Venezuela · What Everyone Needs to Know by Salas, Miguel Tinker -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

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Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Acknowledgments Glossary Introduction Part One Venezuela Before Oil

What groups lived in Venezuela before the arrival of the Spaniards in the sixteenth century? What is the origin of the name “Venezuela”? How did Spanish colonial rule mark Venezuela? What was the character of race relations in colonial society? What was colonial society like for women? What sparked the independence movement? Why did the first movement for independence fail? Why is the figure of Simón Bolívar so important and what is his legacy in Venezuela? How is Bolívar remembered today? What happened in Venezuelan politics and society after Bolívar? Why did José Antonio Páez emerge as the central figure after independence? Why couldn’t elites forge a consensus? What was the importance of the Liberal Party? Were the Federal Wars of 1858–1863 inevitable? How did post-Federal War Venezuela evolve? Who was Cipriano Castro and how did the Andeans come to dominate Venezuela? Why did European powers blockade Venezuela in 1902? What were social and racial conditions like on the eve of the twentieth century?

Part Two Venezuela in the Twentieth Century

When was oil discovered? What impact did oil production have on Venezuelan society? Who was Juan Vicente Gómez and how did he rule Venezuela for nearly three decades? What was Venezuela’s experience with immigration following the discovery of oil? What was the Generation of 1928 and who was Rómulo Betancourt? How did Venezuela change after Gómez’s death? How did López Contreras address new political demands? What was the significance of new political forces that emerged in the mid-twentieth century? How did World War II affect Venezuela? What was the importance of the 1943 oil legislation? What was the state of race relations at mid-century? Who replaced Medina Angarita? What was the Trienio (1945–1948) and what is its legacy in Venezuela? Who was Romulo Gallegos and why is he so important in postwar Venezuela? Who was Marcos Pérez Jiménez and how did he come to power? What kind of advances did Venezuela make in the 1950s? How did resistance to Pérez Jiménez develop? What was the Pacto de Punto Fijo? What was the outcome of Venezuela’s 1958 democratic elections? What challenges did Betancourt confront? How was Venezuela governed under the Punto Fijo pact? Did the election of Rafael Caldera alter how Venezuela was ruled? What was the Gran Venezuela Project? When did Venezuela nationalize its oil industry? How had oil transformed Venezuela by the 1980s? What was the legacy of nationalization and the Gran Venezuela Project after 1978? Did a shift in government alleviate the crisis? What was the Caracazo and how did it influence Venezuelan politics? What motivated the coups of 1992? Who was Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías? How did the Venezuelan government try to recuperate from two failed coups?

Part Three Oil and Revolution: The Rise of Hugo Chávez

How did Chávez, a former coup leader, win the 1998 presidential election? Why did Venezuela draft a new constitution in 1999 and what provisions did it include? What difficulties did the new constitution face? How did the election of Chávez transform foreign relations? How does Washington view developments in Venezuela? What is the importance of regional integration? How did oil policy in Venezuela change after Chávez’s election? Why did conservatives resort to a coup against the government in April 2002? Why did the opposition attempt to shut down oil production? What was the basis of Chávez’s support? What is the nature of the opposition in Venezuela? What celebrations do Venezuelans commemorate? Is baseball the most popular sport in Venezuela? Why do beauty pageants play such a large role in Venezuela? How did telenovelas (soap operas) become so important in Venezuela? What is the Sistema? Have conditions for Venezuelans improved significantly in the last decade? Why do politics remain so contentious in Venezuela? What were the effects of Chávez’s illness? Who is Nicolás Maduro and why was the April 14th election so close? What was the importance of municipal elections of December 2013? What caused the protests that erupted in February 2014? What is the Chávez legacy in Venezuela?

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