What Your Fourth Grader Needs to Know (Revised and Updated) by Hirsch-Jr., E.D. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Copyright Acknowledgments Dedication A Note to Teachers Contents General Introduction to the Series I. Language and Literature

Reading, Writing, and Your Fourth Grader: A Note to Parents Literature

Introduction Poetry

Monday’s Child Is Fair of Face Humanity Fog Clouds The drum Things Dreams Afternoon on a Hill The Rhinoceros The Pobble Who Has No Toes A Tragic Story Clarence Paul Revere’s Ride Concord Hymn George Washington

Stories and Myths

The Fire on the Mountain The Wonderful Chuang Brocade King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table Saint George and the Dragon Robin Hood Robinson Crusoe Gulliver’s Travels Treasure Island Rip Van Winkle The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

Learning About Language

Parts of Speech Sentences

Complete Sentences Subject-Verb Agreement Run-on Sentences Kinds of Sentences

Punctuation

Commas Apostrophes Quotation Marks

Synonyms and Antonyms Homophones Prefixes and Suffixes

Prefixes Suffixes

Writing and Research Familiar Sayings and Phrases

As the crow flies Beauty is only skin deep. The bigger they are, the harder they fall. Birds of a feather flock together. Blow hot and cold Break the ice Bull in a china shop Bury the hatchet Can’t hold a candle to Don’t count your chickens before they hatch. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. Etc. Go to pot Half a loaf is better than none. Haste makes waste. Laugh, and the world laughs with you; weep, and you weep alone. Lightning never strikes twice in the same place. Live and let live. Make ends meet Make hay while the sun shines. Money burning a hole in your pocket On the warpath Once in a blue moon One picture is worth a thousand words. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. RSVP Run-of-the-mill Seeing is believing. Shipshape Through thick and thin Timbuktu Two wrongs don’t make a right. When it rains, it pours. You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.

Suggested Resources

II. Geography and History

Introduction World Geography

Maps Hemispheres Coordinates Map Scale What a Relief! Mountains of the World

Andes Mountains Appalachian Mountains The Rockies The High Peaks of the Himalayas Ural Mountains African Mountains The Alps

World History

Europe in the Middle Ages

After Rome The Barbarians Were the Dark Ages Really So Dark? The Rise of the Christian Church Charlemagne Feudalism Lords and Castles Life in a Castle The Life of a Knight Medieval Towns Learning Your Trade Charters and Churches

England: The Rise of a Medieval Kingdom

William the Conqueror Henry II Murder in the Cathedral From the Magna Carta to Parliament The Black Death The Hundred Years’ War Joan of Arc

The End of the Middle Ages The Rise of Islam

The Prophet Muhammad Trouble in Mecca Muhammad’s Return The Qur’an The Five Pillars of Islam Spreading the Word of Islam

The Crusades African Kingdoms

The Geography of Africa Egypt and Kush Aksum Trading Caravans

West African Kingdoms

Ghana Mali Ibn Battuta: World Traveler The Longest Pilgrimage Songhai

China: Dynasties and Conquerors

Qin Shihuangdi The Han Dynasty The Tang Dynasty The Song Dynasty The Mongol Invasions Marco Polo The Ming Dynasty The Voyages of Zheng He

American History and Geography

The American Revolutionary War

America in 1750 The French and Indian War Taxation Without Representation A Massacre and a Tea Party in Boston The First Continental Congress The War of Words The Redcoats Are Coming! Battles of Lexington and Concord Battle of Bunker Hill The Second Continental Congress Who Had the Advantage? Breaking Ties: The Declaration of Independence The Words of the Declaration “The Times That Try Men’s Souls” Saratoga The French Enter the War More European Friends Women in the Revolution Heroes and Villains Valley Forge War’s End: “The World Turned Upside Down”

Making a Constitutional Government

Starting Over The Articles of Confederation Shays’s Rebellion Drafting the Constitution James Madison: Father of the Constitution Debates and Compromises: The Constitutional Convention of 1787 Slavery and the “Three-Fifths Compromise” What Does the Constitution Say and Do? Checks and Balances The Bill of Rights National, State, and Local Governments Early Presidents and Politics The Beginning of Political Parties A New Capital City Our Second President: John Adams Best of Friends, Worst of Enemies Our Third President: Thomas Jefferson Mr. Jefferson’s Big Purchase Lewis and Clark Our Fourth President: James Madison The War of 1812 Our Fifth President: James Monroe The Problem of Slavery The Monroe Doctrine Our Sixth President: John Quincy Adams Our Seventh President: Andrew Jackson

Reformers

Making a More Perfect Nation Women’s Rights Sojourner Truth

Suggested Resources

III. Visual Arts

Introduction Art of Western Europe in the Middle Ages

Cathedrals Books of Silver and Gold Medieval Tapestries

Islamic Art and Architecture

The Alhambra The Dome of the Rock The Taj Mahal Art in the Muslim World

Art of Africa

Dancing Antelopes Portraits in Clay and Bronze A Portrait Mask of an African Queen

Art of China

Paintings on Silk The Art of Handwriting Why Are Cups and Saucers Called China?

American Art

Portraits of Patriots Painting Revolutionary History Little Mountain, Great Architect

Suggested Resources

IV. Music

Introduction The Elements of Music

Make a Note of It! Shorter and Longer Notes Give It a Rest! Measures and Time Signatures The Treble Clef The Composer’s Language Sharps and Flats

Listening and Understanding

The Orchestra A Magical Musical Tour The Instrument We All Can Play Voices, High and Low

Music of the Middle Ages George Frideric Handel (1685–1759) Joseph Haydn (1732–1809) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) Some Songs for Fourth Graders

Auld Lang Syne Cockles and Mussels Comin’ Through the Rye Loch Lomond My Grandfather’s Clock Waltzing Matilda The Yellow Rose of Texas

Songs of the U.S. Armed Forces

The Army Goes Rolling Along The Marines’ Hymn Air Force Song

Suggested Resources

V. Mathematics

Introduction Numbers and Number Sense

Place Value

The Value of Digits Commas and Place Value Comparing Numbers

Standard Form and Expanded Form Using a Number Line Negative Numbers Rounding Perfect Squares Square Roots Roman Numerals Graphs Plotting Points on a Grid

Multiplication

Multiplication Review A Property of Multiplication Multiples Common Multiples Multiplying by Tens Multiplying by Two-Digit Numbers Multiplying by Hundreds Multiplying by Three-Digit Numbers Multiplying by Thousands Multiplication with Zeros Checking Multiplication Multiplying Three Factors

Division

Division Review Factors

Common Factors

Prime Numbers Composite Numbers Dividend, Divisor, Quotient Three Ways of Writing Division Problems Divide and Conquer Understanding Remainders Zeros in Quotients The Number of Digits in a Quotient Dividing Larger Numbers Mental Division Dividing by Tens Dividing by Two-Digit Numbers Adjusting the Quotient Dividing Thousands Estimating Quotients

Solving Problems and Equations

Letters That Stand for Numbers Equality Properties

Fractions and Decimals

Fractions

Improper Fractions Mixed Numbers Equivalent Fractions Putting Fractions in Lowest Terms Comparing Fractions Adding Fractions Subtracting Fractions Expressing Simple Outcomes

Decimals

Reading and Writing Decimals Decimals as Fractions Rounding Decimals Comparing Decimals Comparing Decimals and Fractions Reading Decimals on a Number Line Adding and Subtracting Decimals

Making Change

Measurement

Measuring Length in U.S. Customary Units Measuring Length in Metric Units Measuring Weight in U.S. Customary Units Measuring Weight in Metric Units Measuring Capacity in U.S. Customary Units Measuring Capacity in Metric Units Getting to Know the Metric System Adding and Subtracting with Different Units Changing Units of Time Adding and Subtracting Time

Geometry

Planes, Points, and Segments Lines and Rays Angles

Types of Angles

Intersecting, Perpendicular, and Parallel Lines Polygons, Triangles Quadrilaterals and Diagonals Kinds of Quadrilaterals Rectangles and Squares Other Polygons Circles Similar Figures The Area of a Rectangle Square Units Volume Suggested Resources

VI. Science

Introduction The Human Body

Circulation and Respiration

The Heart The Blood Vessels Blood Pressure and Heart Rate What Is Blood and Why Do We Need It? Cleaning the Blood Understanding and Preserving Your Heart What’s Your Blood Type? The Lungs What About Smoking?

Elizabeth Blackwell Charles Drew

Chemistry

Cutting a Cube What Are Atoms Made Of? Drawing an Atom Larger Atoms Can We Break Open an Electron? Different Kinds of Atoms Measuring That Stuff Solutions

Electricity

Zap! Static Electricity Making Light out of Electrons Conductors and Insulators Electromagnets Michael Faraday

Geology

Layers of Planet Earth Earthquakes Earth’s Moving Plates Volcanoes

World-Famous Volcanoes

Hot Springs and Geysers Drifting Continents Building Mountains over Time

Dome-Shaped Mountains Folded Mountains Fault-Block Mountains

Making Rocks From Boulder to Rock to Pebble to Soil Erosion Layer upon Layer

Meteorology

The Fascinating World of Weather Layers of Air Mount Tambora: An Eruption to Remember Uneven Heating Winds Weather Patterns Cloud Families When Push Comes to Shove Lightning and Thunder Tornadoes Hurricanes Forecasting the Weather Suggested Resources

Illustration and Photo Credits Text Credits and Sources About the Editors

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