Braunwald's Heart Disease · A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine by Mann, Douglas L. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Instructions for online access Title page Table of Contents Copyright Dedication Acknowledgments Contributors Preface to the Tenth Edition Preface—Adapted from the First Edition Video Contents Look for these other titles in the Braunwald's Heart Disease Family Part I Fundamentals of Cardiovascular Disease

1 Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease

Shifting Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiologic Transition in Predominant Causes of Death Current Variations in the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Economic Burden Cost-Effective Solutions Summary and Conclusions References

2 Heart Disease in Varied Populations

Changing Demographics of the U.S. Population Distribution of Known Risk Factors for Heart Disease Coronary Heart Disease Hypertension Heart Failure Summary References

3 Ethics in Cardiovascular Medicine

Informed Consent and Shared Decision Making End-of-Life Care Ethics of Clinical Research Resource Allocation Conflict of Interest Conclusions References

4 Clinical Decision Making in Cardiology

Diagnostic Decision Making: General Considerations Diagnostic Testing Therapeutic Decision Making Accuracy of Study Results Cognitive Errors Shared Decision Making Systems of Care Conclusions Classic Readings References

5 Measurement and Improvement of Quality of Care

Defining Quality of Care Measuring Health Care Quality and Uses of Quality Measurements Conclusions References

6 Critical Evaluation of Clinical Trials

Constructing the Research Question Clinical Trial Design Key Issues Measures and Detection of Treatment Effect Future Perspectives References

Part II Genetics and Personalized Medicine

7 Personalized and Precision Cardiovascular Medicine

Assessment of Disease Risk: Family Health History and Health Risk Assessments A Genomic Toolbox for Personalized and Precision Medicine Gene Expression Personalized and Precision Cardiovascular Medicine: Clinical Potential Barriers and Solutions to the Integration of Genomics Into Cardiovascular Medicine Future Perspective: Toward Personalized and Precision Cardiovascular Medicine References

8 Principles of Cardiovascular Genetics

Inherited Basis for the Variation in Risk for Cardiovascular Disease A Brief Primer on Molecular Biology Modes of Inheritance Approaches to Discovering the Inherited Basis for Cardiovascular Disease Illustrative Examples Clinical Application of Genetic Findings Future Directions Acknowledgment References

9 Drug Therapeutics and Personalized Medicine

Importance of Correct Drug Use The Key Decision in Drug Therapy: Risk Versus Benefit Mechanisms Underlying Variability in Drug Action Molecular and Genetic Basis for Variable Drug Response Optimizing Drug Doses Future Challenges References

10 Biomarkers, Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Personalized Medicine

What is a Biomarker? Introduction to Proteomics and Metabolomics Overview of the Discovery Process Clinical Measures of Biomarker Performance Conclusion References

Part III Evaluation of the Patient

11 The History and Physical Examination

The History The General Physical Examination The Cardiovascular Examination Integrated, Evidence-Based Approach to Specific Cardiac Disorders Future Directions Acknowledgments References

12 Electrocardiography

The Normal Electrocardiogram The Abnormal Electrocardiogram Clinical Issues in Electrocardiographic Interpretation Future Perspectives References References

13 Exercise Testing

Physiology of Exercise Testing Technical Aspects of Exercise Testing Exercise Testing in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Exercise Testing in Patients with Nonatherosclerotic Heart Disease Additional Uses of Exercise Testing Acknowledgment References Classic Reading List References

14 Echocardiography

Principles of Ultrasound and Instrumentation Principles of Doppler Imaging The Standard Adult Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination Transesophageal Echocardiography Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Echocardiography in the Context of Cardiac Imaging Myocardial Infarction Cardiomyopathies Stress Echocardiography Valvular Heart Disease (see ) Pericardial Disease (see ) Diseases of the Aorta (see ) Infective Endocarditis (see ) Systemic Diseases and Echocardiography Pulmonary Hypertension (see ) Cardiac Masses Congenital Heart Disease in Adults (see ) Cardiac Procedures and Future Directions References References

15 The Chest Radiograph in Cardiovascular Disease

Technical Considerations The Chest Radiograph in Heart Disease Conclusion References

16 Nuclear Cardiology

Technical Aspects of Image Acquisition, Display, and Interpretation Myocardial Blood Flow, Myocardial Metabolism, and Ventricular Function Disease Detection, Risk Stratification, and Clinical Decision Making Molecular Imaging of the Cardiovascular System References References

17 Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Basic Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Patient Safety in Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Specific Disorders and Conditions Novel Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques Future Perspectives References References

18 Cardiac Computed Tomography

Patient Preparation and Scanning Sequence Cardiac Computed Tomography Anatomy Clinical Indications Incidental Scan Findings Training and Certification References References

19 Cardiac Catheterization

Indications for Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization Technical Aspects of Cardiac Catheterization Hemodynamic Data Adjunctive Diagnostic Techniques Complications Associated with Cardiac Catheterization Future Perspectives References References

20 Coronary Arteriography and Intracoronary Imaging

Overview and Background Indications and Contraindications for Coronary Arteriography Technique of Coronary Arteriography Intracoronary Imaging Future Perspectives References References

Part IV Heart Failure

21 Mechanisms of Cardiac Contraction and Relaxation

Microanatomy of Contractile Cells and Proteins Calcium Ion Fluxes in the Cardiac Contraction-Relaxation Cycle Sarcolemmal Control of Ca2+ and Na+ Adrenergic Signaling Systems Cholinergic and Nitric Oxide Signaling Contractile Performance of Intact Hearts Future Perspectives References

22 Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Matrix Metalloproteinases Metabolic Modulation

23 Clinical Assessment of Heart Failure

Comorbid Conditions and Heart Failure

24 Diagnosis and Management of Acute Heart Failure

Epidemiology Pathophysiology Evaluation of the Patient with Acute Heart Failure Management of the Patient with Acute Heart Failure Future Perspectives References

25 Management of Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

Epidemiology Etiology Prognosis Approach to the Patient Management of Fluid Retention Pharmacogenetics Cardiac Glycosides

26 Devices for Monitoring and Managing Heart Failure

Ventricular Dyssynchrony: the Target of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients with Heart Failure Implantable Devices to Monitor Heart Failure Summary and Future Directions References References

27 Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction

Cellular Mechanisms of Myocardial Relaxation Limitations in Use of E/e Assessment of Exercise Capacity in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

28 Surgical Management of Heart Failure

Coronary Artery Revascularization Valve Surgery in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction Left Ventricular Reconstruction Passive Cardiac Support Devices Cardiac Transplantation Future Perspectives References

29 Mechanical Circulatory Support

Engineering Designs of Ventricular Assist Devices Important Medical Conditions in Instituting Mechanical Circulatory Support Clinical Trials with the Heartmate II Device

30 Cardiovascular Regeneration and Gene Therapy

Cell Therapy Tissue Engineering Gene Therapy Acknowledgments References

31 Care of Patients with End-Stage Heart Disease

Prognostication and Probable Course of Advanced Heart Failure Medical Management of Advanced Heart Failure End-of-Life Care References

Part V Arrhythmias, Sudden Death, and Syncope

32 Genetics of Cardiac Arrhythmias

The QT-Opathies The Other Channelopathies Conclusions Future Perspectives References

33 Genesis of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Anatomy of the Cardiac Conduction System Basic Electrophysiologic Principles Mechanisms of Arrhythmogenesis References References

34 Diagnosis of Cardiac Arrhythmias

History Physical Examination Electrocardiogram Additional Tests Invasive Electrophysiologic Studies Direct Cardiac Mapping: Recording Potentials Directly From the Heart References References

35 Therapy for Cardiac Arrhythmias

Pharmacologic Therapy Electrotherapy for Cardiac Arrhythmias Surgical Therapy for Tachyarrhythmias References

36 Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators

Background: Cardiac Electrical Stimulation Indications and Device Selection Hardware Pacing Modes, Timing Cycles, Blanking, and Refractory Periods Detection of Ventricular Tachycardia and Fibrillation in Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Electrical Therapy for Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias Troubleshooting Common Clinical Problems Complications Follow-Up References References

37 Specific Arrhythmias

Normal Sinus Rhythm Tachyarrhythmias Supraventricular Rhythm Disturbances Ventricular Rhythm Disturbances Bradyarrhythmias Atrioventricular Block (Heart Block) Atrioventricular Dissociation References

38 Atrial Fibrillation

Electrocardiographic Features Classification of Atrial Fibrillation Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation Genetic Factors Causes of Atrial Fibrillation Clinical Features Diagnostic Evaluation Prevention of Thromboembolic Complications Acute Management of Atrial Fibrillation Long-Term Management of Atrial Fibrillation Nonpharmacologic Management of Atrial Fibrillation Specific Clinical Syndromes Future Perspectives References References

39 Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death

Perspective Definitions Epidemiology Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death Pathology and Pathophysiology Clinical Features of Patients with Cardiac Arrest Management of Cardiac Arrest Prevention of Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death References

40 Hypotension and Syncope

Definition Classification Vascular Causes of Syncope Cardiac Causes of Syncope Neurologic Causes of Transient Loss of Consciousness Diagnostic Tests Approach to the Evaluation of Patients with Syncope Management of Patients Future Perspectives References

Part VI Preventive Cardiology

41 The Vascular Biology of Atherosclerosis

Overview and Background Structure of the Normal Artery Atherosclerosis Initiation Evolution of Atheroma Complication of Atherosclerosis Special Cases of Arteriosclerosis References

42 Risk Markers and the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Rethinking Core Approaches to Primary Prevention What Works and in Whom? a Simple Evidence-Based Alternative to the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Merging Epidemiology and Randomized Trial Evidence: Why Measure Risk Factors? Conventional Risk Markers and Their Interventions Nonconventional Risk Markers and Associated Interventions Environmental Exposures and Associated Interventions References References

43 Systemic Hypertension

Definition, Prevalence, Variability, and Determinants of Hypertension Mechanisms of Primary (Essential) Hypertension Pathogenesis of Hypertensive Heart Disease Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation of Hypertension Adrenal and Other Causes of Hypertension Future Perspectives Acknowledgment References

44 Systemic Hypertension

Lifestyle Modification Antihypertensive Drugs Percutaneous Interventions for Management of Blood Pressure Evidence-Based Approach to Management of High Blood Pressure Special Considerations in Management Management of Hypertensive Crises Practical Clinical Approach to the Evaluation and Management of Ambulatory Hypertensive Patients Future Perspectives Acknowledgment References References

45 Lipoprotein Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease

Lipoprotein Transport System Lipoprotein Disorders Pharmacologic Management of Lipid Risk () A Clinical Approach to the Treatment of Lipoprotein Disorders Future Perspectives References

46 Nutrition and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

Foods Beverages Macronutrients Micronutrients Energy Balance Dietary Patterns Changing Behavior References

47 Exercise-Based, Comprehensive Cardiac Rehabilitation

Historical Perspective Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Training on Morbidity and Mortality in Cardiac Patients Practical Aspects of Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs Other Components of Comprehensive Cardiac Rehabilitation Insurance Coverage Current Challenges for Cardiac Rehabilitation The Future of Cardiac Rehabilitation Acknowledgment References

48 Integrative Approaches to the Management of Patients with Heart Disease

Supplements for Dyslipidemia with Minimal or No Efficacy Supplement Interactions with Warfarin Cardiac Surgery

Part VII Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

49 Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial Ischemia

Control of Coronary Blood Flow Physiologic Assessment of Coronary Artery Stenoses Coronary Collateral Circulation Metabolic and Functional Consequences of Ischemia Future Perspectives Classic Reading List References

50 Approach to the Patient with Chest Pain

Causes of Acute Chest Pain Diagnostic Considerations Immediate Management References

51 ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Changing Patterns in Incidence and Care Improvements in Outcome Pathologic Findings Pathophysiology Clinical Features Acknowledgment References

52 ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Prehospital Management Management in the Emergency Department Reperfusion Therapy Hospital Management Hemodynamic Disturbances Arrhythmias (See also Through ) Other Complications Convalescence, Discharge, and Post–Myocardial Infarction Care Future Directions and Emerging Therapies Acknowledgment References References

53 Non–ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes

Background Pathophysiology Clinical Assessment Management Subgroups of Special Interest Future Perspectives References References

54 Stable Ischemic Heart Disease

Magnitude of the Problem Stable Angina Pectoris Evaluation and Management Other Manifestations of Coronary Artery Disease Future Perspectives Reference References

55 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Indications for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Vascular Access Coronary Devices Antiplatelet Agents (See ) Antithrombin Agents Outcomes Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Future Perspectives Acknowledgment References References

56 Transcatheter Therapies for Structural Heart Disease in Adults

Occlusion of Cardiac Defects Aortic Valve Interventions (see ) Mitral Valve Intervention Pulmonary Valve Left Ventricular Modification Future Perspectives References

57 Diseases of the Aorta

The Normal Aorta Aortic Aneurysms Aortic Dissection Aortic Dissection Variants Aortoarteritis Syndromes Primary Tumors of the Aorta Future Perspectives References

58 Peripheral Artery Diseases

Epidemiology Clinical Features Testing for Peripheral Artery Disease Prognosis Treatment Vasculitis Thromboangiitis Obliterans Takayasu Arteritis and Giant Cell Arteritis Fibromuscular Dysplasia Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome Acute Limb Ischemia Atheroembolism References References

59 Prevention and Management of Ischemic Stroke

Medical Therapy for Prevention of Stroke Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke Future Perspectives References

60 Treatment of Noncoronary Obstructive Vascular Disease

Approach to the Patient with Peripheral Artery Disease Endovascular Technologies Planning an Intervention Endovascular Treatment of Arterial Disease Endovascular Treatment of Venous Disease References

61 Diabetes and the Cardiovascular System

Scope of the Problem Coronary Heart Disease in the Patient with Diabetes Heart Failure in the Patient with Diabetes Summary and Future Perspectives Acknowledgment References References

Part VIII Diseases of the Heart, Pericardium, and Pulmonary Vasculature Bed

62 Congenital Heart Disease

Anatomy Pathologic Consequences of Congenital Cardiac Lesions Evaluation of Patients with Congenital Heart Disease Specific Cardiac Defects References

63 Valvular Heart Disease

Overview Aortic Valve Disease Mitral Valve Disease Tricuspid, Pulmonic, and Multivalvular Disease Prosthetic Cardiac Valves References References

64 Cardiovascular Infections

Infective Endocarditis Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections Left Ventricular Assist Device Infections Coronary Stent Infections References References

65 The Dilated, Restrictive, and Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies

The Dilated Cardiomyopathies Restrictive and Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies Future Perspectives References

66 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Definition, Prevalence, and Nomenclature Morphology and Role of Cardiac Imaging Pathophysiology Clinical Features Clinical Course Athletes Management Future Directions References

67 Myocarditis

Additional Physical Agents of Myocarditis Specific Clinical Presentations of Myocarditis

68 Chemical Cardiomyopathies

Ethanol Cocaine Amphetamines Cathinones Synthetic Cannabinoids Ma Huang (Ephedra) Catecholamines and Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists Inhalants Antiretroviral Agents Serotonin Agonists Chemotherapeutic Agents Environmental Exposures Future Directions References

69 Cardiovascular Complications of Cancer Therapeutic Agents

Cardiovascular Complications of Additional Cancer Therapeutic Agents

70 Cardiovascular Abnormalities in HIV-Infected Individuals

Background Accelerated Atherosclerosis Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction Pulmonary Hypertension Pericardial Effusion Infective Endocarditis Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis Cardiovascular Malignancy Isolated Right Ventricular Disease Vasculitis Sudden Cardiac Death Long QT Interval Autonomic Dysfunction Complications of Therapy Perinatal Transmission and Vertically Transmitted HIV Infection Cardiac Monitoring Recommendations References

71 Pericardial Diseases

Anatomy and Physiology of the Pericardium The Passive Role of the Normal Pericardium in Heart Disease Acute Pericarditis Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade Constrictive Pericarditis Effusive-Constrictive Pericarditis Specific Causes of Pericardial Disease References

72 Traumatic Heart Disease

Incidence Penetrating Cardiac Injury Blunt Cardiac Injury Miscellaneous Cardiac Injury Late Sequelae Summary References

73 Pulmonary Embolism

State-of-the-Art Molecular Pathophysiology Cardiopulmonary Dynamics Classification of Pulmonary Embolism Classification of Deep Vein Thrombosis Epidemiology Diagnosis Anticoagulation Therapy for Acute Pulmonary Embolism Optimal Duration of Anticoagulation and Selection of Optimal Anticoagulant Advanced Therapy (in Addition to Anticoagulation) for Acute Pulmonary Embolism Prevention Future Perspectives References

74 Pulmonary Hypertension

Definition Genetics Hemodynamics Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension Pulmonary Hypertension Registries Future Perspectives Acknowledgment Classic Reading List References

75 Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease

Normal Sleep Physiology Sleep Disorders Screening and Diagnosis of Sleep Disorders Sleep Apnea Therapy Future Perspectives Acknowledgment References

Part IX Cardiovascular Disease in Special Populations

76 Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly

Demographics and Epidemiology Pathophysiology Medication Therapy: Modifications for the Older Patient Vascular Disease Heart Failure Arrhythmias Valvular Disease Future Directions References

77 Cardiovascular Disease in Women

Sex, Gender, and Genetic Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women (see also ) Assessment of Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Ischemic Heart Disease in Women Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Valve Surgery Peripheral Artery Disease Heart Failure Arrhythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Conclusion Acknowledgments References

78 Pregnancy and Heart Disease

Pre-Pregnancy Counseling Hemodynamic Changes Evaluation Management during Pregnancy Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular Drug Therapy Contraception Future Perspectives References References

79 Exercise and Sports Cardiology

Introduction and Historical Perspective Definition of Terms The Cardiovascular Response to Exercise and Exercise Training The Effects of Habitual Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Risk (See also ) The Cardiovascular Risks of Exercise The Approach to Common Clinical Problems in Sports Cardiology Determining Athletic Eligibility Advising Adult Athletes with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Valve Disease in Athletes Elevated “Cardiac Enzymes” in Athletes Possible Myocardial Fibrosis in Athletes Conclusion References

80 Anesthesia and Noncardiac Surgery in Patients with Heart Disease

Assessment of Risk Valvular Heart Disease (See also ) Congenital Heart Disease in Adults (See also ) Arrhythmias (See Through ) The Decision to Undergo Diagnostic Testing Tests to Improve Identification and Definition of Cardiovascular Disease Overview of Anesthesia for Cardiac Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery Postoperative Management Surveillance and Implications of Perioperative Cardiac Complications Strategies to Reduce the Cardiac Risk Associated with Noncardiac Surgery References

Part X Cardiovascular Disease and Disorders of Other Organs

81 Endocrine Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease

Pituitary Gland Adrenal Gland Parathyroid Disease Thyroid Gland Pheochromocytoma Future Perspectives References

82 Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Fibrinolysis, and Cardiovascular Disease

Hemostatic System Thrombosis Treatment of Thrombosis Conclusions and Future Directions References

83 Rheumatic Fever

Epidemiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Future Perspectives Classic Reading List References

84 Rheumatic Diseases and the Cardiovascular System

Background Vasculitis Pericarditis and Myocarditis Valvular Heart Disease (See also ) Cardiac Conduction Disturbances Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Thrombosis in the Rheumatic Diseases (See also ) Antirheumatic Drugs and Cardiovascular Disease Future Perspectives References

85 Tumors Affecting the Cardiovascular System

Clinical Manifestations of Cardiac Tumors Benign Primary Cardiac Tumors Malignant Primary Cardiac Tumors Secondary Cardiac Tumors Direct and Indirect Complications of Neoplasia Future Directions Acknowledgment References

86 Psychiatric and Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease

Stress Response and Cardiovascular Disease Methodologic Issues Objectives Acute Stress Chronic Stress Personality Traits Depression and Anxiety Symptoms and Psychiatric Disorders Evaluation and Management of Psychological and Psychiatric Conditions in Cardiac Patients References

87 Neurologic Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease

The Muscular Dystrophies Friedreich Ataxia Less Common Neuromuscular Diseases Associated with Cardiac Manifestations Epilepsy Acute Cerebrovascular Disease Future Perspectives References

88 Interface Between Renal Disease and Cardiovascular Illness

The Cardiorenal Intersection Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Renal Disease and Hypertension Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Cardiorenal Syndromes Chronic Kidney Disease and Valvular Heart Disease Renal Function and Arrhythmias Consultative Approach to Severe Kidney Disease and Hemodialysis Patients Evaluation and Management of the Renal Transplant Recipient Summary References

89 Cardiovascular Manifestations of Autonomic Disorders

Overview of Neural Circulatory Control Autonomic Testing Autonomic Dysregulation Orthostatic Intolerance Variants of Neurocardiogenic Syncope Disorders of Increased Sympathetic Outflow Disorders of Increased Parasympathetic Tone Future Perspectives References

Disclosure Index

Relationship Codes Institution and Company Codes Contributors

Index Index

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