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Index
Oracle Essentials
Preface
Goals of This Book
Audience for This Book
About the Fifth Edition (Oracle Database 12c)
Structure of This Book
Conventions Used in This Book
Using Code Examples
Safari® Books Online
How to Contact Us
Acknowledgments
1. Introducing Oracle
The Evolution of the Relational Database
Relational Basics
How Oracle Grew
The Oracle Database Family
Summary of Oracle Database Features
Database Application Development Features
Database Programming
SQL
PL/SQL
Java
Oracle and Web Services
Large objects
Object-oriented programming
Third-generation languages (3GLs)
Database drivers
The Oracle Call Interface
National Language Support
Database Extensibility
Oracle Multimedia
Oracle Spatial and Graph Option
XML DB
Database Connection Features
Oracle Net Services
Oracle Internet Directory
Oracle Connection Manager
The Role of Oracle Fusion Middleware
Oracle’s WebLogic Server
Oracle Tuxedo
Data Integration Tools
Business Intelligence Tools
WebCenter
Identity Management
Distributed Database Features
Distributed Queries and Transactions
Heterogeneous Services
Data Movement Features
Transportable Tablespaces
Advanced Queuing and Oracle Streams
Database Performance Features
Database Parallelization
Data Warehousing
Bitmap indexes
Star query optimization
Materialized views
Analytic functions
OLAP Option
Advanced Analytics Option
Managing the Oracle Database
Oracle Enterprise Manager 12c
Real Application Testing Option
Pluggable Databases
Storage Management
High Availability
Flashback
Recovery Manager
Oracle Secure Backup
Data Guard
Fail Safe
Oracle Real Application Clusters
Database Security Features
Advanced Security Option
Label Security Option
Database Vault Option
Audit Vault and Database Firewall Option
Oracle Database Development Tools
Oracle SQL Developer
Oracle Application Express
Other Oracle Databases
Oracle MySQL
Berkeley DB & Oracle NoSQL Database
Oracle TimesTen
Cloudera Distribution of Hadoop
2. Oracle Architecture
Databases and Instances
Oracle Database Structures
Schemas
Tablespaces
Files of a database
Pluggable Databases
Implementation
PDBs and Oracle features
Database Initialization
Deploying Physical Components
Control Files
Datafiles
Datafile structure
Extents and segments
Redo Logfiles
Multiplexing redo logfiles
How Oracle uses the redo logs
Naming conventions for redo logs
Archived redo logs
ARCHIVELOG mode and automatic archiving
Instance Memory and Processes
Memory Structures for an Instance
Database buffer cache
Shared pool
Redo log buffer
Other pools in the SGA
Automatic PGA management
Background Processes for an Instance
Configuration, Engineered Systems, and the Cloud
The Data Dictionary
3. Installing and Running Oracle
Installing Oracle
Optimal Flexible Architecture
Supporting Multiple Oracle Versions on a Machine
Upgrading an Oracle Database
Creating a Database
Planning the Database
The Value of Estimating
Tools for Creating Databases
Oracle Net Services and Oracle Net
Resolving Oracle Net Service Names
Global Data Services
Oracle Net Manager
Oracle Connection Pooling
Auto-Discovery and Agents
Oracle Net Configuration Files
Starting Up the Database
Shutting Down the Database
Accessing a Database
Server Processes and Clients
Server process
Client process
Application Servers and Web Servers As Clients
Oracle Net and Establishing Network Connections
The Shared Server/Multi-Threaded Server
Session memory for shared server processes versus dedicated server processes
Data dictionary information about the shared server
Database Resident Connection Pooling
Oracle in the Cloud
Oracle at Work
Oracle and Transactions
Flashback
A Transaction, Step by Step
4. Oracle Data Structures
Datatypes
Character Datatypes
Numeric Datatype
Date Datatype
Temporal validity
Other Datatypes
Type Conversion
Concatenation and Comparisons
NULLs
Basic Data Structures
Tables
Editions
Views
Indexes
B*-tree indexes
Reverse key indexes
Bitmap indexes
Function-based indexes
Invisible indexes
Storage indexes
Partitioning
Additional Data Structures
Sequences
Synonyms
Clusters
Hash Clusters
Extended Logic for Data
Rules Manager
The Expression Filter
Data Design
Constraints
Triggers
Query Optimization
Rule-Based Optimization
Cost-Based Optimization
How statistics are used
Influencing the cost-based optimizer
Specifying an Optimizer Mode
Newer database releases and the cost-based optimizer
Saving the Optimization
Comparing Optimizations
Performance and Optimization
SQL Translation
Understanding the Execution Plan
SQL Advisors
Data Dictionary Tables
5. Managing Oracle
Manageability Features
Database Advisors
Automatic Storage Management
Oracle Enterprise Manager
Enterprise Manager Architecture
Oracle Enterprise Manager Consoles
EM Express
Backup and Recovery
Types of Backup and Recovery Options
Oracle Secure Backup
Information Lifecycle Management
ILM in Oracle Database 12c
Working with Oracle Support
Reporting Problems
Automated Patching
6. Oracle Security, Auditing, and Compliance
Security
Usernames, Privileges, Groups, and Roles
Identity Management
Security Privileges
Special Roles: DBA, SYSDBA, and SYSOPER
Policies
Restricting Data-Specific Access
View-based security
Fine-grained access control
Label Security Option
Security and Application Roles and Privileges
Distributed Database and Multitier Security
Distributed security management
Multitier security
Advanced Security Option
Encryption
Data Redaction
Secure Backup
Auditing
Compliance
Oracle Database Vault Option
Oracle Audit Vault Server
Flashback Data Archive
Transparent Sensitive Data Protection
7. Oracle Performance
Oracle and Resource Usage
Oracle and Disk I/O Resources
I/O Planning Principles for an Oracle Database
Volume managers
Storage subsystems
Oracle’s engineered systems and storage
Oracle and Parallelism
Block-Range Parallelism
Parallelism for Tables and Partitions of Tables
What Can Be Parallelized?
Degree of parallelism
Self-tuning adaptive parallelism
Partition-Based Parallelism
Parallelism for partitions and subpartitions of a table
Fast full-index scans for nonpartitioned tables
Parallel insert for nonpartitioned and partitioned tables
Oracle and Memory Resources
How Oracle Uses the System Global Area
Automatic sizing for the SGA
The database buffer cache
The shared pool
The redo log buffer
Query results caching
How Oracle Uses the Program Global Area
Memory for SQL statements
Memory for sorting within the PGA
Oracle and CPU Resources
Performance Tuning Basics
Defining Performance and Performance Problems
Monitoring and Tuning the Oracle Database for Performance
Using the Oracle Database Resource Manager
Additional Monitoring and Tuning Available for Oracle Exadata
A Final Note on Performance Tuning
8. Oracle Multiuser Concurrency
Basics of Concurrent Access
Transactions
Locks
Concurrency and Contention
Integrity Problems
Serialization
Oracle and Concurrent User Access
Oracle’s Isolation Levels
Oracle Concurrency Features
How Oracle Handles Locking
A Simple Write Operation
A Conflicting Write Operation
A Read Operation
Concurrent Access and Performance
Workspaces
Workspace Implementation
Workspace Operations
Workspace Enhancements
9. Oracle and Transaction Processing
OLTP Basics
What Is a Transaction?
What Does OLTP Mean?
General characteristics
Online and batch transaction processing
OLTP Versus Business Intelligence
Transactions and High Availability
Oracle’s OLTP Heritage
Architectures for OLTP
Traditional Two-Tier Client/Server
Stored Procedures
Three-Tier Systems
Application Servers and Web Servers
The Grid
OLTP and the Cloud
Oracle Features for OLTP
General Concurrency and Performance
Scalability
Multi-Threaded Server/shared server
Database Resource Manager
Real Application Clusters
Exadata and OLTP
High Availability
10. Oracle Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence
Data Warehousing Basics
The Evolution of Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence
A Topology for Business Intelligence
Data Marts
The Operational Data Store and Enterprise Warehouse
OLTP Systems and Business Intelligence
Big Data and the Data Warehouse
Data Warehouse Design
Query Optimization
Bitmap Indexes and Parallelism
Optimization Provided by the Exadata Storage Server Software
Dimensional Data and Hierarchies in the Database
Summary Tables
Materialized Views
OLAP Option
Analytics and Statistics in the Database
Basic Analytic and Statistical Functions
Other SQL Extensions
Advanced Analytics Option
Other Datatypes and Big Data
Loading Data into the Data Warehouse
Managing the Data Warehouse
Business Intelligence Tools
Oracle Business Intelligence Foundation Suite
Business Intelligence Applications
Data Discovery and Oracle Endeca Information Discovery
Oracle Exalytics
The Metadata Challenge
Putting It All Together
A Complete Analytics Infrastructure
Best Practices
Common Misconceptions
Effective Strategy
11. Oracle and High Availability
What Is High Availability?
Measuring High Availability
The System Stack and Availability
Server Hardware, Storage, and Database Instance Failure
What Is Instance Recovery?
Phases of Instance Recovery
Protecting Against System Failure
Component Redundancy
Disk Redundancy
Automatic Storage Management
Site and Computer Server Failover
Oracle Data Guard and Site Failures
Oracle Active Data Guard and Zero Data Loss
Oracle GoldenGate and Replication
Real Application Clusters and Instance Failures
Oracle Transparent Application Failover
How TAF works
TAF and various Oracle configurations
Oracle Application Continuity
Recovering from Failures and Data Corruption
Developing a Backup-and-Recovery Strategy
Taking Oracle Backups
Using Backups to Recover
Recovery Manager
Read-Only Tablespaces and Backups
Old-Fashioned Data Redundancy
Point-in-Time Recovery
Flashback
Planned Downtime
12. Oracle and Hardware Architecture
System Basics
Symmetric Multiprocessing Systems and Nodes
Clustered Solutions, Grid Computing, and the Cloud
Disk and Storage Technology
Oracle’s Engineered Systems
Oracle Exadata Database Machine
Oracle Exalogic
Oracle SuperCluster
Oracle Database Appliance
Other Engineered Systems
Choosing and Defining the Right Platform
Sizing and Planning for Growth
Maximum Availability Architecture Considerations
Justifying an Oracle Engineered System
13. Oracle Distributed Databases and Distributed Data
Accessing Distributed Databases
Distributed Data Across Multiple Oracle Databases
Access to and from Non-Oracle Databases
Two-Phase Commit
Oracle Tuxedo
Replication and Data Transport
Replication Basics
History of Oracle Replication Offerings
Oracle GoldenGate
Global Data Services
Data Transport Using Database Features
14. Oracle Extended Datatypes
Object-Oriented Development
Object-Relational Features
Objects in Oracle
Other extensibility features
Java’s Role and Web Services
JavaBeans
Extensibility Features and Options
Oracle Multimedia
Oracle Text
XML DB
Oracle Spatial and Graph Option
The Extensibility Architecture Framework
15. Oracle and the Cloud
Cloud Definitions
Common Characteristics
Cloud Levels
Is the Cloud New?
Multitenancy
Stateless
Use Cases for Cloud Computing
Oracle Database in the Cloud
Oracle as a DBaaS
Oracle as a PaaS
Consumer and Provider
Oracle Database Cloud Service
History of Application Express
Architecture
Database Cloud architecture
Access architecture
Security and architecture
APEX architecture
Development with the Database Cloud Service
APEX application development
SQL Workshop
Packaged applications
RESTful Web Services
Portability with the Database Cloud Service
SQL Developer and the Database Cloud
Implementing Provider Clouds
A. What’s New in This Book for Oracle Database 12c
Chapter 1: Introducing Oracle
Chapter 2: Oracle Architecture
Chapter 3: Installing and Running Oracle
Chapter 4: Data Structures
Chapter 5: Managing Oracle
Chapter 6: Oracle Security, Auditing, and Compliance
Chapter 7: Oracle Performance
Chapter 8: Oracle Multiuser Concurrency
Chapter 9: Oracle and Transaction Processing
Chapter 10: Oracle Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence
Chapter 11: Oracle and High Availability
Chapter 12: Oracle and Hardware Architecture
Chapter 13: Oracle Distributed Databases and Distributed Data
Chapter 14: Oracle Extended Datatypes
Chapter 15: Oracle and the Cloud
B. Additional Resources
Web Sites
Books and Oracle Documentation
Chapter 1: Introducing Oracle
Chapter 2: Oracle Architecture
Chapter 3: Installing and Running Oracle
Chapter 4: Data Structures
Chapter 5: Managing Oracle
Chapter 6: Oracle Security, Auditing, and Compliance
Chapter 7: Oracle Performance
Chapter 8: Oracle Multiuser Concurrency
Chapter 9: Oracle and Transaction Processing
Chapter 10: Oracle Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence
Chapter 11: Oracle and High Availability
Chapter 12: Oracle and Hardware Architecture
Chapter 13: Oracle Distributed Databases and Distributed Data
Chapter 14: Oracle Extended Datatypes
Chapter 15: Oracle and the Cloud
Index
About the Authors
Colophon
Copyright
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