Languages in the World by Andresen, Julie Tetel -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title page Copyright Map 0.1 World map with language families Figure 0.1 IPA consonants Figure 0.2 IPA vowels About the Website Preface

To Our Readers

Part I Linguistic Preliminaries

Introductory Note: On Language 1 All Languages Were Once Spanglish

The Mexican State of Coahuila y Tejas What Is Language? How Many Languages Are There? How and When Did Language Get Started? The Structure of Spanglish Final Note: The Encounter of Spanish and English on Television in the United States Exercises Discussion Questions Notes References Further Reading

2 The Language Loop

The Australian Walkabout Introducing the Language Loop Language and Cognition Language, the World, and Culture Language and Linguistic Structure Language, Discourse, and Ideology On Major and Minor Languages Final Note: The Contingencies of Time, Place, and Biology Exercises Discussion Questions Notes References Further Reading

3 Linguistics and Classification

The Role of Sanskrit in Philology Of Linguistics, Philology, Linguists, and Grammarians Genetic Classification Areal Classification Typological Classification Functional Classification Final Note: The Role of Sanskrit in India Today Exercises Discussion Questions Notes References Further Reading

Part II Effects of Power

Introductory Note: On Power 4 Effects of the Nation-State and the Possibility of Kurdistan

Lines Are Drawn in the Sand The Status of Language on the Eve of the Nation-State The Epistemology of the Nation-State The French Revolution, German Romanticism, and Print Capitalism Standardization and the Instilling of Vergonha Language and Individual Identity What's Race Got to Do with It? The Problematic Race–Nation–Language Triad Final Note: The Kurds Today – Different Places, Different Outcomes Language Profile: Kurdî / [Kurdish (Indo-European)] Exercises Discussion Questions Notes References Further Reading

5 The Development of Writing in the Litmus of Religion and Politics

The Story of the Qur'ān Magico-Religious Interpretations of the Origins of Writing Steps Toward the Representation of Speech Types of Writing Systems Religion and the Spread of Writing Systems The Always Already Intervention of Politics Orality and Literacy Final Note: Azerbaijan Achieves Alphabetic Autonomy Language Profile: [Arabic (Afro-Asiatic)] Exercises Discussion Questions Notes References Further Reading

6 Language Planning and Language Law

Melting Snow and Protests at the Top of the World Language Academies: The First Enforcers Another Look at Prescriptivism Making Language Official: A Tale of Three Patterns Language Policy and Education: A Similar Tale of Three Patterns Language Planners and Language Police Final Note: Choosing Death or Life Language Profile: [Tibetan (Sino-Tibetan)] Exercises Discussion Questions Notes References Further Reading

Part III Effects of Movement

Introductory Note: On Movement 7 A Mobile History

Austronesian Origin Stories Population Genetics and Links to Language A Possible Polynesian Reconstruction Linguistic Reconstructions Revisited Proto-Indo-European and Its Homeland Other Language Stocks and Their Homelands Models of Spread Lost Tracks Final Note: On Density and Diversity Language Profile: ‘Olelo Hawai‘i [Hawaiian (Austronesian)] Exercises Discussion Questions Notes References Further Reading

8 Colonial Consequences

Eiffel Towers in Vietnam Time-Depths and Terminology The Middle Kingdom: Government-Encouraged Migrations Linguistic Geography: Residual Zones and Spread Zones Spreading Eurasian Empires: The Persians, Mongols, Slavs, and Romans Religions as First Nations and Missionaries as Colonizers English as an Emergent Language Family Final Note: Creoles and the Case of Kreyòl Ayisyen Language Profile: Tiéng Việt [Vietnamese (Austro-Asiatic)] Exercises Discussion Questions Notes References Further Reading

9 Postcolonial Complications

Tamil Tigers Create New Terrorist Techniques What's in a Name? Burma/Myanmar Modern Sudan: The Clash of Two Colonialisms The Caucasian Quasi-States: Two Types of Conflict Poland's Shifting Borders Terrorism on the Iberian Peninsula: Basque and the ETA Québécois Consciousness and the Turbulent 1960s The Zapatista Uprising and Indigenous Languages in Chiapas Final Note: The Parsley Massacre in the Dominican Republic Language Profile: Tamil (Dravidian) Exercises Discussion Questions Notes References Further Reading

Part IV Effects of Time

Introductory Note: On Time 10 The Remote Past

Look There! Seeking Linguistic Bedrock The Primate Body and Human Adaptations to Language Evolution in Four Dimensions The Genetic Story Grammatical Categories and Deep-Time Linguistics Complexity and the Arrow of Time Final Note: The Last Stone Age Man in North America Language Profile: !Xóõ [Taa (Khoisan)] Exercises Discussion Questions Notes References Further Reading

11 The Recorded Past: ‘Catching Up to Conditions’ Made Visible

Mongolian Horses Chapter 3: The Invariable Word in English Chapter 4: The Shift to Head-Marking in French Chapter 5: Writing and e-Arabic Chapter 6: Mongolian Cases Chapter 7: Reformulating Hawaiian Identity Chapter 8: Varieties of Chinese – Yesterday and Today Chapter 9: Juba Arabic Pidgin, Nubi, and Other African Creoles Final Note: Language Change in Progress Language Profile: монгол хзл [Mongolian (Mongolic)] Exercises Discussion Questions Notes References Further Reading

12 The Imagined Future: Globalization and the Fate of Endangered Languages

Gold in the Mayan Highlands Beyond the Nation-State: The Globalized New Economy Money Talks: What Language Does It Speak? When the Language Loop Unravels Language Hotspots Rethinking Endangerment Technology to the Rescue Anishinaabemowin Revitalization in Wisconsin What Is Choice? Final Note: Our Advocacies Language Profile: K'iche' [Quiché (Mayan)] Exercises Discussion Questions Notes References

Glossary Subject Index Language Index EULA