Medical Biochemistry · With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access (Medial Biochemistry) by Baynes, John -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Title page Table of Contents Copyright Preface Contributors Dedication Acknowledgments Abbreviations Chapter 1: Introduction

Biochemistry and clinical medicine The entire biochemistry on two pages What this book is – and isn't

Chapter 2: Amino Acids and Proteins

Introduction Amino acids Buffers Peptides and proteins Purification and characterization of proteins Analysis of protein structure Summary

Chapter 3: Carbohydrates and Lipids

Introduction Carbohydrates Lipids Structure of biomembranes Summary

Chapter 4: Blood and Plasma Proteins

Introduction Formed Elements of Blood Plasma Proteins The Acute Phase Response and C-Reactive Protein Clinical Tests: Biomarkers Summary

Chapter 5: Oxygen Transport

Introduction Characteristics of mammalian globin proteins Allosteric Modulation of the Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin Selected Topics Summary

Chapter 6: Catalytic Proteins – Enzymes

Introduction Enzymatic Reactions Enzyme Kinetics Use of the Lineweaver–Burk and Eadie–Hofstee plots Mechanism of Enzyme Action Enzyme Inhibition Regulation of Enzyme Activity Enzymatic Measurement of Blood Glucose Summary

Chapter 7: Hemostasis and Thrombosis

Introduction Hemostasis The vessel wall Platelets and platelet-related bleeding disorders Coagulation Fibrinolysis Summary

Chapter 8: Membranes and Transport

Introduction Types of transport processes Examples of transport systems and their coupling Summary

Chapter 9: Bioenergetics and Oxidative Metabolism

Introduction Oxidation as a source of energy Free energy Conservation of energy by coupling with adenosine triphosphate Mitochondrial synthesis of adenosine triphosphate from reduced coenzymes The mitochondrial electron transport system Transfer of electrons from NADH into mitochondria Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate – the chemiosmotic hypothesis Inhibitors of oxidative metabolism Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation Summary

Chapter 10: Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients: The Gastrointestinal Tract

Introduction Water and electrolyte handling in the gastrointestinal tract Digestion Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates Digestion and absorption of lipids Digestion and absorption of proteins Summary

Chapter 11: Vitamins and Minerals

Introduction Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K Water-soluble vitamins B, C Minerals Trace elements Summary

Chapter 12: Anaerobic Metabolism of Glucose in the Red Blood Cell

Introduction The erythrocyte Glycolysis The splitting stage of glycolysis The yield stage of glycolysis – synthesis of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation Fermentation Regulation of glycolysis in erythrocytes Characteristics of regulatory enzymes Synthesis of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) The pentose phosphate pathway Summary

Chapter 13: Carbohydrate Storage and Synthesis in Liver and Muscle

Introduction Structure of glycogen Pathway of glycogenesis from blood glucose in liver Pathway of glycogenolysis in liver Hormonal regulation of hepatic glycogenolysis Mechanism of action of glucagon Mobilization of hepatic glycogen by epinephrine Glycogenolysis in muscle Regulation of glycogenesis Gluconeogenesis Summary

Chapter 14: The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Introduction Functions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle Pyruvate carboxylase The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Enzymes and reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle Energy yield from the tricarboxylic acid cycle Anaplerotic (‘building up’) reactions Regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle Summary

Chapter 15: Oxidative Metabolism of Lipids in Liver and Muscle

Introduction Activation of fatty acids for transport into the mitochondrion Oxidation of fatty acids Ketogenesis – a metabolic pathway unique to liver Summary

Chapter 16: Biosynthesis and Storage of Fatty Acids

Introduction Fatty acid synthesis Fatty acid elongation Desaturation of fatty acids Essential fatty acids Storage and transport of fatty acids: synthesis of triacylglycerols Regulation of total body fat stores Summary

Chapter 17: Biosynthesis of Cholesterol and Steroids

Introduction The Cholesterol Molecule Free and esterified cholesterol Intestinal absorption of cholesterol Biosynthesis of cholesterol Bile acids Steroid hormones Vitamin D3 Summary

Chapter 18: Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherogenesis

Introduction Lipoproteins Lipoprotein receptors Enzymes and LIPID transfer proteins Pathways of lipoprotein metabolism Dyslipidemias Atherosclerosis, atherogenesis and atherothrombosis THE Assessment of cardiovascular risk Summary

Chapter 19: Biosynthesis and Degradation of Amino Acids

Introduction Metabolism of dietary and endogenous proteins Amino acid degradation Metabolism of the carbon skeletons of amino acids Biosynthesis of amino acids Inherited diseases of amino acid metabolism Summary

Chapter 20: Muscle: Energy Metabolism and Contraction

Introduction Muscle structure The contractile process Muscle energy metabolism Tissue engineering and replacement of muscle Effect of exercise Summary

Chapter 21: Glucose Homeostasis and Fuel Metabolism: Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction Insulin The feed–fast cycle Metabolism during stress Diabetes mellitus Hypoglycemia Laboratory assessment of fuel metabolism Treating diabetes Summary

Chapter 22: Nutrition and Energy Balance

Introduction Regulation of food intake Regulation of energy balance Nutrigenomics Main classes of nutrients Definitions in nutrition science Essential (limiting) nutrients Assessing nutritional STATUS Malnutrition Obesity Healthy eating and dietary prevention of disease Summary

Chapter 23: Role of Kidneys in Metabolism

Introduction Assessment of renal function Summary

Chapter 24: Water and Electrolyte Homeostasis

Introduction Body water compartments Osmolality: osmotic and oncotic pressures Potassium Renin–angiotensin system Integration of water and sodium homeostasis Summary

Chapter 25: Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration (Acid–Base Balance)

Introduction Body Buffer systems: respiratory and metabolic components of the acid–base balance Lungs: the gas exchange Handling of bicarbonate by the kidneys Disorders of the acid–base balance Summary

Chapter 26: Bone Metabolism and Calcium Homeostasis

Introduction Bone structure and bone remodeling Calcium homeostasis Disorders of calcium metabolism Metabolic bone disease Summary

Chapter 27: Complex Carbohydrates: Glycoproteins

Introduction Structures and linkages Interconversions of dietary sugars Other pathways of sugar nucleotide metabolism Biosynthesis of oligosaccharides Functions of the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins Summary

Chapter 28: Complex Lipids

Introduction Synthesis and turnover of glycerophospholipids Sphingolipids Lysosomal storage diseases resulting from defects in glycolipid degradation ABO blood group antigens Other blood group substances Summary

Chapter 29: The Extracellular Matrix

Introduction Collagens Noncollagenous proteins in the extracellular matrix Proteoglycans Communication of cells with the extracellular matrix Summary

Chapter 30: Role of the Liver in Metabolism

Introduction Structure of the liver Liver and carbohydrate metabolism Liver and protein metabolism Heme synthesis Bilirubin metabolism Drug metabolism Pharmacogenomics Biochemical tests of liver function Classification of liver disorders Genomics of liver disease Summary

Chapter 31: Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides

Introduction Purine metabolism Pyrimidine metabolism Formation of deoxynucleotides Summary

Chapter 32: Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Introduction Structure of deoxyribonucleic acid The cell cycle in eukaryotes DNA Replication DNA repair Summary

Chapter 33: Ribonucleic Acid

Introduction Molecular anatomy of ribonucleic acid molecules Ribonucleic acid polymerases Messenger ribonucleic acid: transcription Post-transcriptional processing of ribonucleic acids Selective degradation or inactivation of ribonucleic acid Summary

Chapter 34: Protein Synthesis and Turnover

Introduction The genetic code The machinery of protein synthesis The process of protein synthesis Protein folding and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress Protein targeting and post-translational modifications Summary

Chapter 35: Regulation of Gene Expression: Basic Mechanisms

Introduction Basic mechanisms of gene expression Steroid receptors Alternative approaches to gene regulation in humans Summary

Chapter 36: Regulation of Gene Expression: Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics

Introduction Genomics Proteomics Metabolomics Summary

Chapter 37: Oxygen and Life

Introduction The inertness of oxygen Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress Reactive nitrogen species and nitrosative stress The nature of oxygen radical damage Antioxidant defenses The beneficial effects of reactive oxygen species Summary

Chapter 38: The Immune Response

Introduction Innate immune response Adaptive immune response T and B lymphocytes Molecules involved in antigen recognition Major histocompatibility complex Lymphoid tissues Antigen-presenting cells Reaction with, the response to, and the elimination of, antigens T cell response The adaptive humoral immune response Vaccination Summary

Chapter 39: Biochemical Endocrinology

Introduction Hormones Principles of hormone action Biochemical assessment of hormone action Major types of endocrine pathology The hypothalamo–pituitary regulatory system The hypothalamo–pituitary–thyroid axis The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis The hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis The growth hormone axis The prolactin axis Summary

Chapter 40: Membrane Receptors and Signal Transduction

Introduction Types of hormone and monoamine receptors Receptor coupling to intracellular signal transduction Second messengers Summary

Chapter 41.1: Neurotransmitters

Introduction Definition of a neurotransmitter Classification of neurotransmitters Neurotransmission Classes of neurotransmitters Summary

Chapter 41.2: Neurochemistry

Introduction Brain and peripheral nerve Cells of the nervous system Synaptic transmission Mechanism of vision Summary

Chapter 42: Cellular Homeostasis: Cell Growth and Cancer

Introduction Cell cycle Cytokine receptor signaling Regulation of cell cycle Cell death Summary

Chapter 43: Aging

Introduction Theories of aging Genetic models of increased lifespan Anti-aging interventions – what works and what doesn't Summary

Appendix A1: Selected Clinical Laboratory Reference Ranges Appendix A2: The Fundamentals of Recombinant DNA Technology: Molecular hybridization and DNA cloning Index Instructions for online access

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