40 Years of Evolution by Grant, Peter R. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Page Contents List of Illustrations List of Tables List of Boxes Preface Part 1: Early Problems, Early Solutions

1 Speciation, Adaptive Radiation, and Evolution

Introduction Adaptive Radiation of Darwin’s Finches Species and Speciation Daphne Evolution Observed Chapters of the Book Summary

2 Daphne Finches: A Question of Size

Introduction Testing the Hypothesis

Availability of Food Diets of G. Fortis and G. Fuliginosa Differences in Seed Supply G. Fuliginosa on Los Hermanos

Association between Beak Size and Diet Adaptive Landscapes Can G. scandens Be Ignored? Why Is G. fuliginosa Absent? Discussion Summary

3 Heritable Variation

Introduction Estimating Heritable Variation Heritable Variation Potential Biases

Extra-Pair Paternity Misidentified Paternity Maternal Effects Genotype × Environment Correlation Conclusions on Bias

Heritabilities: A Comparison of Species Summary

4 Natural Selection and Evolution

Introduction Expectations Natural Selection

Causes of Selective Mortality The Targets of Selection

Evolution in Response to Selection Selection Occurs Repeatedly Selection Oscillates in Direction Evolutionary Response Selection in Opposite Directions Conclusions Summary

5 Breeding Ecology and Fitness

Introduction Basic Breeding Biology

Annual Variation in Reproduction in Relation to Rain

Predicting Reproductive Success

The Cohorts of 1975 Four Later Cohorts The Contribution of Morphology to Fitness The Contribution of Offspring to Parental Fitness Longevity Inbreeding

Variation in Fitness Discussion Summary

Part 2: Developing a Long-Term Perspective

6 A Potential Competitor Arrives on Daphne

Introduction Founder Event

Causes

First Few Generations

Inbreeding Fitness Costs of Inbreeding Immigration Selection

Genetic Diversity

Losses and Gains of Alleles The Source of Immigrants Nonrandom Colonization

Song Colonization Success Summary

7 Competition and Character Displacement

Introduction Competition and Diet Overlap Effects of Competition on Survival Character Displacement

Strength of Selection The Causal Role of G. Magnirostris

High impact on food supply Superior feeding efficiency on shared component of the diet Parallel decline due to starvation Key difference between 1977 and 2004

Evolution of a Displaced Character G. Fortis and Scandens Compared

Some Implications Summary

8 Hybridization

Introduction Background Frequency of Hybridization Causes of Hybridization

A Scarcity of Conspecific Mates Imprinting Song Inheritance Perturbation of Imprinting G. Magnirostris

Fitness Consequences of Hybridization

Viability Fertility Overall Fitness

The Mating Pattern of Hybrids Conclusions Summary

9 Variation and Introgression

Introduction Morphology of Hybrids Effects of Hybridization on Variation

Comparison of G. Fortis and G. Scandens

Conspecific Gene Flow Hybridization versus Mutation Correlations Evolutionary Potential Discussion Summary

Part 3: Hybridization and Speciation

10 Long-Term Trends in Hybridization

Introduction A Question of Identity

Blurring of Genetic Distinctions Blurring of Morphological Distinctions

Morphological Convergence Frequencies of Hybrids Morphological Variation

Allometry

Genetic Convergence Two Species or One? Plumage and Behavior Discussion Summary

11 Long-Term Trends in Natural Selection

Introduction Selection

G. Fortis G. Scandens Ecological Causes Stabilizing Selection

Morphological Trends

G. Fortis G. Scandens G. Magnirostris The Possible Role of Selection on G. Magnirostris Immigration The Cause of the Beak-Size Trend

Allometry of Means Natural and Artificial Selection Conclusion Summary

12 Speciation

Introduction Morphological Transformation in Speciation

Species that Differ in Size Species that Differ in Shape

Genetic Transformation in Speciation Growth after Hatching Rapid Tempo of Speciation Interactions in Sympatry

A Mechanism Producing Song Divergence

Summary

13 Speciation by Introgressive Hybridization

Introduction A Hybrid Arrives on Daphne Descendants

Phase 1: The Start of a New Lineage

The phenotypic uniqueness of 5110

Phase II: Generations 1–3 Phase III: Endogamy and Reproductive Isolation

Origin of Reproductive Isolation Fate of the A Line of Descent Success of the Lineage So Far

Intrinsic Factors Extrinsic Factors

Future Prospects Summary

Part 4: Syntheses

14 The Future of Finches on Daphne

Introduction The Past as Context of the Present

Merge-and-Diverge Dynamics

The Present as a Guide to the Future

Global Warming and Galápagos

Finch Futures

Means and Extremes G. Fortis, Scandens, and Fuliginosa G. Magnirostris Hybrid Lineage Invasive Plant Species and Disease

Genomes for the Future Summary

15 Themes and Issues

Introduction Speciation, Selection, and Hybridization

Evolution Ecological Importance of Food: The Daphne Perspective Behavioral Barrier to Interbreeding Size and Hybridization Phylogenetic Implications of Hybridization Ephemerality of Species Predictability and Evolvability

Overview Summary

16 Generalization

Generalizing When N = 1

The Small Population Syndrome The Medium Population Syndrome Large Islands Beyond Galápagos The Specter of Extinction, The Big Unknown

Summary

17 Epilogue

Reflections on the Value of Long-Term Studies

Long-Term Dynamics of a Color Polymorphism Rare Events and Their Consequences Changes in Perspective

Coda Appendixes

Appendix 1.1 Daphne Plants Appendix 1.2 Measurements of Finches Appendix 1.3 Other Species of Darwin’s Finches Appendix 3.1 Mapping Breeding Locations Appendix 3.2 Annual Changes in Measurements Appendix 5.1 Extra-pair Mating Appendix 5.2 Visitors and Predation Appendix 9.1 Variation and Mortality Appendix 10.1 On the Dangers of Extrapolation Appendix 10.2 Plumage Appendix 11.1 Samples of Measurements for Selection Analyses Appendix 13.1 Identification of Breeders Appendix 17.1 Nestling Beak Color Polymorphism

Abbreviations Glossary References Subject Index

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