The Handbook of Media and Mass Communication Theory by Fortner, Robert S. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

The Handbook of Media and Mass Communication Theory Copyright Contents Notes on Contributors Introduction Part I Classical Theories of Media and the Press

1 Classical Liberal Theory in a Digital World

Origins and Optimism Disillusionment and Ethics Variations on a Liberal Theme Liberal Theory Today Conclusion Notes References

2 The Origins of Media Theory: An Alternative View

References

3 Political Economic Theory and Research: Conceptual Foundations and Current Trends

The Political Economy Tradition Research on the Political Economy of the Media Current Trends References

4 Semiotics and the Media

Ferdinand de Saussure Roland Barthes Judith Williamson Robert Hodge and Gunther Kress Algirdas Julien Greimas How Do I Analyze a Media Text? Later Developments: A Semiotics of the Senses Charles S. Peirce (1958)

5 Symbolic Interactionism and the Media

The Interactionist Tradition Information Technologies The Task of the Media Media Reform and the Crisis of Democracy Democracy and Critical Pedagogy A Performative Communication Studies Conclusion Notes References

6 Patterns in the Use of Theory in Media Effects Research

Prevalence of Theories Most Used Theories Parts of Media Effects Phenomenon Implications Conclusion References

7 Cultivation Theory: Its History, Current Status, and Future Directions

Background of Cultivation Theory Challenges to the Theory Meta-Analyses of Cultivation Effects Evidence for Cultivation Effects More Recent Tests of Cultivation Theory Social Cognitive Theory Short- and Long-Term Effects of Media Exposure Recent Studies of Media Content Future Directions in Cultivation Theory Research

8 Media Ecology: Contexts, Concepts, and Currents

What Is Media Ecology? The Rise of Media Ecology: A Brief Account Contextualizing the Media The Symbolic Biases of Media Media as the Extensions of the Human Sensorium The Physical Forms and Biases of Media The Inevitability and Unpredictability of Consequences Media Do and Undo: A Faustian Bargain Media Ecology as Historiography Discussion: Currents in Media Ecology References

9 Dramatistic Theory: A Burkeian Approach to the 2004 Madrid Terrorist Attacks

Communication Studies and Dramatistic Theory Kenneth Burke’s Dramatistic Theory Bridges between Dramatistic Theory and Communication Studies Case Study: The 2004 Madrid Terrorist Attacks References Further Reading

10 Ritual Theory and the Media

Key Elements of Media Ritual James Carey and the Ritual Model Politics as Symbolic Ritual Recent Theories of Media Ritual References

11 Jacques Ellul and the Nature of Propaganda in the Media

Introduction Definition Characteristics of Propaganda Propaganda and Democracy Ethics and Propaganda Concluding Remarks References Further Reading

12 Lewis Mumford: Technics, Civilization, and Media Theory

References

13 The Impact of Ethics on Media and Press Theory

Mainstream Communication Theory Social Responsibility Theory Cultural Studies Sociological Propaganda Conclusion Notes References Further Reading

Part II Audiences, Social Construction, and Social Control

14 Agenda-Setting Influence of the Media in the Public Sphere

Basic Agenda-Setting Effects Attribute Agenda-Setting Effects Exploring a Third Level of Effects Psychology of Agenda Setting Conclusion References

15 The Uses and Gratifications (U&G) Approach as a Lens for Studying Social Media Practice

Introduction Uses and Gratifications Approach What Are Social Media? Uses and Gratifications of Social Media Limitations and Challenges Conclusions Note References Further Reading

16 The Media’s Impact on Perceptions of Political Polarization

Introduction The “Culture War” Theme Agenda Setting News or Opinion? The “Either/Or” Frame The Evolving Media Marketplace Elite Journalists Have Changed Conclusion: Are the Media Contributing to Polarization? Notes References

17 The Social-Cultural Construction of News: From Doing Work to Making Meanings

The Social Construction of News: Constraints and Relationships The Cultural Construction of News: Assembling Shared Meanings Conclusion References

18 Media, Civil Society, and the Public Sphere: History and Current Thinking

Civil Society International Civil Society The Public Sphere Political Economy and the Culture Industry Notes References Further Reading

19 The Genesis of Social Responsibility Theory: William Ernest Hocking and Positive Freedom

Hocking’s Radical Alternative Postive Freedom and the News Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes References Further Reading

Part III New Approaches and Reconsiderations

20 Feminist Media Theory

The Activist History Gendered Jobs New Gender Theories Polysemy, Power, and Policing Post-Feminist and Third-Wave Discourse Global Studies and Political Economy Technology Other Factors, Other Conclusions Notes References

21 Media, Communication, and Postcolonial Theory

The Question of Nationalism in Postcolonial Studies Third World Nationalism and International Communications Globalization, International Communications, and Postcolonial Theory References

22 Reconceptualizing “Cultural Imperialism” in the Current Era of Globalization

History of the Concept of Cultural Imperialism Criticisms of the Cultural Imperialism Perspective Active Audience Research and Effects of Cultural Transfers Counterflows and Regional Flows of Culture Cultural Globalization Rather Than Cultural Imperialism? The Problematic Concept of “Cultural Loss” The Intertwinement of Globalization and Americanization Retaining the Critical Core of “Cultural Imperialism” References

23 Al Jazeera Remaps Global News Flows

Introduction From Lone Channel to Global Network Impacts in the MENA Impacts Beyond the MENA Conclusion References Further Reading

24 Nonviolence as a Communication Strategy: An Introduction to the Rhetoric of Peacebuilding

Defining Nonviolence and Peacebuilding Background of Nonviolence and Peacebuilding Within the Field of Communication Nonviolent Communication Strategies for Peacebuilding Nonviolence and Peacebuilding as Emerging Concepts in Communication Challenges to the Research, Teaching, and Practice of Nonviolent/Peacebuilding Communication Recommendations for Future Research and Practice References

25 Globalization and Cultural Identities: A Contradiction in Terms?

The Origins of the Concept of National Identity: Essentialists and Historicists Defining Cultural Identity Globalization The Role of the Mass Media Identity and Globalization: Contradiction or Harmony? Conclusion Notes References Further Reading

26 Cultivation Theory in the Twenty-First Century

“Doing Cultivation” Evidence of Cultivation Diversity in Cultivation Research New Media Conclusion References

27 Media Theory and Media Policy: Worlds Apart

Introduction Media Theories Policy Issues Worlds Apart Notes References Further Reading

Part IV Media Theory and New Technologies

28 The Philosophy of Technology and Communication Systems

Philosophies of Technology Application to Media and Mass Communication Theory

Triadic mass communication theory Cultural continuity

Conclusion Notes References

29 Theoretical Perspectives on the Social Construction of Technology

Harold Adams Innis Marshall McLuhan The mythos of Media Technology Technology as an Intellectual Construct Technology and Meaning The Inevitability of Technology Notes References

30 Dangerous Liaisons: Media Gaming and Violence

Introduction A Brief History of Video Games Types and Content of Video Games From Violent Media to Violent Video Games: Evolution of the Field Motivations: Why Play Violent Video Games? Effects of Playing Video Games Theorizing the Effects of Video Games Moderators of Effects of Violent Video Games: Demographics Methodological Challenges in Researching Effects of Video Games Implications of the Research for Policymaking International Research Concluding Remarks References Further Reading

31 Empowerment and Online Social Networking

Introduction Defining the Terms Social Networks Web Theory Network Theory Systems Theory Micro Issues Macro Issues The Question of False Consciousness The Role of Collective Intelligence The Zapatista Movement MoveOn.org The Arab Spring Micro and Macro Uses of Social Networks for Empowerment Suggestions for Future Research Notes References Further Reading

32 Global Communication Divides and Equal Rights to Communicate

Introduction Press Theories and Freedom of Speech Media Imperialism and Communication Independence New World Information and Communication Order Digital Divides and Digital Communication Rights Technological Determinism and Technology Opportunity Conclusion References

33 Citizenship and Consumption: Media Theory in the Age of Twitter

The Changing Terrain Public Communication Democratic Moments Citizens and Consumers References

34 Round Pegs in Square Holes: Is Mass Communication Theory a Useful Tool in Conducting Internet Research?

Study of the Internet With a Communication Theory Focus Categorizing Communication Theories in Publications Ten Years’ Look at Use of Mass Comm Theory Related to the Internet What Does This Tell Us? A Future of Mass Communication Theory That Includes the Internet Note References

35 How Global Is the Internet?: Reflections on Economic, Cultural, and Political Dimensions of the Networked “Global Village”

Theoretical Reflections on Globalization and Transnational Mass Communication Global Internet Connectivity: The Digitally Divided “Tower of Babel” System Changes I: Virtual Cosmopolitanism System Change II: From the “Zapatista Effect” to “Arabellion” Conclusion Acknowledgment Note References

Part V Theory Case Studies

36 Nationalism and Imperialism

Introduction The Concept of Nationalism and Its Relationship with Imperialism American Imperialism and Facets of American Nationalism Facets of Chinese Nationalism Managing Nationalism References Further Reading

37 Media Control in China

Background: Media Control Before Economics Reforms Media Control since 1978 Discussions on Commercialization and Democratization New Media Technologies versus Authoritarian Control Discussions of New Media Technologies Conclusion Notes References Further Reading

38 The Construction of National Image in the Media and the Management of Intercultural Conflicts

Introduction National Image and the Media Chinese National Image Construction in the Olympic Games Management of Intercultural Conflicts in the Media Conclusion References Further Reading

39 Play Theory and Public Media: A Case Study in Kenya Editorial Cartoons

Three Prescient Scenes Three Episodes in the Context of Human Development Conclusion References

40 Contemporary Chinese Communication Scholarship: An Emerging Alternative Paradigm

The Historical Context for and Current Status of Communication Studies in China Synthesis of Scholarship and Scholarly Debates An Evaluation Suggestions for Future Developments Conclusion Acknowledgments References

41 Al Jazeera and Dr. LauraIs: Is a Global Islamic Reformist Media Ethics Theory Possible?

Utilitarianism and Communitarianism in Media Ethics Toward an Islamic Reformist Media Ethics Theory The Place of Al Jazeera in the Global Media Ethics Debates The Meaning of Al Jazeera for Muslim Reformists The Case of The Dr. Laura Program An Islamic Reformist Analysis of an Episode From The Dr. Laura Program Conclusion References Further Reading

42 Media Ethics Theories in Africa

Media Theory and “De-Westernization” Media Ethics in Africa Conclusion References Further Reading

43 The Efficacy of Censorship as a Response to Terrorism

Introduction Insurgent Terrorism and the Strategic Use of News Media The Nuances of the Terrorist Narrative: “Hostile” Audiences and “Sympathetic” Audiences An Argument for Censorship: Unplugging the Terror Message Pro-Terrorist Media: The Hydra Head of Satellite Media Outlets Censorship in the Cybersphere Gagging the Fourth Estate: Freedom of Speech, Democracy and Counter-Terrorism Censoring Dissent: Terrorist News or Minority Voice? Conclusion Notes References Further Reading

44 Blending East–West Philosophies to Meta-Theorize Mediatization and Revise the News Paradigm

Foreword The Purpose of This Chapter Paticca samuppada and Mediatization Paticca samuppada and the News Paradigm Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes References Further Reading

45 Understanding Mass Media: A Buddhist Viewpoint

References

46 Jewish Communication Theory: Biblical Law and Contemporary Media Practice

Jewish Laws of Communication The Influence of Jewish Ethics on Media Behavior Debating Jewish Theory and Ethics Notes References

47 God Still Speaks: A Christian Theory of Communication

Verstehen Begins A People Forms Messiah Becomes logos Who Is Listening? Range and Duration Communications Scholarship Acknowledgments Notes References

48 Theorizing about the Press in Post-Soviet Societies

“Post-Soviet” Operationalized Soviet Press and Post-Soviet Press Post-Soviet Press Theories as Structures of Significations Beyond the Normative Framework Post-Soviet Press Theorizing as Reflexive Praxis References Further Reading

49 Internet and Political Activism in Post-Revolutionary Iran

The Internet as a Civic Medium The Internet and the Green Movement Notes References Further Reading

Part VI Conclusion

50 Looking Ahead to a New Generation of Media and Mass Communication Theory

References Further Reading

Index

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