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Index
Front Cover
Visual Preface
Halftitle
Dedication
Title
Copyright © 2015 by SAGE
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1. What Is Biopsychology?
The Origins of Biopsychology
Prescientific Psychology and the Mind-Brain Problem
Descartes and the Physical Model of Behavior
Helmholtz and the Electrical Brain
The Localization Issue
Nature and Nurture
The Genetic Code
Application: A Computer Made of DNA
Genes and Behavior
The Human Genome Project
Application: Beyond the Human Genome Project 13
Heredity: Destiny or Predisposition?
PART I. Neural Foundations of Behavior: The Basic Equipment
Chapter 2. Communication Within the Nervous System
The Cells That Make Us Who We Are
Neurons
Application: Targeting Ion Channels
Glial Cells
How Neurons Communicate With Each Other
Chemical Transmission at the Synapse
Regulating Synaptic Activity
Neurotransmitters
Application: Agonists and Antagonists in the Real World
Of Neuronal Codes, Neural Networks, and Computers
In the News:The Human Brain Project
Chapter 3. The Organization and Functions of the Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
The Forebrain
Application: The Case of Phineas Gage
The Midbrain and Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
Protecting the Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Cranial Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
Development and Change in the Nervous System
The Stages of Development
How Experience Modifies the Nervous System
Damage and Recovery in the Central Nervous System
In the News:Is the Brain Too Fragile for Sports? 83
In the News:Nuclear Testing Reveals Adult Neurogenesis in Humans 84
Application: Mending the Brain With Computer Chips 87
Chapter 4. The Methods and Ethics of Research
Science, Research, and Theory
Theory and Tentativeness in Science
Experimental Versus Correlational Studies
Research Techniques
Staining and Imaging Neurons
Light and Electron Microscopy
Measuring and Manipulating Brain Activity
In the News:Looking Into the Brain 104
Brain Imaging Techniques
Application: Scanning King Tut
In the News:Growing a Model Brain From Stem Cells 112
Investigating Heredity
Research Ethics
Plagiarism and Fabrication
Protecting the Welfare of Research Participants
In the News:NIH Is Retiring Most of Its Research Chimps 119
Gene Therapy
Stem Cell Therapy
PART II. Motivation and Emotion: What Makes Us Go
Chapter 5. Drugs, Addiction, and Reward
Psychoactive Drugs
Opiates
Depressants
Stimulants
Psychedelics
Marijuana
In the News:Changing Attitudes Toward Marijuana
Addiction
The Neural Basis of Addiction and Reward
Dopamine and Reward
Dopamine, Learning, and Brain Plasticity
Treating Drug Addiction
Application: Preventing Addiction by Targeting the Immune System
The Role of Genes in Addiction
Separating Genetic and Environmental Influences
What Is Inherited?
Implications of Addiction Research
Chapter 6. Motivation and the Regulation of Internal States
Motivation and Homeostasis
Theoretical Approaches to Motivation
Simple Homeostatic Drives
Hunger: A Complex Drive
The Role of Taste
Application: Predator Control Through Learned Taste Aversion
Digestion and the Two Phases of Metabolism
Signals That Start a Meal
Signals That End a Meal
Long-Term Controls
Application: How Nicotine and Marijuana Affect Appetite
Obesity
The Myths of Obesity
The Contributions of Heredity and Environment
In the News:How the FTO Gene Makes Us Obese
Application: The Sweet Taste of Obesity
Obesity and Reduced Metabolism
Treating Obesity
Anorexia, Bulimia, and Binge Eating Disorder
Environmental and Genetic Contributions
The Role of Serotonin, Dopamine, and Cannabinoids
Chapter 7. The Biology of Sex and Gender
Sex as a Form of Motivation
Arousal and Satiation
The Role of Testosterone
Brain Structures and Neurotransmitters
Odors, Pheromones, and Sexual Attraction
Application: Of Love and Bonding 206
The Biological Determination of Sex
Chromosomes and Hormones
Prenatal Hormones and the Brain
Gender-Related Behavioral and Cognitive Differences
Some Demonstrated Male–Female Differences
Origins of Male–Female Differences
Biological Origins of Gender Identity
Gender Identity Reversal
46 XY Difference in Sexual Development
46 XX Difference in Sexual Development
Cognitive and Behavioral Effects
Ablatio Penis: A Natural Experiment
Application: Sex, Gender, and Sports 216
In the News:Who Chooses a Child’s Sex?
Sexual Orientation
The Social Influence Hypothesis
Genetic and Epigenetic Influences
Prenatal Influences on Brain Structure and Function
Social Implications of the Biological Model
Chapter 8. Emotion and Health
Emotion and the Nervous System
Autonomic and Muscular Involvement in Emotion
The Emotional Brain
The Prefrontal Cortex
Application: Why I Don’t Jump Out of Airplanes 239
The Amygdala
Hemispheric Specialization in Emotion
Stress, Immunity, and Health
Stress as an Adaptive Response
Negative Effects of Stress
In the News:Keeping Odd Hours Could Make You Sick 244
Application: One Aftermath of 9/11 Is Stress-Related Brain Damage 246
Social, Personality, and Genetic Factors
Pain as an Adaptive Emotion
Biological Origins of Aggression
Hormones and Aggression
The Brain’s Role in Aggression
Neurotransmitters and Aggression
Application: Neurocriminology, Responsibility, and the Law 252
Heredity and Environment
PART III. Interacting With the World
Chapter 9. Hearing and Language
Hearing
The Stimulus for Hearing
The Auditory Mechanism
Frequency Analysis
Application: Restoring Hearing 277
Locating Sounds With Binaural Cues
Application: I Hear a Tree Over There 281
Language
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area
The Wernicke-Geschwind Model
Reading, Writing, and Their Impairment
Mechanisms of Recovery From Aphasia
A Language-Generating Mechanism?
In the News:Learning Language Starts Before Birth 291
Language in Nonhumans
Neural and Genetic Antecedents
In the News:The Link Between Human Language and Birdsong 296
Chapter 10. Vision and Visual Perception
Light and the Visual Apparatus
The Visible Spectrum
The Eye and Its Receptors
Pathways to the Brain
Application: Restoring Lost Vision
Color Vision
Trichromatic Theory
Opponent Process Theory
A Combined Theory
Color Blindness
Form Vision 316
Contrast Enhancement and Edge Detection
Hubel and Wiesel’s Theory
Spatial Frequency Theory
The Perception of Objects, Color, and Movement
The Two Pathways of Visual Analysis
Disorders of Visual Perception
The Problem of Final Integration
Application: When Binding Goes Too Far 332
Chapter 11. The Body Senses and Movement
The Body Senses
Proprioception
The Skin Senses
The Vestibular Sense
The Somatosensory Cortex and the Posterior Parietal Cortex
Pain and Its Disorders
Application: Treating Pain in Limbs That Aren’t There 353
Movement
The Muscles
The Spinal Cord
The Brain and Movement
In the News:Coordinating Artificial Limbs 360
Disorders of Movement
In the News:Curing Parkinson’s in a Dish 363
PART IV. Complex Behavior
Chapter 12. Learning and Memory
Learning as the Storage of Memories
Amnesia: The Failure of Storage and Retrieval
Application: The Legacy of HM 376
Mechanisms of Consolidation and Retrieval
Where Memories Are Stored
Two Kinds of Learning
Working Memory
Brain Changes in Learning
Long-Term Potentiation
How LTP Happens
Neural Growth in Learning
Consolidation Revisited
Changing Our Memories
Application: Total Recall 388
In the News:Recalling It Now Helps You Remember It Later 389
Learning Deficiencies and Disorders
Effects of Aging on Memory
Alzheimer’s Disease
In the News:NIH Teams With Drug Companies 395
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Chapter 13. Intelligence and Cognitive Functioning
The Nature of Intelligence
What Does “Intelligence” Mean?
The Structure of Intelligence
The Biological Origins of Intelligence
The Brain and Intelligence
Specific Abilities and the Brain
Application: We Aren’t the Only Tool Users 412
Heredity and Environment
Application: Enhancing Intelligence and Performance 417
Deficiencies and Disorders of Intelligence
Effects of Aging on Intelligence
Intellectual Disability
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Application: Childhood Vaccines and Autism 428
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
In the News:Testing for ADHD 430
Chapter 14. Psychological Disorders
Schizophrenia
Characteristics of the Disorder
Heredity
Two Kinds of Schizophrenia
The Dopamine Hypothesis
Beyond the Dopamine Hypothesis
Brain Anomalies in Schizophrenia
Affective Disorders
Heredity
The Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Antidepressants, ECT, and Neural Plasticity
Application: Electrical Stimulation for Depression
Rhythms and Affective Disorders
Bipolar Disorder
Brain Anomalies in Affective Disorders
Suicide
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety, Panic Disorder, and Phobia
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
In the News:Virtual Reality Isn’t Just for Video Games 468
Anomalies in Brain Functioning
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Brain Anomalies in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Related Disorders
Application: Of Hermits and Hoarders 473
Chapter 15. Sleep and Consciousness
Sleep and Dreaming
Circadian Rhythms
Rhythms During Waking and Sleeping
The Functions of REM and Non-REM Sleep
Sleep and Memory
Brain Structures of Sleep and Waking
Sleep Disorders
Application: In the Still of the Night 497
Sleep as a Form of Consciousness
The Neural Bases of Consciousness
Awareness
Attention
The Sense of Self
Network Explanations of Consciousness
In the News:Consciousness and the Dying Brain 511
Application: Determining Consciousness When It Counts
Glossary
References
Chapter-Opening Photo Credits
Author Index
Subject Index
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