Exploring Biological Anthropology · The Essentials, 3/e by Anton, Susan C. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Exploring Biological Anthropology The Essentials Preface Part I Foundations

1 What Is Biological Anthropology?

Chapter 1 Preview Anthropology and Its Subfields The Scope of Biological Anthropology

Paleoanthropology Skeletal Biology and Human Osteology Paleopathology and Bioarchaeology Forensic Anthropology Primatology Human Biology

The Roots of Modern Biological Anthropology Chapter 1 • Summary

What Is Biological Anthropology?

Anthropology Biological Anthropology

MyAnthroLab Connections

2 Origins of Evolutionary Thought

Chapter 2 Preview What Is Science? The Early Thinkers

The Roots of Modern Science Linnaeus and the Natural Scheme of Life

The Road to the Darwinian Revolution

Comte de Buffon Georges Cuvier Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Jean-Baptiste Lamarck The Uniformitarians: Hutton and Lyell

The Darwinian Revolution

The Galápagos Refining the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Alfred Russel Wallace

Science and Creationism Chapter 2 • Summary

Origins of Evolutionary Thought

History of Evolutionary Thought After Darwin

MyAnthroLab Connections

Part II Mechanisms of Evolution

3 Genetics: Cells and Molecules

Chapter 3 Preview The Study of Genetics The Cell

Cell Anatomy

DNA Structure and Function

DNA Structure I: The Molecular Level DNA Function I: Replication DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell Division

Mitosis Meiosis Different Kinds and Numbers of Chromosomes Chromosomal Abnormalities

Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research

Indirect and Direct Research Methods PCR, Mitochondrial DNA, and Ancient DNA

Mitochondrial DNA Ancient DNA

Chapter 3 • Summary

Genetics: Cells and Molecules

Genetics DNA Molecular Tools for Bioanthropological Research

MyAnthroLab Connections

4 Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype

Chapter 4 Preview From Genotype to Phenotype

The ABO Blood Type System Obesity: A Complex Interaction

Mendelian Genetics

Mendel’s Postulates Linkage and Crossing Over

Mutation

Point Mutation and Sickle Cell Disease Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases Mutations: Bad, Neutral, and Good X-Linked Disorders Mendelian Genetics in Humans

Genetics Beyond Mendel

Polygenic Traits, the Phenotype, and the Environment Heritability and IQ Test Score Performance

Phenylketonuria: Illustrating Mendelian and Post-Mendelian Concepts Genes and Environments Chapter 4 • Summary

Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype

Mendelian Genetics Genetics Beyond Mendel

MyAnthroLab Connections

5 The Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species

Chapter 5 Preview How Evolution Works

Where Does Variation Come From? How Natural Selection Works Other Ways By Which Evolution Happens

Gene Flow Genetic Drift Darwin and Sexual Selection

Classification and Evolution

Taxonomy and Speciation What Is a Species? Species Concepts Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms How Species Are Formed The Tempo of Speciation Adaptation Is Everything Adaptive? Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium

Levels of Selection

Inclusive Fitness

Chapter 5 • Summary

The Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species

Overview of Evolution Formation of Species

MyAnthroLab Connections

6 Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability

Chapter 6 Preview Human Variation at the Individual and Group Levels

What Is a Population?

Historical Perspectives on Human Variation

Recording Human Variation in Past Civilizations The Monogenism–Polygenism Debate Race and Racism in the Twentieth Century Changing Attitudes toward Race in Anthropology Deconstructing Racial Features

Skin Color Eye Form Hair Color and Form Head Shape

Population Genetics

Polymorphisms: ABO and Other Blood Type Systems

Maternal–Fetal Incompatibility The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) System

Gene Flow and Protein Polymorphisms

Gene Flow in Contemporary Populations

Polymorphisms and Phylogenetic Studies

Constructing a Phylogenetic Tree A Genetic Tree of the World’s Populations

Polymorphisms and Natural Selection in Human Populations

The Evolution of Lactose Tolerance Balanced Polymorphisms: Sickle Cell and Other Conditions

Heterozygous Advantage Other Possible Disease-Associated Balanced Polymorphisms

Adaptation and Adaptability

Levels of Adaptability Heat and Cold Body Size and Shape Living at High Altitude Skin Color

Advantages and Disadvantages of Light and Dark Skin Color Evolutionary Synthesis

Chapter 6 • Summary

Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability

Human Variation Polymorphisms Adaptation and Adaptability

MyAnthroLab Connections

Part III Primates

7 The Primates

Chapter 7 Preview The Primate Radiation

The Extraordinary Diversity of Nonhuman Primates What Exactly Is a Primate? Anatomical Traits

Generalized Body Plan Grasping Hands with Opposable Thumbs or Big Toes Flattened Nails Forward-Facing Eyes with Stereoscopic Vision Petrosal Bulla Enclosed Bony Eye Orbits in the Skull

Life History Traits

Single Offspring Large Brains Extended Ontogeny

Behavioral Traits

Activity Patterns

A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates

The Strepsirhines

The Lemurs

North and South America Europe and Asia Africa

The Lorises

The Haplorhines

The Tarsiers

The New World Monkeys The Old World Monkeys The Hominoids

Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Bonobos

Primate Ecology

Diet You Are What You Eat: Dietary and Digestive Strategies Diet and Feeding Competition Territories and Ranges Predation

Primate Communities

8 Primate Behavior

Chapter 8 Preview Studying Primates The Evolution of Primate Social Behavior

Social Behavior and Reproductive Asymmetry Male Reproductive Strategies

Dominance

Female Reproductive Strategies

Dominance Sexual Receptivity Signals

Why Are Nonhuman Primates Social?

The Paradox of Sociality

Access to Mates Food Avoiding Predators

Types of Nonhuman Primate Societies

Solitary Polygyny One-Male Polygyny Multimale Polygyny Fission–Fusion Polygyny Polyandry

Chapter 8 • Summary

Primate Behavior

The Study of Nonhuman Primates Primate Societies

MyAnthroLab Connections

Part IV The Fossil Record

9 Geology and Primate Origins

Chapter 9 Preview How to Become a Fossil The Importance of Context

Stratigraphy The Geologic Time Scale

How Old Is It?

Relative Dating Techniques Calibrated Relative Dating Techniques

Geomagnetic Polarity

Chronometric Dating Techniques

The Earth in the Cenozoic

Continents and Land Masses The Environment in the Cenozoic

Oxygen Isotopes, Temperature, and Sea Level Vegetation Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios in Teeth and Soil Animal Communities

Climate Change and Early Primate Evolution

Changes in the Paleocene: The Origin of Primates? Why Primates? True Primates of the Eocene

Adapoids (strepsirhine ancestors) Omomyoids (haplorhine ancestors)

Selective Pressures Favoring the Strepsirhine–Haplorhine Split

Climate Change and the Origin of Monkeys and Apes

The First Monkeys? New World Monkeys Old World Monkeys What Favored the Origin of Anthropoids? The Earliest Apes Selection Pressures and the Divergence of Monkeys and Apes The Monkey’s Tale: What Happened to Primate Diversity in the Miocene?

Molecular Evolution in Primates

A Primate Molecular Phylogeny

Chapter 9 • Summary

Geology and Primate Origins

Geological Time Scale and Stratigraphy Dating Methods Reconstructing Ancient Environments Origin of Primates Monkeys and Apes

MyAnthroLab Connections

10 Early Hominins and Australopithecus

Chapter 10 Preview Becoming a Biped

Anatomical Changes

The Vertebral Column and Skull The Pelvis and Birth Canal The Leg The Foot The Arm

Constructing the Bipedal Body Plan Why Bipeds?

Energetic Efficiency Ecological and Dietary Influences on Bipedalism Sexual Selection, Mating Strategies, and Bipedalism

The Transition to Human Behavior

What Made Humans Human?

Will You Know a Hominin When You See One? The First Hominins?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7.0–6.0 MYA) Orrorin tugenensis (6.0 MYA) Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 MYA) and Ardipithecus kadabba (5.8–5.2 MYA)

Australopithecus and Kin

Australopithecus anamensis (4.2–3.9 MYA) Australopithecus afarensis (3.9–2.9 MYA) East and West African Hominins (3.5–2.5 MYA) Australopithecus africanus (3.5–<2.0 MYA) Australopithecus sediba (1.97–1.78 MYA) “Robust” Australopithecus (or Paranthropus)

Australopithecus (P.) aethiopicus (2.7–2.5 MYA) Australopithecus (P.) boisei (2.3–1.2 MYA) Australopithecus (P.) robustus (2.0–1.5 MYA)

Understanding the Australopithecus Radiation

Cohabitation Tools and Intelligence Ancestors and Descendants

Chapter 10 • Summary

Early Hominins and Australopithecus

Anatomical Adaptations to Bipedality and Selective Pressures at Work Earliest Hominins, Australopithecus, and Kin Geological Context of East and South African Hominin Sites

MyAnthroLab Connections

11 Rise of the Genus Homo

Chapter 11 Preview Climate and the Evolution of Homo in the Pliocene and Pleistocene Defining the Genus Homo Earliest Genus Homo Early Tool Use

Hunting and Scavenging

Who Was Homo erectus?

Anatomical Features

The Skull and Teeth

Body Size and Shape

Homo erectus versus Homo ergaster

Homo erectus Around the World

African Origins The First African Diaspora: Republic of Georgia

Fossil Size Scaling of Size to Other Traits Sexual Dimorphism Regional, Populational, or Nutritional Size Differences

Dispersal Into East Asia

Indonesia China

The Status of Homo erectus in Europe

The Lifeways of Homo erectus

Homo erectus and the Early Stone Age A Higher-Quality Diet: Homo erectus Subsistence Homo erectus Life History Homo erectus Leaves Africa

Chapter 11 • Summary

Rise of the Genus Homo

Defining Homo habilis Homo erectus Tools and Behavior

MyAnthroLab Connections

12 Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals

Chapter 12 Preview Hominin Evolution in the Mid- to Late Pleistocene

Defining Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens

Archaic Homo sapiens

European Archaic Homo sapiens African Archaic Homo sapiens Asian Archaic Homo sapiens

Behavior of Archaic Homo sapiens

Stone Tools Tools from Organic Materials Big-Game Hunting Fire, Campsites, and Home Sites

The Neandertals

Geographic and Temporal Distribution History of Neandertal Discovery Neandertal Anatomy and DNA: Built for the Cold Growing up Neandertal Health and Disease

Neandertal Behavior

Material Culture Coping with Cold Hunting, Subsistence, and Cannibalism Burials Ritual and Symbolic Behavior

Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Issues: An Overview Chapter 12 • Summary

Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals

The Muddle in the Middle—Archaic H. sapiens Neandertal Bodies Neandertal Minds Tools of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic

MyAnthroLab Connections

13 The Emergence, Dispersal, and Bioarchaeology of Homo sapiens

Chapter 13 Preview The Emergence of Modern Humans Models of Modern Human Origins

Replacement and Multiregional Models Predictions of the Two Models

Anatomy and Distribution of Early Humans

Africa Near East Europe Asia and Southeast Asia Australia

Archaeology of Modern Human Origins

Stone and Other Tools Subsistence Symbolism, Burial, and Art

Burials Art and Ornamental Objects

Molecular Genetics and Human Origins

Mitochondrial DNA The Y Chromosome MRCAs for Nuclear Genes Ancient DNA

Interpreting Models of Human Origins

Paleontology and Archaeology Molecular Genetics

Bioarchaeology After the Origin of Modern Humans

Settlement of the New World and Pacific Islands

The Americas The Pacific Islands

Biological Changes at the Origins of Agriculture and Shifts to Sedentism Physical and Cultural Consequences of Colonization

Chapter 13 • Summary

The Emergence and Dispersal of Homo sapiens

Models of Modern Human Origins Defining Homo sapiens Bioarcheology After the Origin of Modern Humans

MyAnthroLab Connections

Part V Foundations

14 Evolution of the Brain and Behavior

Chapter 14 Preview Overview of the Brain Issues in Hominin Brain Evolution

Humans Have “Large” Brains Brain Size and the Fossil Record

Early Hominins and Robust Australopithecus Early Homo and Homo erectus Archaic Homo sapiens, Neandertals, and Modern Homo sapiens

Brain Reorganization

Language: Biology and Evolution

Language in the Brain

Language Lateralization

Language in the Throat Language Ability and the Fossil Record

Endocasts and the Evolution of Brain Asymmetries Hyoid Bone

Scenarios of Language Evolution

The Evolution of Human Behavior

The Evolution of Human Behavior: Four Approaches

Paleontological Reconstructions of Behavior Biocultural Approaches Evolutionary Psychology Human Evolutionary (or Behavioral) Ecology

Traditional Lives in Evolutionary Ecological Perspective

Wealth, Reproductive Success, and Survival Physiology and Ecology Hunting, Gathering, and the Sexual Division of Labor

Sexual Selection and Human Behavior

Risk-Taking Behavior Inbreeding Avoidance and Incest Taboos

Inbreeding Avoidance and Incest Rules Brother–Sister Inbreeding and the Westermarck Hypothesis

Chapter 14 • Summary

Evolution of the Brain and Behavior

Evolution of the Human Brain Evolution of Human Behavior

MyAnthroLab Connections

15 Biomedical and Forensic Anthropology

Chapter 15 Preview Biomedical Anthropology and the Biocultural Perspective Birth, Growth, and Aging

Human Childbirth Patterns of Human Growth Stages of Human Growth

The Prenatal or Gestational Stage Infancy, Juvenile Stage, Adolescence, and Adulthood

The Secular Trend in Growth Menarche and Menopause Aging

Infectious Disease and Biocultural Evolution

Human Behavior and the Spread of Infectious Disease

Agriculture Mobility and Migration

Infectious Disease and the Evolutionary Arms Race

The Immune System Cultural and Behavioral Interventions Evolutionary Adaptations

Diet and Disease

The Paleolithic Diet Agriculture and Nutritional Deficiency Agriculture and Abundance: Thrifty and Nonthrifty Genotypes

Forensic Anthropology, Life, Death, and the Skeleton Field Recovery and Laboratory Processing The Biological Profile

Age at Death Sex Ancestry Height and Weight Premortem Injury and Disease Perimortem and Postmortem Trauma

Identification and Forensic Anthropology

Time Since Death Antemortem Records, Facial Reconstruction, and Positive IDs

Applications of Forensic Anthropology

Mass Fatalities War Dead War Crimes and Genocide

Epilogue Chapter 15 • Summary

Biomedical and Forensic Anthropology

Biomedical Anthropology and the Biocultural Perspective Forensic Anthropology

MyAnthroLab Connections

Appendix A Primate and Human Comparative Anatomy Appendix B The Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium Appendix C Metric–Imperial Conversions Glossary Bibliography Index

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