LPI Linux Certification in a Nutshell by Adam Haeder -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

LPI Linux Certification in a Nutshell

Preface

The Linux Professional Institute Audience for This Book Organization

Book Chapters

Conventions Used in This Book Using Code Examples How to Contact Us Safari® Books Online Acknowledgments

1. LPI Exams 2. Exam 101 Study Guide

Exam Preparation

3. System Architecture (Topic 101.1)

Objective 1: Determine and Configure Hardware Settings

BIOS

Date and time Disks and boot devices Using the /proc filesystem

USB Topology USB Controllers USB Devices USB Drivers USB Hotplug Reporting Your Hardware

lsmod lsdev lspci

Manipulating Modules

lsmod insmod rmmod modinfo modprobe

Device Management Definitions

4. Change Runlevels and Shut Down or Reboot System (Topics 101.2 and 101.3)

Objective 2: Boot the System

Boot-time Kernel Parameters Introduction to Kernel Module Configuration

Kernel boot-time messages Reviewing system logs

Objective 3: Change Runlevels and Shut Down or Reboot System

Single-User Mode Overview of the /etc Directory Tree and the init Process Setting the Default Runlevel Determining Your System’s Runlevel

Changing runlevels with init and telinit

init

5. Linux Installation and Package Management (Topic 102)

Objective 1: Design a Hard Disk Layout

System Considerations

Limited disk space Larger systems Mount points Superblock MBR Booting from a USB device System role Backup

Swap Space General Guidelines

Objective 2: Install a Boot Manager

LILO

The boot loader The LILO map installer and its configuration file

lilo

LILO locations

GRUB

GRUB device naming Installing GRUB Booting GRUB The GRUB configuration file

Objective 3: Manage Shared Libraries

Shared Library Dependencies

ldd

Linking Shared Libraries

ldconfig

Objective 4: Use Debian Package Management

Debian Package Management Overview Managing Debian Packages

dpkg apt-get dselect alien

Objective 5: Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM)

RPM Overview Running rpm

rpm

YUM Overview

Checking installed packages Checking for updates Installing packages Removing packages

6. GNU and Unix Commands (Topic 103)

Objective 1: Work on the Command Line

The Interactive Shell

Shell variable basics Entering commands at the command prompt Entering commands not in the PATH Entering multiple-line commands interactively Entering command sequences

Command History and Editing

Command substitution Applying commands recursively through a directory tree

Manpages

man

Objective 2: Process Text Streams Using Filters

cat cut expand fmt head join nl od paste pr sort split tac tail tr unexpand uniq wc

Objective 3: Perform Basic File Management

Filesystem Objects

Directories and files Inodes File and directory management commands

bzip2 cp cpio dd file find gzip and gunzip mkdir mv rm rmdir touch

File-Naming Wildcards (File Globbing)

Objective 4: Use Streams, Pipes, and Redirects

Standard I/O and Default File Descriptors Pipes Redirection Using the tee Command

tee

The xargs Command

xargs

Objective 5: Create, Monitor, and Kill Processes

Processes Process Monitoring

ps pstree top free uptime

Signaling Active Processes

kill

Terminating Processes Shell Job Control

bg fg jobs nohup

Objective 6: Modify Process Execution Priorities

nice

nice renice

Objective 7: Search Text Files Using Regular Expressions

Regular Expression Syntax Using grep

grep

Using sed

sed

Examples

Anchors Groups and ranges Modifiers Basic regular expression patterns Using regular expressions as addresses in sed

Objective 8: Perform Basic File Editing Operations Using vi

Invoking vi vi Basics

7. Devices, Linux Filesystems, and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (Topic 104)

Objective 1: Create Partitions and Filesystems

Disk Drives Under Linux

Hard disk devices Disk partitions The root filesystem and mount points Managing partitions

fdisk

Creating filesystems

mkfs

Creating swap partitions

mkswap

Objective 2: Maintain the Integrity of Filesystems

Monitoring Free Disk Space and Inodes

Monitoring Disk Usage

Modifying a Filesystem

tune2fs xfs_info

Checking and Repairing Filesystems

fsck xfs_metadump

Objective 3: Control Filesystem Mounting and Unmounting

Managing the Filesystem Table Mounting Filesystems

mount

Unmounting Filesystems

umount

Objective 4: Set and View Disk Quotas

Quota Limits Quota Commands

quota quotaon quotaoff quotacheck edquota repquota

Enabling Quotas

Objective 5: Manage File Permissions and Ownership

Linux Access Control

The mode bits The mode string

Setting Access Modes

New files Changing access modes

chmod chown chgrp

Setting Up a Workgroup Directory

Objective 6: Create and Change Hard and Symbolic Links

Why Links?

ln Preserving links Finding links to a file

Objective 7: Find System Files and Place Files in the Correct Location

Datatypes The root Filesystem

The /usr filesystem The /var filesystem Linux annex Where’s that binary?

Locating Files

which find locate updatedb whereis type

8. Exam 101 Review Questions and Exercises

System Architecture (Topic 101)

Review Questions Exercises

Linux Installation and Package Management (Topic 102)

Review Questions Exercises

GNU and Unix Commands (Topic 103)

Review Questions Exercises

Devices, Linux Filesystems, and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (Topic 104)

Review Questions Exercises

9. Exam 101 Practice Test

Questions Answers

10. Exam 101 Highlighter’s Index

System Architecture

Objective 101.1: Determine and Configure Hardware Settings

PC BIOS Resource assignments

Objective 101.2: Boot the System

Boot order Information

Objective 101.3: Change Runlevels and Shut Down or Reboot System

Runlevels

Linux Installation and Package Management

Objective 102.1: Design Hard Disk Layout

/proc

Objective 102.2: Install a Boot Manager

LILO GRUB

Objective 102.3: Manage Shared Libraries

Concepts Commands

Objective 102.4: Use Debian Package Management

Commands

Objective 102.5: Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM)

Concepts

GNU and Unix Commands

Objective 103.1: Work on the Command Line

The interactive shell and shell variables Entering commands Command history, editing, and substitution Recursive execution

Objective 103.2: Process Text Streams Using Filters

The commands The stream editor, sed

Objective 103.3: Perform Basic File Management

Concepts File and directory management commands File-naming wildcards

Objective 103.4: Use Streams, Pipes, and Redirects

Concepts Standard I/O Pipes and redirection

Objective 103.5: Create, Monitor, and Kill Processes

Concepts Monitoring commands Signaling processes Shell job control

Objective 103.6: Modify Process Execution Priorities

Concepts Commands

Objective 103.7: Search Text Files Using Regular Expressions

Concepts Position anchors Character sets Modifiers Commands

Objective 103.8: Perform Basic File Editing Operations Using vi

Subcommands

Devices, Linux Filesystems, and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

Objective 104.1: Create Partitions and Filesystems

Disk drives and partitions Filesystems The root filesystem and mount points Partition and filesystem management commands

Objective 104.2: Maintain the Integrity of Filesystems

Filesystem commands

Objective 104.3: Control Filesystem Mounting and Unmounting

Managing the filesystem table Mounting and unmounting Filesystem types

Objective 104.4: Set and View Disk Quotas

Quota types Commands

Objective 104.5: Manage File Permissions and Ownership

Access control Setting access modes Commands for file ownership

Objective 104.6: Create and Change Hard and Symbolic Links

Concepts ln

Objective 104.7: Find System Files and Place Files in the Correct Location

File Hierarchy Standard (FHS) The directory hierarchy Locating files

11. Exam 102 Overview 12. Exam 102 Study Guide

Exam Preparation

13. Shells, Scripting, and Data Management (Topic 105)

Objective 1: Customize and Use the Shell Environment

An Overview of Shells The Bash Shell

Shells and environment variables Aliases Functions Configuration files .inputrc

Objective 2: Customize or Write Simple Scripts

Script Files

Creating a simple bash script Executable files Shebang! The shell script’s environment Location, ownership, and permissions SUID and SGID rights

Basic Bash Scripts

Return values File tests Command substitution Mailing from scripts Abbreviated bash command reference

break case continue echo exit for function getopts if kill read return seq shift source test until while

Objective 3: SQL Data Management

Accessing a MySQL Server Database Overview Aggregate Functions Multitable Queries

14. The X Window System (Topic 106)

An Overview of X Objective 1: Install and Configure X11

Selecting and Configuring an X Server

Supported video hardware Installing X.Org Configuring an X server and the xorg.conf file Distribution-specific tools

X Fonts

Installing fonts The X font server

Controlling X Applications with .Xresources

Objective 2: Set Up a Display Manager

Configuring xdm

Running xdm manually Running xdm automatically Basic xdm customization

X Terminals

xdm for X terminals

Configuring KDM Configuring GDM

Switching display managers

Objective 3: Accessibility

15. Administrative Tasks (Topic 107)

Objective 1: Manage User and Group Accounts and Related System Files

User Accounts and the Password File Groups and the Group File The Shadow Password and Shadow Group Systems

Group passwords and shadow groups

User and Group Management Commands

useradd usermod userdel groupadd groupmod groupdel passwd gpasswd

Objective 2: Automate System Administration Tasks by Scheduling Jobs

Using cron

User crontab files

crontab

System crontab files

Using at

Controlling User Access to cron and at

Objective 3: Localization and Internationalization

16. Essential System Services (Topics 108.1 and 108.2)

Objective 1: Maintain System Time

NTP Concepts The NTP Software Package Components

ntpd ntpdate ntpq ntpdc ntptrace

The Hardware Clock

hwclock

Time Zones

Objective 2: System Logging

Configuring syslogd Client/Server Logging Logfile Rotation Examining Logfiles

17. Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Basics (Topic 108.3)

Objective 3: Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Basics

Configuration of Sendmail

mail Mail queuing

Configuration of Postfix Configuration of Qmail Configuration of Exim

18. Manage Printers and Printing (Topic 108.4)

Objective 4: Manage Printers and Printing An Overview of Printing

BSD and System V Interfaces LPRng CUPS

CUPS printing overview CUPS backends CUPS filters Managing CUPS print queues

lp cancel lpstat lpadmin lpq lprm lpr

Troubleshooting General Printing Problems

The Error Logfile The Page Logfile The Access Logfile Using the cups-config Utility for Debugging

19. Networking Fundamentals (Topic 109.1)

Objective 1: Fundamentals of Internet Protocols

Network Addressing

Private IP addresses and NAT Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

Masks Protocols Services Utilities

dig ftp ping telnet traceroute whois

20. Basic Network Configuration (Topics 109.2 and 109.4)

Objective 2: Basic Network Configuration and Objective 4: Configuring Client Side DNS

Network Interfaces

Configuration files Configuration commands

ifconfig ping route

DHCP

Subnets and relays Leases dhcpd

dhcpd

A Standard Linux Network Configuration

21. Basic Network Troubleshooting (Topic 109.3)

Objective 3: Basic Network Troubleshooting

ping host traceroute netstat

Common Manual Network Interface Tasks dig

22. Security (Topic 110.1)

Objective 1: Perform Security Administration Tasks

The (In)Security of SUID

su sudo

User IDs and Passwords

usermod

Shadow Passwords

chage

Setting Limits on Users

ulimit

Querying System Services

netstat nmap lsof

23. Set Up Host Security (Topic 110.2)

Objective 2: Set Up Host Security

The Super-Server

inetd syntax xinetd

Security with TCP_WRAPPERS

Configuration

24. Securing Data with Encryption (Topic 110.3)

Objective 3: Securing Data With Encryption Using Secure Shell (SSH)

Installation and Configuration

Example /etc/ssh/sshd_config file

DSA and RSA Overview

Generating and Using Keys

Enabling bulk logins on multiple hosts for multiple users Using the RSA algorithm

ssh-keygen

The Server Public and Private Key ssh-agent Other SSH Tricks SSH Port Forwarding

ssh -R|L

Configuring OpenSSH Configuring and Using GNU Privacy Guard (GPG)

Generating a Key Pair Importing a Public Key to a GPG Keyring Signing Keys Listing Keys Export both a Public and Private Key Encrypting a File Troubleshooting Files in the ~/.gnupg/ Directory

25. Exam 102 Review Questions and Exercises

Shells, Scripting, and Data Management (Topic 105)

Review Questions Exercises

The X Window System (Topic 106)

Review questions Exercises

Administrative Tasks (Topic 107)

Review questions Exercises

Essential System Services (Topic 108)

Review Questions Exercises

Networking Fundamentals (Topic 109)

Review Questions Exercises

Security (Topic 110)

Review Questions Exercises

26. Exam 102 Practice Test

Questions Answers

27. Exam 102 Highlighter’s Index

Shells, Scripting, and Data Management

Objective 105.1: Customize and Use the Shell Environment

Bash

Objective 105.2: Customize or Write Simple Scripts

Environment

Objective 105.3: SQL Data Management

The X Window System

Objective 106.1: Install and Configure X11 Objective 106.2: Set Up a Display Manager Objective 106.3: Accessibility

Administrative Tasks

Objective 107.1: Manage User and Group Accounts and Related System Files

passwd and group Shadow files User and group management commands

Objective 107.2: Automate System Administration Tasks by Scheduling Jobs

Using cron Using at User access

Objective 107.3: Localization and Internationalization

Essential System Services

Objective 108.1: Maintain System Time Objective 108.2: System Logging

Syslog Logfile rotation Examining logfiles

Objective 108.3: Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Basics Objective 108.4: Manage Printers and Printing

CUPS Legacy printing (lpd) /etc/printcap

Networking Fundamentals

Objective 109.1: Fundamentals of Internet Protocols

Addressing and masks Protocols TCP/IP services TCP/IP utilities

Objective 109.2: Basic Network Configuration Objective 109.3: Basic Network Troubleshooting Objective 109.4: Configuring Client Side DNS

Security

Objective 110.1: Perform Security Administration Tasks Objective 110.2: Set Up Host Security

TCP wrappers Shadow passwords

Objective 110.3: Securing Data with Encryption

Index About the Authors Colophon

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