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Index
CSS Studies in Security and International Relations
Contents
Contributors
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Notes
Part I Changing roles and interests
1 Suez 1956
Introduction
The European–American split in context
Britain and the US: allies and rivals
France: on the sidelines
European military intervention – and humiliation
Divergent priorities
An Anglo-French union of circumstances
US countermeasures
Consequences of the Suez Crisis
Strategic rupture between France and the Anglo-Americans
Effects on NATO
Conclusion
Notes
2 Iraq 2003
Introduction
Characteristics of the old Atlantic order
The US–European split over Iraq
Vulnerability as opportunity
Europe divided
Consequences of the Iraq War
Shattered illusions
Towards a new Atlantic order
Notes
Part II The Arab–Israeli conflict and the West
3 Anglo-American relations and the Palestine question, 1945–56
Introduction
Britain, Palestine, and the Middle East
Britain’s post-war priorities
A federated, unitary state
The US and the Palestine question
The White House and the pro-Zionists
The State Department’s Cold War prerogatives
Anglo-American conflict over Palestine, 1945–8
Jewish immigration
Autonomy or partition?
The UN resolution on partition: the West divided
Convergence and its limits, 1949–56
Arrangements against the Soviet Union
Project Alpha
Conclusion
Notes
4 At odds in the Middle East
Introduction
France, the US, and the Middle East during the 1960s
The early stages of the crisis: the shared aim of restraining Israel
Differences over consultation
The road to war: crisis management with or without the Soviet Union?
France, East–West détente, and the Six-Day War
US support of a pre-emptive Israeli attack?
War and the post-war tension: Washington and Paris at loggerheads
What kind of settlement?
A French turning point: from a balanced to a pro-Arab policy
Division at the UN
Conclusion
Notes
5 The EC-Nine and transatlantic conflict during the October War and the oil crisis, 1973–4
Introduction
Forging a European position on the Middle East
Searching for common ground in the Arab–Israeli conflict
The October War and the oil crisis
Triggering European action
Transatlantic strains
Divided over conflict management and the search for peace
How to deal with the energy crisis?
The larger issue: what role for Europe in the West?
A European retreat
The transatlantic prerogative
Atlantic energy policy à la Kissinger
A division of labour on the Middle East
Conclusion
Notes
6 The Euro-Arab dialogue, the Venice Declaration, and beyond
Introduction
The Euro-Arab Dialogue: interlinking Europe and the Middle East
Europe, the US, and Middle East diplomacy, 1974–80
Carter and the London Declaration: a brief moment of transatlantic unity
From Camp David to Venice
The Venice Declaration of 13 June 1980
European incapacity and US inaction in the 1980s
Europe’s peace initiative fails to materialise
The Reagan Plan
European efforts to influence the US
Procedural challenges
Conclusion
Notes
7 From Madrid to Camp David
Introduction
The Middle East peace process in the 1990s
The Oslo process: early dynamics
Serious setbacks – the Netanyahu years
The Camp David talks – from incrementalism to final-status negotiations
US and EU priorities and roles
Division of labour in the first half of the 1990s
Greater EU political engagement in the second half of the 1990s
A mixed balance sheet
Complementary rather than competitive
Defining the final conflict settlement
International conflict-resolution and oversight mechanism
Conclusion
Notes
8 The Middle East Quartet
Introduction
From Camp David to the creation of the Quartet
Downsized US engagement under Bush
The EU in search of a bigger role
Multilateralism and unilateralism: two competing approaches to the Middle East
The Roadmap for Peace in the Middle East
A success for the EU?
The flaws of the Roadmap
The significance of the Roadmap and of the Quartet for Europe
The struggles of diplomacy: Hamas and Annapolis
The Annapolis Conference
Conclusion
Notes
Part III Gulf security and transatlantic relations
9 Dealing with Iran
Introduction
At stake in the 1950s
US interests
British interests
Anglo-American accord and discord
Different responses, but no split
Towards a unified position
Seeing is believing
Misperceptions
Preconceptions
Outcomes
The US filling Britain’s place
Authoritarianism and Islamic Revolution
Conclusion
Notes
10 Securing Gulf oil
Introduction
Britain, the Western allies, and Middle East oil in the 1950s
The Suez Crisis: military action rather than Western energy cooperation
The aftermath of Suez: a new Anglo-American consensus and an Italian challenge
The impact of the Middle East crises of 1958 on the question of oil supplies
Britain, the US, and the rise and fall of the ‘East of Suez’ role
Dissension over NATO’s ‘global role’ and the British decision to withdraw from the Gulf
Conclusion
Notes
11 Subcontracting security
Introduction
Subcontracting security: the US as an offshore balancer in the Middle East
British paramountcy in the Middle East and the ‘special relationship’
US military strategies in the Middle East
Subcontracting security to regional powers: the ‘Twin Pillar’ approach
A new commitment? The Carter Doctrine and extra-regional hegemony
Role reversal: the US, Europe, and Gulf security
Interpreting the Carter Doctrine
Defining strategy: offshore balancer or extra-regional hegemon?
Conclusion
Notes
12 Great Game redux
Introduction
‘Great Games’ in the Gulf: the British concept and its US replica
Great Power rivalry during the late Cold War
Keeping the Soviets out: towards a US military footprint in the early 1980s
Rapid Deployment Force vs ‘horizontal escalation’
The race for influence in Tehran
Regional sources of instability and the growth of Washington’s military presence
The Reagan Corollary to the Carter Doctrine
The view from Europe
Britain’s continuing participation in the Great Game
French commercial interests and Great Game considerations
Conclusion
Notes
13 Europe, the US, and the Gulf after the Cold War
Introduction
The gradual transition from Cold War to post-Cold War in the Gulf
From the Iran–Iraq War to the 1990/1 Gulf War
The 1990/1 Gulf War as an exception
Europe, the US, and the Gulf from the Iranian Revolution to 1991
The US and Europe in the 1990/1 Gulf War
Dual containment: the transatlantic front crumbles
Containing Iraq
The divide over Iran, 1990–2001: ‘Critical Dialogue’ vs ‘ILSA’
Divisions and rapprochement after 11 September 2001
The split over regime change in Iraq
Iran: less acute divergence
Transatlantic rapprochement after 2005
Transatlantic relations and the GCC
Conclusion
Notes
14 Iran and the bomb
Introduction
Iran’s nuclear programme: a slow, but steady, evolution
Western support for Iran’s nuclear programme before 1979
From the revelations in 2002 to the UN sanctions
Western assessments and concerns
The EU and Iran: from engagement to estrangement
European incentives and Iranian defiance
Little room for European intermediation
The US and Iran: from estrangement to limited engagement
The ‘Axis of Evil’
The debate on regime change
Shifting to the EU-3
A joint transatlantic strategy: sanctions and incentives
Uncertain scope for a deal
Conclusion
Notes
Conclusion
Notes
Index
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