Architecting High-Performance Embedded Systems by Jim Ledin -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Architecting High-Performance Embedded Systems Why subscribe? Contributors About the author About the reviewer Packt is searching for authors like you Preface

Intended audience for this book What this book covers To get the most out of this book Download the example code files Download the color images Conventions used Get in touch Reviews

Section 1: Fundamentals of High-Performance Embedded Systems Chapter 1: Architecting High-Performance Embedded Systems

Technical requirements Elements of embedded systems

Power source Digital processing Software and firmware Specialized circuitry Input from the environment Output to the environment

Operating in real time

Periodic operation Event-driven operation Real-time operating systems

FPGAs in embedded systems

Digital logic gates Flip-flops Elements of FPGAs FPGA synthesis Hardware design languages The benefits of using FPGAs in embedded system designs Xilinx FPGAs and development tools

Summary

Chapter 2: Sensing the World

Technical requirements Introducing passive, active, and smart sensors Applying analog-to-digital converters The types of sensors used in embedded systems

Light Temperature Pressure Humidity Fluid flow Force Ultrasonic Audio Magnetic Chemical Ionizing radiation Radar Lidar Video and infrared Inertial GPS

Communicating with sensors

GPIO Analog voltage I2C SPI CAN bus Wireless

Processing sensor data Summary

Chapter 3: Operating in Real Time

Technical requirements What does real-time mean? Attributes of a real-time embedded system

Performing multiple tasks Rate-monotonic scheduling

Understanding key RTOS features and challenges

Mutexes Semaphores Queues Event flags Timers Dynamic memory allocation Deadlock Priority inversion

Popular real-time operating systems

embOS FreeRTOS INTEGRITY Neutrino µc/OS-III VxWorks

Summary

Section 2: Designing and Constructing High-Performance Embedded Systems Chapter 4: Developing Your First FPGA Program

Technical requirements Using FPGAs in real-time embedded system designs

Block RAM and distributed RAM FPGA I/O pins and associated features Specialized hardware resources Processor cores

FPGA implementation languages

VHDL Verilog Block diagrams C/C++

The FPGA development process

Defining system requirements Allocating functionality to the FPGA Identifying required FPGA features Implementing the FPGA design Testing the implementation

Developing your first FPGA project

Project description Installing the Vivado tools Creating a project Creating VHDL source files Testing the logic behavior Defining I/O signals Creating a top-level VHDL file Synthesizing and implementing the FPGA bitstream Downloading the bitstream to the board Programming the bitstream to onboard flash memory

Summary

Chapter 5: Implementing systems with FPGAs

Technical requirements The FPGA compilation process

Design entry Logic synthesis Design optimization High-level synthesis Optimization and constraints

Algorithm types most suitable for FPGA implementation

Algorithms that process high-speed data streams Parallel algorithms Algorithms using nonstandard data sizes

Kicking off the oscilloscope FPGA project

Project description Baseline Vivado project

Summary

Chapter 6: Designing Circuits with KiCad

Technical requirements Introducing KiCad Basic KiCad procedures

Placing and connecting circuit components Creating component symbols

Developing the project schematic diagram

Adding text annotations Adding signal labels Adding global labels Creating differential signal pairs Creating offboard connections Symbol annotation and electrical rules checking

Laying out the PCB Prototyping the circuit board Summary

Chapter 7: Building High-Performance Digital Circuits

Technical requirements Circuit board assembly tools and procedures

Optical magnification Tweezers Flux Solder Electrostatic discharge protection Hand soldering Solder wick Solder paste application Reflow soldering

Preparing for assembly and placing parts Reflow soldering and hand soldering

Hand soldering

Post-assembly board cleaning and inspection Summary

Section 3: Implementing and Testing Real-Time Firmware Chapter 8: Bringing Up the Board for the First Time

Technical requirements Preparing for power-up

Supplying power to the board

Checking our circuit's basic functionality

Testing the board power supplies Testing the analog amplifiers Testing the ADC

Adapting the circuit in case of problems

Cutting PCB traces Installing solder jumpers and jumper wires Removing components Adding components Generating the ADC encoder clock and 1 KHz calibration signal

Summary

Chapter 9: The Firmware Development Process

Technical requirements Designing and implementing the FPGA algorithm

Digital oscilloscope system overview Adding the deserializer Adding a FIFO buffer Adding the AXI bus interface Adding the MQTT protocol

Coding style

Naming things Comments in code Avoid literal numeric values Braces, indentation, and vertical spacing Prioritize readability and correctness Avoid premature optimization Avoid implementation-defined behavior Avoid unconditional jumps Minimize the scope of identifiers Indicate that constant things are constant Automated code formatters

Statically analyzing source code

What is static code analysis? Static code analysis tools Using static code analysis effectively Working with existing code Begin with only the most severe messages Resolving analyzer output messages Common source code analyzer messages

Source code version control

Version control with Git

Test-driven development

TDD applied to embedded systems

Summary

Chapter 10: Testing and Debugging the Embedded System

Technical requirements Designing system-level tests

Requirements-driven testing Testing under nominal and off-nominal conditions Unit testing versus functional testing Negative testing and penetration testing Testing in a simulated environment Achieving repeatable test results Developing a test plan

Conducting tests and recording results

Identify the data to be collected Configuring the system under test Executing the test procedures Quick-look assessment of test results Repeating tests when necessary Regression testing existing code

Ensuring comprehensive test coverage

Requirements traceability matrix Tracking code coverage Dealing with syntax and compilation errors and warnings Working with static code analysis and unit testing Define the problem clearly and attempt to duplicate it Determine whether the input is correct Find ways to gain visibility into the system Using a binary search debugging process temporarily removing portions of functionality Make the smallest program that demonstrates the problem

Summary of best practices for high-performance embedded system development

Designing for test Leave room for growth Design hardware with future capabilities in mind Developing only the code you need right now Maintain strict version control Develop unit tests as code is in development Begin system-level testing as soon as functionality is present

Summary

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