The Ancient Circuit Walls of Athens by Theocharaki, Anna Maria -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Title Page Copyright Contents Preface/Acknowledgments Introduction 1 Ancient Sources for the City Walls

1 Ancient sources for the pre-fifth century B.C. walls

The Pelargikon The Archaic peribolos

2 Ancient sources for the walls of the 5th century B.C. and later

1 The Themistoklean fortification (479/8 B.C.) 2 The fortification during the Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.) 3 The Kononian fortification (ca. 395–391 B.C.) 4 The fortification under Euboulos (355–346 B.C.) 5 The fortification after the battle of Chaironeia, 338 B.C. 6 The Lykourgan fortifications (337/6 B.C.) 7 The fortifications of the period 307–304 B.C. 8 The fortification of the 3rd century B.C.: Macedonian fort (295 B.C.) and diateichisma (early 3rd century B.C.) 9 The fortification after the Chremonidean War (267–263/2 or 262/1 B.C.) 10 The fortification of the 2nd century B.C. 11 The fortification after the invasion of Sulla (87/6 B.C.) 12 The fortification under the Emperors Valerian (A.D. 253–260) and Gallienus (A.D. 260–268) 13 The fortification after the invasion of the Heruli (A.D. 267) 14 The Early Christian fortification (4th–5th century A.D.) 15 The Justinianic fortification (A.D. 527–565)

3 Summary

2 Scholars and Travellers in Search of the Walls

1 Middle Byzantine sources of the 11th–12th century 2 Evidence from the earliest travellers (14th–16th century) 3 Scholars and travellers of the 17th century 4 The tour acquires precision: the 18th century 5 Travellers and early archaeologists: the first half of the 19th century 6 Summary

3 The Discovery of the Walls

1 The first signs 2 The first chance finds: the 1850s and 1860s 3 ‘The well-known Dipylon’: the first systematic excavations 4 Discoveries of the Themistoklean wall aside from the Kerameikos: 1870 onwards 5 The Post-Herulian Wall 6 Characteristic examples from the history of research into the walls

The eastern course of the Themistoklean wall The western course of the Themistoklean wall The question of the incorporation of the Olympieion Locating the Piraic gate Locating the Acharnian gate Locating the Phaleric gate

7 Summary

4 The Structure of the Walls

1 The structure of the fortification

The Wall The proteichisma The moat Ring roads

2 Proposed construction phases – chronological issues

1 The Themistoklean period (479/8 B.C.)

2 The period of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.) 3 The Kononian period (ca. 395–391 B.C.) 4 The period from the middle to the late 4th century B.C.

The Wall Towers The proteichisma The moat Retaining walls of the moat Ring roads

5 The early 3rd century B.C. Diateichisma and Macedonian fortress 6 The period following the Chremonidean War (267–263/2 or 267–262/1 B.C.) 7 The second century B.C.: the White Poros Wall on the Pnyx and works to the south 8 The period after the Sullan invasion (87/6 B.C.) 9 The period of the Emperors Valerian (A.D. 253–260) and Gallienus (A.D. 260–268) 10 The period after the Herulian invasion (A.D. 267) 11 The Early Christian period (4th–5th centuries A.D.) 12 The Justinianic period (A.D. 527–565) 13 Summary

5 The Course of the Walls and Location of the Gates

1 The Map 2 The course of the walls

The course and length of the Themistoklean wall The course of the Diateichisma The course of the Valerian wall: the eastern and southern parts of the city The course of the Post-Herulian Wall

3 The gates of the walls

3.1 Naming the gates of the Themistoklean wall 3.2 The positions of the gates of the Themistoklean wall 1 Remains of gates / posterns 3.3 The possible positions of the gates of the eastern Valerian wall

6 The Preserved Remains of the Walls

1 Preservation in basement areas of buildings

10–12 Aristeidou street 72 Adrianou street 6 Dragatsaniou street 2 Vourvachi street 15–17 Mitropoleos street (Electra Metropolis hotel) 74 Adrianou street 14 Aristeidou and Pesmazoglou streets 10 Sokratous and Sophokleous streets 20 Erechtheiou street 8 Phalirou and 7 Dimitrakopoulou streets 29 Erysichthonos and Nileos streets 5–7–9 Vourvachi street 94 Adrianou street 19–25 Parthenonos street Klafthmonos square (underground area) 5–7 Paparrigopoulou street 14 Veikou and Misaraliotou streets 5–7–9 Dipylou street 96 Adrianou street (Benizeli mansion, eastern part) 37 Poulopoulou street 5–7 Tsami Karatasou street 18 Erechtheiou street 88A Adrianou street 17 Sokratous street 22 Agion Asomaton and 12–14 Dipylou streets 6 Avanton 42 Leokoriou 12–14 Iosiph ton Rogon and 19 Lempesi 3–5 Aiolou and 64 Adrianou (the historic Aiolos Hotel)

2 Preservation by re-burial

6 Koryzi street 12 Parthenonos street 11 Dipylou street 3 Vourvachi street 29–31 Sophokleous street 13 Erysichthonos street 24 Agion Asomaton

3 Preservation in outdoor areas of plots

46 Adrianou and Vrysakiou streets 24–26 and 28 Veikou street 15 Erysichthonos street 84 Adrianou and Mnisikleous streets Vasilissis Sophias avenue and 2 Panepistimiou street Klafthmonos square (open-air area) 50 Irakleidon street 54 Irakleidon and Erysichthonos streets 34 Propylaion street 8 Koryzi street

4 Preservation beneath glass structures

86 Adrianou and Mnisikleous streets 98 Adrianou street 4 Phlessa and Kyrristou streets 88B Adrianou street 40 Drakou and 9 Sophroniskou streets 82–84 Aiolou and Sophokleous streets 92 Adrianou street Aiolou street (pedestrian part) 15–17 Mitropoleos street (Electra Metropolis hotel – dining room and outside pavement) 96 Adrianou street (Benizeli mansion, courtyard)

5 Expropriation without a protection solution

78 Adrianou street 14 Krevvata street

Addendum Catalogue of Sites

1 The Themistoklean wall

TH1 – KERAMEIKOS (between Ermou, Piraios and Agion Asomaton) TH2 – 33 AGION ASOMATON AND 21 PSAROMILIGOU (plot) TH3 – AGION ASOMATON (road) TH3.1– 24 AGION ASOMATON (plot) TH4 – 22 AGION ASOMATON AND 12–14 DIPYLOU (plot) TH5 – 15 DIPYLOU AND LEOKORIOU (road, south) TH6 – 42 LEOKORIOU (plot) TH7 – 15 DIPYLOU AND LEOKORIOU (road, north) TH8 – 13 DIPYLOU (road) TH9 – 11 DIPYLOU (plot) TH10 – 5–7–9 DIPYLOU (plot) TH11 – 3 DIPYLOU (plot) TH12 – 16 ELEFTHERIAS (KOUMOUNDOUROU) SQUARE AND KRIEZI (plot) TH13 – ELEFTHERIAS (KOUMOUNDOUROU) SQUARE AND KRANAOU (road) TH14 – 91 EVRIPIDOU AND 10 SACHTOURI (plot) TH15 – 87 EVRIPIDOU (plot) TH16 – 90 EVRIPIDOU (plot) TH17 – 7–9 SAPPHOUS (plot) TH18 – 5 SAPPHOUS (plot) TH19 – 2 SAPPHOUS AND MENANDROU (plot) TH20 – THEATROU SQUARE TH21 – 17 SOKRATOUS (plot) TH22 – 17 SOKRATOUS (road) TH23 – 10 SOKRATOUS AND 33 SOPHOKLEOUS (plot) TH24 – 29–31 SOPHOKLEOUS (plot) TH25 – 23 SOPHOKLEOUS AND ATHINAS (road) TH26 – 48 ATHINAS AND SOPHOKLEOUS (plot) TH27 – 93 AIOLOU AND SOPHOKLEOUS (Melas Mansion) TH28 – 93 AIOLOU AND SOPHOKLEOUS (pedestrian street) TH29 – 82–84 AIOLOU AND SOPHOKLEOUS (National Bank of Greece) TH30 – 6 SOPHOKLEOUS (National Bank of Greece) TH31 – 14 ARISTEIDOU AND PESMAZOGLOU (road) TH32 – 14 ARISTEIDOU AND PESMAZOGLOU (plot) TH33 – 10–12 ARISTEIDOU (plot) TH34 – 29 STADIOU (plot) TH35 – 6 DRAGATSANIOU (plot) TH36 – 6 DRAGATANIOU (road) TH37 – KLAFTHMONOS SQUARE TH38 – 5–7 PAPARRIGOPOULOU (Museum of the City of Athens, old Vouros house) TH39 – 5–7 CHRISTOU LADA (plot) TH40 – CHRISTOU LADA AND ANTHIMOU GAZI (road) TH41 – 3 KOLOKOTRONI (plot) TH42 – 7 VOULIS (plot) TH43 – 3–5–7 KARAGEORGI SERVIAS AND 2 NIKIS (plot) TH44 – 8 ERMOU (plot) TH45 – 22 VOULIS AND PETRAKI (plot) TH46 – 12 PETRAKI (road) TH47 – MITROPOLEOS–PENTELIS–PETRAKI (plot) TH48 – 7 PENTELIS (road) TH49 – 15–17 MITROPOLEOS (plot) TH50 – 32 VOULIS AND APOLLONOS (road) TH51 – VOULIS–APOLLONOS–SKOUPHOU (plot) TH52 – 24 NIKIS (plot) TH53 – 30 NIKIS (plot) TH54 – 27 NIKIS (plot) TH55 – NIKIS–NAVARCHOU NIKODIMOU–SKOUPHOU (road) TH56 – 31–33 NIKIS (plot) TH57 – 3 LAMACHOU (plot) TH58 – 30 AMALIAS AND PHILELLINON (plot) TH59 – 32–34 AMALIAS (central reservation) TH60 – VASILISSIS OLGAS (road, north of the Olympieion) TH61 – WEST OF THE OLYMPIEION PROPYLON TH62 – 26 ATHANASIOU DIAKOU (plot) TH63 – 8 IOSIPH TON ROGON (road) TH63.1 – 8 IOSIPH TON ROGON (plot) TH64 – 12–14 IOSIPH TON ROGON AND 19 LEMPESI (plot) TH65 – 19 LEMPESI (road) TH66 – IOSIPH TON ROGON (road, south of Lempesi street) TH67 – 5–7–9 VOURVACHI (plot) TH68 – 3 VOURVACHI (plot) TH69 – 3 VOURVACHI (road) TH70 – 1 VOURVACHI (road) TH71 – 4 VOURVACHI (road) TH72 – 2 VOURVACHI AND SYNGROU (road) TH73 – 2 VOURVACHI AND 21 SYNGROU (plot) TH74 – 23 SYNGROU (plot) TH75 – 25 SYNGROU (plot) TH76 – 6 KORYZI (plot) TH77 – 8 KORYZI (plot) TH78 – 29 SYNGROU AND NEGRI (plot) TH78.1 – 31 SYNGROU (plot) TH79 – 38–40 SYNGROU (road) TH80 – 33 SYNGROU AND DONTA (plot) TH81 – 3 DONTA (road) TH82 – 44 SYNGROU AND DONTA (plot) TH82.1 – 2 DONTA AND PHALIROU (plot) TH83 – 8 PHALIROU (road) TH84 – 8 PHALIROU AND 7 DIMITRAKOPOULOU (plot) TH85 – 14 VEIKOU AND 2 MISARALIOTOU (plot) TH86 – 2 MISARALIOTOU (road) TH87 – 1 MISARALIOTOU (road, north) TH88 – 5–7–9 TSAMI KARATASOU (road) TH89 – 5–7 TSAMI KARATASOU (plot) TH90 – 10 TSAMI KARATASOU (plot) TH91 – 12 PARTHENONOS (plot) TH92 – 10–12 PARTHENONOS (road) TH93 – 19–25 PARTHENONOS (plot) TH94 – 20 ERECHTHEIOU (plot) TH95 – 20–22 ERECHTHEIOU (road) TH96 – 18 ERECHTHEIOU (plot) TH97 – 25 ERECHTHEIOU (road, north) TH98 – 25 ERECHTHEIOU (road, south) TH99 – 25 ERECHTHEIOU (plot) TH100 – 21–23 ERECHTHEIOU (plot) TH101 – 34 PROPYLAION (plot) TH102 – 40 DRAKOU AND 9 SOPHRONISKOU (plot) TH103 – DRAKOU AND MOUSON (road) TH104 – 44 DRAKOU (road) TH105 – SOUTHWEST FOOT OF THE HILL OF THE MUSES TH106 – 6 AVANTON (plot) TH107 – 31 ERYSICHTHONOS AND NILEOS (plot) TH108 – 29 ERYSICHTHONOS AND NILEOS (plot) TH109 – 29 ERYSICHTHONOS AND NILEOS (road) TH110 – 27 ERYSICHTHONOS (plot) TH111 – 25 ERYSICHTHONOS (road) TH112 – 20–24 ERYSICHTHONOS (plot) TH113 – 18 ERYSICHTHONOS (road) TH114 – 54 IRAKLEIDON AND ERYSICHTHONOS (pedestrian street) TH115 – 17 ERYSICHTHONOS (road) TH116 – 17 ERYSICHTHONOS AND 52 IRAKLEIDON (plot) TH117 – 50 IRAKLEIDON (plot) TH118 – 15 ERYSICHTHONOS (plot) TH119 – 13 ERYSICHTHONOS (plot) TH120 – 37 POULOPOULOU (plot) TH121 – 37 POULOPOULOU (road) TH121.1 – 39 POULOPOULOU (plot) TH122 – 39 POULOPOULOU (road) TH123 – 7 ERYSICHTHONOS (plot) TH124 – EPTACHALKOU AND EPHESTION (road)

2 The Diateichisma

DT – HILLS OF THE MUSES, PNYX, AND NYMPHS

3.1 Valerian wall – Eastern arm

V1 – OLD PARLIAMENT V2 – 1 KOLOKOTRONI (road) V3 – 1 KOLOKOTRONIS AND STADIOU (Kostis house) V4 – 9 STADIOU (road) V5 – STADIOU–VOUKOURESTIOU–PANEPISTIMIOU–AMERIKIS (former Royal Stables) V6 – VOUKOURESTIOU (plot) V7 – 6 VOUKOURESTIOU (Grande Bretagne Hotel) V8 – VASILLISSIS SOPHIAS AND 2 PANEPISTIMIOU (plot) V9 – VASILISSIS SOPHIAS (road, north of the Parliament building) V10 – VASILISSIS SOPHIAS (pavement, opposite Merlin street) V11 – NATIONAL GARDENS (Metro excavation) V12 – NATIONAL GARDENS (west of Lykeiou street) V13 – IRODOU TOU ATTIKOU AND VASILEOS GEORGIOU II (road) V14 – NATIONAL GARDENS (on the axis of Stadiou street) V15 – VASILISSIS OLGAS (road, east of the Olympieion) V16 – SOUTH OF THE OLYMIEION PERIBOLOS V17 – 28–32 ATHANASIOU DIAKOU (plot)

3.2 Valerian wall – South arm

V18 – 1 MISARALIOTOU AND VEIKOU (road, south) V19 – 16 VEIKOU (old Alexandrakis house) V20 – 24–26 VEIKOU (plot) V21 – 28 VEIKOU (old Petsas house) V22 – 32 VEIKOU (old Karastamatis house)

4 Post-Herulian wall

PH1 – ACROPOLIS NORTH SLOPE (Klepsydra) PH2 – ATHENIAN AGORA PH3 – 46 ADRIANOU AND VRYSAKIOU (plot) PH4 – 14 KREVVATA (plot of the Museum of Greek Folk Art) PH5 – LIBRARY OF HADRIAN (continuation of the south wing to the west) PH6 – LIBRARY OF HADRIAN (along the length of the façade, south of the propylon) PH7 – LIBRARY OF HADRIAN (eastern side, south amphitheatre) PH8 – 3–5 AIOLOU AND 64 ADRIANOU (the historic Aiolos Hotel) PH9 – 2 AIOLOU AND PELOPIDA (Medrese) PH10 – 72 ADRIANOU (plot) PH11 – 74 ADRIANOU (plot) PH12 – 78 ADRIANOU (plot) PH13 – 80 ADRIANOU AND 3 DIOGENOUS (plot, Church of the Panagia Krystalliotissa) PH14 – 84 ADRIANOU AND MNISIKLEOUS (plot) PH15 – MNISIKLEOUS (road, between 84 and 86 Adrianou) PH16 – 86 ADRIANOU AND MNISIKLEOUS (plot) PH17 – 88B ADRIANOU (plot) PH18 – 88A ADRIANOU (plot) PH19 – 92 ADRIANOU (plot) PH20 – 94 ADRIANOU (plot) PH21 – 96 ADRIANOU (The Benizeli mansion) PH22 – 96B ADRIANOU (eastern plot, part of the Benizeli mansion) PH23 – 98 ADRIANOU (plot) PH24 – ‘GYMNASIUM OF DIOGENES’ (between Diogenous, Erechtheos and Kyrristou) PH25 – 4 PHLESSA AND KYRRISTOU (plot) PH26 – THEATRE OF DIONYSOS (west part of the retaining wall of the koilon) PH27 – STOA OF EUMENES (north wall) PH28 – ODEION OF HERODES ATTICUS (south wall) PH29 – SERPENTZÉ WALL (west arm) PH30 – WESTERN ACCESS TO THE ACROPOLIS (Beulé Gate)

Abbreviations Archives References Ancient Terms/Names Names of Travellers and Scholars Modern / Contemporary Places and Monuments References to Ancient Sources

Notes

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