[Gutenberg 27842] • The Economic Aspect of Geology by Leith, C.K. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

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THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GEOLOGY C. K. LEITH

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY

CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

SURVEY OF FIELD ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS OF THE SEVERAL BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY AND OF OTHER SCIENCES Mineralogy and Petrology Stratigraphy and Paleontology Structural Geology Physiography Rock Alterations or Metamorphism Application of Other Sciences TREATMENT OF THE SUBJECT IN THIS VOLUME

CHAPTER II THE COMMON ELEMENTS, MINERALS, AND ROCKS OF THE EARTH AND THEIR ORIGINS

RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF THE LITHOSPHERE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL MINERALS OF THE LITHOSPHERE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL ROCKS OF THE LITHOSPHERE Soils and Clays Water (Hydrosphere) COMPARISON OF LISTS OF MOST ABUNDANT ROCKS AND MINERALS WITH COMMERCIAL ROCKS AND MINERALS THE ORIGIN OF COMMON ROCKS AND MINERALS Igneous Processes Weathering of Igneous Rocks and Veins Sedimentary Processes Weathering of Sedimentary Rocks Consolidation, Cementation, and Other Subsurface Alterations of Rocks. THE METAMORPHIC CYCLE AS AN AID IN STUDYING MINERAL DEPOSITS

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER III SOME SALIENT FEATURES OF THE GEOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS

VARIOUS METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION NAMES MINERAL DEPOSITS AS MAGMATIC SEGREGATIONS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS MINERAL DEPOSITS WITHIN AND ADJACENT TO IGNEOUS ROCKS WHICH WERE FORMED IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COOLING AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE MAGMAS THROUGH THE AGENCY OF HOT MAGMATIC SOLUTIONS. Evidence of Igneous Source Possible Influence of Meteoric Waters in Deposition of Ores of This Class Zonal Arrangement of Minerals Related to Igneous Rocks The Relation of Contact Metamorphism to Ore Bodies of the Foregoing Class. SECONDARY CONCENTRATION IN PLACE OF THE FOREGOING CLASSES OF MINERAL DEPOSITS THROUGH THE AGENCY OF SURFACE SOLUTIONS RESIDUAL MINERAL DEPOSITS FORMED BY THE WEATHERING OF IGNEOUS ROCKS IN PLACE MINERAL DEPOSITS FORMED DIRECTLY AS PLACERS AND SEDIMENTS Mechanically Deposited Minerals Chemically and Organically Deposited Minerals SEDIMENTARY MINERAL DEPOSITS WHICH HAVE REQUIRED FURTHER CONCENTRATION TO MAKE THEM COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ANAMORPHISM OF MINERAL DEPOSITS CONCLUSION

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER IV MINERAL RESOURCES—SOME GENERAL QUANTITATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

WORLD ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF MINERALS IN SHORT TONS WORLD ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF MINERALS IN TERMS OF VALUE SIGNIFICANCE OF GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL PRODUCTION THE INCREASING RATE OF PRODUCTION CAPITAL VALUE OF WORLD MINERAL RESERVES POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL CONTROL OF MINERAL RESOURCES RESERVES OF MINERAL RESOURCES

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER V WATER AS A MINERAL RESOURCE

GENERAL GEOLOGIC RELATIONS DISTRIBUTION OF UNDERGROUND WATER Approximate Quantity of Water which will be Absorbed by Soils and Rocks1 MOVEMENT OF UNDERGROUND WATER WELLS AND SPRINGS COMPOSITION OF UNDERGROUND WATERS RELATION OF GEOLOGY TO UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE WATERS IN RELATION TO EXCAVATION AND CONSTRUCTION

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER VI THE COMMON ROCKS AND SOILS AS MINERAL RESOURCES

ECONOMIC FEATURES OF THE COMMON ROCKS Granite Basalt and Related Types Limestone, Marl, Chalk Marble Sand, Sandstone, Quartzite (and Quartz) "Sand and Gravel" Clay, Shale, Slate The Feldspars Hydraulic Cement (including Portland, natural, and Puzzolan cements) GEOLOGIC FEATURES OF THE COMMON ROCKS Building Stone Crushed Stone Stone for Metallurgical Purposes Clay Limitations of Geologic Field in Commercial Investigation Of Common Rocks SOILS AS A MINERAL RESOURCE Origin of Soils Composition of Soils and Plant Growth Use of Geology in Soil Study

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER VII THE FERTILIZER GROUP OF MINERALS

GENERAL COMMENTS NITRATES Economic Features Geologic Features PHOSPHATES Economic Features Geologic Features PYRITE Economic Features Geologic Features SULPHUR Economic Features Geologic Features POTASH Economic Features Geologic Features

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER VIII THE ENERGY RESOURCES—COAL, OIL, GAS (AND ASPHALT)

COAL Economic Features Geologic Features PETROLEUM Economic Features Geologic Features OIL SHALES NATURAL GAS Economic Features Geologic Features ASPHALT AND BITUMEN Economic Features Geologic Features

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER IX MINERALS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL (THE FERRO-ALLOY GROUP)

GENERAL FEATURES IRON ORES Economic Features Geologic Features MANGANESE ORES Economic Features Geologic Features CHROME (OR CHROMITE) ORES Economic Features Geologic Features NICKEL ORES Economic Features Geologic Features TUNGSTEN (WOLFRAM) ORES Economic Features Geologic Features MOLYBDENUM ORES Economic Features Geologic Features VANADIUM ORES Economic Features Geologic Features ZIRCONIUM ORES Economic Features Geologic Features TITANIUM ORES Economic Features Geologic Features MAGNESITE Economic Features Geologic Features FLUORSPAR Economic Features Geologic Features SILICA Economic Features Geologic Features

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER X COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC MINERALS

COPPER ORES Economic Features Geologic Features LEAD ORES Economic Features Geologic Features ZINC ORES Economic Features Geologic Features

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XI GOLD, SILVER, AND PLATINUM MINERALS

GOLD ORES Economic Features Geologic Features SILVER ORES Economic Features Geologic Features PLATINUM ORES Economic Features Geologic Features

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XII MISCELLANEOUS METALLIC MINERALS

ALUMINUM ORES Economic Features Geologic Features ANTIMONY ORES Economic Features Geologic Features ARSENIC ORES Economic Features Geologic Features BISMUTH ORES Economic Features Geologic Features CADMIUM ORES Economic Features Geologic Features COBALT ORES Economic Features Geologic Features MERCURY (QUICKSILVER) ORES Economic Features Geologic Features TIN ORES Economic Features Geologic Features URANIUM AND RADIUM ORES Economic Features Geologic Features

CHAPTER XIII MISCELLANEOUS NON-METALLIC MINERALS

NATURAL ABRASIVES Economic Features Geologic Features ASBESTOS Economic Features Geologic Features BARITE (BARYTES) Economic Features Geologic Features BORAX Economic Features Geologic Features BROMINE Economic Features Geologic Features FULLER'S EARTH Economic Features Geologic Features GRAPHITE (PLUMBAGO) Economic Features Geologic Features GYPSUM Economic Features Geologic Features MICA Economic Features Geologic Features MONAZITE (THORIUM AND CERIUM ORES) Economic Features Geologic Features PRECIOUS STONES Economic Features Geologic Features SALT Economic Features Geologic Features TALC AND SOAPSTONE Economic Features Geologic Features

CHAPTER XIV EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT

The General Relations of the Geologist To Exploration And Development Partly Explored Versus Virgin Territories The Use of All Available Information Coöperation in Exploration Economic Factors in Exploration Geologic Factors in Exploration Mineral Provinces and Epochs Classification of Mineral Lands Outcrops of Mineral Deposits Some Illustrative Cases Topography and Climate As Aids in Searching for Mineral Outcrops Size and Depth of Ore Bodies As Determined From Outcrop The Use of Placers in Tracing Mineral Outcrops The Use of Magnetic Surveys in Tracing Mineral Ledges The Use of Electrical Conductivity and Other Qualities Of Rocks in Exploration The Use of Structure and Metamorphism in Exploration Drilling in Exploration Quantitative Aspects of Geologic Exploration Origin of Mineral Deposits As a Factor in Exploration Lake Superior Iron Ore Exploration As an Illustration Development and Exploitation of Mineral Deposits

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XV VALUATION AND TAXATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

POPULAR CONCEPTION OF MINERAL VALUATION VALUATION AND TAXATION OF MINES Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Valuation Values of Mineral Deposits Not Often Established By Market Transfers The Ad Valorem Method of Valuation Other Methods of Mineral Valuation and Taxation GENERAL COMMENTS ON TAXATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

CHAPTER XVI LAWS RELATING TO MINERAL RESOURCES

I LAWS RELATING TO OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF MINERAL RESOURCES On Alienated Lands On the Public Domain Nationalization of Mineral Resources Effect of Ownership Laws on Exploration Use of Geology in Relation To Ownership Laws II LAWS RELATING TO EXTRACTION OF MINERAL RESOURCES III LAWS RELATING TO DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES IV OTHER RELATIONS OF GEOLOGY TO LAW

CHAPTER XVII CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

THE PROBLEM DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC EFFORTS IN CONSERVATION THE INTEREST RATE AS A GUIDE IN CONSERVATION ANTI-CONSERVATIONAL EFFECTS OF WAR CONSERVATION OF COAL Measures Introduced or Proposed to Conserve Coal Division of Responsibility Between Government and Private Interests in the Conservation of Coal CONSERVATION OF MINERALS OTHER THAN COAL

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XVIII INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF MINERAL RESOURCES

WORLD MOVEMENT OF MINERALS Movement of Minerals Under Pre-war Conditions of International Trade Changes During the War Post-war Condition of the Mineral Trade TENDENCIES TOWARD INTERNATIONAL COÖPERATION AND POSSIBILITY OF INTERNATIONAL CONTROL[59] OF MINERALS Methods of International Coöperation CONSERVATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS EXPLORATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS VALUATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS RELATIVE POSITION OF THE UNITED STATES IN REGARD TO SUPPLIES OF MINERALS THE COAL AND IRON SITUATION OF WESTERN EUROPE UNDER THE TERMS OF THE PEACE TREATY CONCLUSION LITERATURE

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XIX GEOLOGY AND WAR

GEOLOGY BEHIND THE FRONT GEOLOGY AT THE FRONT[63] EFFECT OF THE WAR ON THE SCIENCE OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XX GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION

FOUNDATIONS SURFACE WATERS TUNNELS SLIDES SUBSIDENCE RAILWAY BUILDING ROAD BUILDING GEOLOGY IN ENGINEERING COURSES

FOOTNOTES:

CHAPTER XXI THE TRAINING, OPPORTUNITIES, AND ETHICS OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST

PURE VERSUS APPLIED SCIENCE COURSE OF STUDY SUGGESTED Field Work Specialization in Studies A Degree of Economic Geology THE OPPORTUNITIES OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST ETHICS OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST

INDEX

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