.4 Ferrous industry: iron and steel production
6.5 Nonferrous industry
6.6 Phosphate industry
6.7 Conclusions
Annex A Crystalline, granulated and expanded of foamed slag
7: From NORM by-products to building materials
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Portland cement and concretes
7.3 Alkali-activated cement and concretes (geopolymers)
7.4 Ceramics
7.5 Gypsum
7.6 General conclusion
Appendix A Toxic and radioactive waste immobilization by alkali-activated cement and concretes
8: Leaching assessment as a component of environmental safety and durability analyses for NORM containing building materials
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Leaching assessment
8.3 Standard leaching tests and analysis
8.4 Leaching test results for specific constituents and materials
8.5 Use of geochemical speciation and reactive transport modeling
8.6 Scenario-based approach to leaching assessment
8.7 Conclusions and recommendations for evaluation of norm
9: Nontechnical aspects that influence the reuse of NORM in construction industry
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The issues
9.3 Generic approach in product development
9.4 Conclusion
10: General conclusion and the way forward
Abstract
Glossary of terms
Conversion tables
Concentration
Exposure
Index
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