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Index
Cover Companion website Titlepage Copyright Contributors Preface Acknowledgements About the companion website Part 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Principles of dental practice
The key principles The purpose of dental practice in more detail The key points
Chapter 2: Patient confidentiality
Secondary information Permission Exceptions Privacy and security Responsibility and accountability
Chapter 3: Record keeping
Why keep records? Think record, not record card Communication Authenticity
Chapter 4: Consent
Three dimensions Preliminary considerations The consent process Summary
Chapter 5: Communication with patients
Providing structure Building the relationship The consultation Summary
Chapter 6: History taking
Greeting the patient Communication skills Presenting complaint History of presenting complaint
Chapter 7: Past medical history
The importance of the medical history Cardiovascular problems Diabetes Bleeding disorders Fainting, blackouts and epilepsy Allergies Hospitalisation and operations Current medication Respiratory disorders Pregnancy Other infectious diseases – HIV and hepatitis
Chapter 8: Equipment and operating positions
Surgery equipment Operating positions
Chapter 9: Cross-infection control
Personal protection Decontamination, sterilisation and disinfection Clinical waste
Chapter 10: Examination of the mouth
Collecting the patient Introductions Dentist and nurse positioning Instrument positioning Posture Lighting
Chapter 11: Special tests
Vitality testing Visual examination Percussive testing Cold testing Electrical pulp testing Tooth Sleuth™ Heat testing Other sensitivity tests Summary
Chapter 12: Reading and reporting radiographs
Reading radiographs Reporting radiographs Quality assurance
Chapter 13: Diagnostic ‘surgical sieve’
Special investigations
Chapter 14: Charting the oral cavity
Oral mucosa Charting the teeth
Chapter 15 Charting the oral cavity
Periodontal screening Plaque and bleeding indices Full periodontal assessment
Chapter 16: Treatment planning
Defining the patient’s problem Gather information Diagnose disease Enumerate the options Evaluate the options Select and implement the best option Rational decision making
Part 2: Clinical presentations
Chapter 17: Sudden loss of consciousness
A Airway B Breathing C Circulation D Neurological disability E Exposure (everything else) R Repeat
Chapter 18: Acute chest pain and cardiac arrest
Procedure for adults in cardiac arrest Procedure for children and infants in cardiac arrest
Chapter 19: Difficulty breathing
Asthma Anaphylaxis Hyperventilation
Chapter 20: Convulsions and choking
Epilepsy Choking
Chapter 21: Other emergencies
Fainting Hypoglycaemia Adrenal insufficiency
Chapter 22: Caries prevention
Caries control The dental team The public health approach
Chapter 23: Plaque reduction
Mechanical Chemical plaque reduction
Chapter 24: Prevention of periodontal disease
Microbial complexes Primary prevention Secondary prevention Smoking Local factors Other measures Challenges
Chapter 25: Prevention of dental trauma
Aetiology of dental trauma Categorising preventive strategies The role of the dental team in the prevention of dental trauma
Chapter 26: The ‘normal’ dentitions
The deciduous dentition Eruption of permanent teeth
Chapter 27: Variations in the number of teeth
Decreased number of teeth – hypodontia Increased number of teeth – hyperdontia
Chapter 28: Variations in tooth morphology
Morphological anomalies Double tooth Dilaceration Dens evaginatus Talon cusp
Chapter 29: Enamel and dentine defects
Dentine defects Developmental defects of enamel
Chapter 30: Fluorosis Chapter 31: Tooth eruption and exfoliation
Tooth eruption Exfoliation of primary teeth
Chapter 32: Caries
What happens? Dentine reactions to enamel lesions Lesion progression Pulp reaction Microbiology of caries Summary
Chapter 33: Tooth wear
Prevention is paramount Epidemiology Aetiology Pathophysiology Clinical features Investigations Prevention Restorative treatment
Chapter 34: The normal gingivae Chapter 35: The periodontal ligament Chapter 36: Dental plaque and calculus
Plaque formation Specific bacterial species and periodontitis
Chapter 37: Diseases of the gingivae and periodontium Chapter 38: Properties of tooth tissue
Enamel Dentine Pulp Cementum
Chapter 39: Local anaesthesia for tooth restoration
Armamentarium Choice of local anaesthetic solution Clinical techniques for anaesthetising teeth for restorative treatment
Chapter 40: Tooth isolation
Aspiration Cotton wool rolls and cellulose pads Rubber dam
Chapter 41: Cavity preparation
General principles Preparation techniques Material-specific cavity features
Chapter 42: Cavity liners and conditioners
Pulp protection Pulp protection materials Cavity conditioners
Chapter 43: Cavity preparation for plastic tooth restorations
Accessing caries Unsupported enamel
Chapter 44: Choice of plastic restorative materials
Location of the tooth and extent of the cavity Quantity and quality of remaining tooth tissue Caries risk Moisture control Physical (mechanical) retention
Chapter 45: Plastic restorations
Bonding amalgam Bonding composite resins Bonding glass ionomer cement Matrix techniques
Chapter 46: Amalgam restorations Chapter 47: Composite resin restorations Chapter 48: Building composite resin restorations
Larger restorations
Chapter 49: Non-plastic intracoronal restorations
Gold inlays Tooth-coloured inlays Computer-aided design and manufacture techniques
Chapter 50: Crowns
Introduction Types and materials
Chapter 51: Glass ionomer cements and provisional restorations
Provisional restoration Cavity preparation Other considerations Material placement
Chapter 52: Resin-retained bridges
Case selection Design considerations The clinical technique Procedures Dealing with failure
Chapter 53: Bridges
Introduction Conventional bridges Hybrid bridge Pontic design for bridges
Chapter 54: Implant-retained options
Indications for implant-retained prostheses Planning procedures Surgical phase Restorative phase
Chapter 55: Partial dentures
Introduction Planning partial dentures Sources of support Retention of dentures Joining the saddles Completing the design
Chapter 56: Implant overdentures
Implant overdentures and retention considerations Implant overdentures and support considerations Implant overdentures – planning considerations Implant overdentures – prosthetic phase of treatment Implant overdenture maintenance
Chapter 57: Precision attachments
Precision attachments and complete dentures Precision attachments and removable partial dentures
Chapter 58: Immediate insertion dentures
Introduction Clinical stages involved in immediate insertion dentures
Chapter 59: Complete dentures
Edentulousness Assessing the patient Prosthodontic factors
Chapter 60: Pulp therapy (deciduous teeth)
Introduction Indirect pulp capping Vital pulpotomy Devitalising pulpotomy Pulpectomy
Chapter 61: Pulp protection procedures for traumatised teeth
Treatment (Table 61.1)
Chapter 62: Pulp removal (permanent teeth)
Partial pulp removal (pulpotomy) Complete pulp removal Procedure for pulp removal
Chapter 63: Pulp canal obturation (permanent teeth)
Aims of pulp obturation Obturating materials Obturating techniques
Chapter 64: Patient management
Office procedures The dentist–child relationship Behaviour management techniques
Chapter 65: Local anaesthesia
Local anaesthesia Local anaesthetic agents Vasoconstrictors Techniques
Chapter 66: Sedation and general anaesthesia
Conscious sedation General anaesthesia
Chapter 67: Caries in deciduous teeth
Dental caries Consequences of leaving untreated carious primary teeth Management of carious primary teeth
Chapter 68: Paediatric dental materials
Stainless steel crowns Resin-based composites Resin infiltration Glass ionomer cement Compomer
Chapter 69: Fissure sealants
Types of sealant Steps in fissure sealing Sealant application Evaluation
Chapter 70: Dietary control
Sugar consumption in the UK Sugar and caries Changing people’s eating habits Identifying patients requiring dietary counselling Taking a dietary history Setting goals Action points Monitoring Summary
Chapter 71: Fluoride supplements
Forms of fluoride delivery
Chapter 72: Classification of trauma
Periodontal injuries Tooth injuries (enamel, dentine or pulp fractures) Injuries to gingiva or oral mucosa Injuries to bone
Chapter 73: Accidental injury to primary teeth
General information Periodontal injuries Tooth injuries (enamel, dentine or pulp fractures) Alveolar fracture Sequelae
Chapter 74: Non-accidental injury
The role of the dental team How abuse presents Types of injuries of potential concern Responding to concerns of abuse
Chapter 75: Treatment of tooth fractures
Enamel and enamel–dentine fracture Enamel–dentine–pulp fracture Procedure for pulpotomy Crown–root fracture and crown–root–pulp fracture Root fracture
Chapter 76: Tooth displacement injuries
General information Concussion Subluxation Extrusion Lateral luxation Intrusion Avulsion Alveolar fracture Prognosis Follow up
Chapter 77: Instruments
Introduction Instruments for surgical flaps (incision, reflection and retraction) Instruments for bone removal Instruments for suturing Miscellaneous instruments Instruments for tooth extraction Layout of instruments
Chapter 78: The patient in pain
Introduction Teeth Temporomandibular joint Jaw disease Sinus disease Salivary glands Nerves Blood vessels Psychogenic pain Key points in orofacial pain management
Chapter 79: Extraction of teeth
Introduction Indications Contraindications Preoperative assessment Technique Forceps extractions Postextraction management
Chapter 80: Surgical extractions
Introduction Preoperative assessment Preoperative preparation Surgical technique Postoperative phase
Chapter 81: Impacted third molars
Introduction Assessment Preoperative phase Surgical technique Postoperative phase Coronectomy
Chapter 82: Biopsy
Introduction Types of biopsy Biopsy form Storage and transport of specimen Adjuncts to biopsy – cytology
Chapter 83: Suturing
Introduction Suture gauge Suture needles Suture materials Correct use and handling of instruments for suturing Guidelines for suturing Common intraoral sutures Suture removal
Chapter 84: Complications of exodontia
Introduction Perioperative complications Postoperative
Chapter 85: Surgical endodontics
Introduction Indications Contraindications Assessment Preoperative phase Surgical technique Postoperative phase Follow-up
Chapter 86: Benign swellings in the oral cavity
Epithelial origin Connective tissue origin Vascular origin Neural ‘lumps’
Chapter 87: Odontogenic tumours and tumour-like lesions
Introduction Tumours of odontogenic epithelium Mixed odontogenic tumours Tumours of odontogenic mesenchyme
Chapter 88: Odontogenic cysts
Introduction Developmental odontogenic cysts Inflammatory odontogenic cysts
Chapter 89: Other bone diseases
Fibro-osseous lesions Giant cell lesions Benign lesions and tumours Malignant tumours
Chapter 90: Temporomandibular joint disorders
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Osteoarthritis Ankylosis Dislocation of TMJ
Chapter 91: Mucosal diseases
Recurrent aphthous ulcers Behçet syndrome Vesiculobullous disorders Orofacial granulomatosis
Chapter 92: Oral cancer and precancer
Introduction Leukoplakia Erythroplakia Actinic cheilosis Oral submucous fibrosis Oral squamous cell carcinoma
Chapter 93: Salivary gland disorders
Non-neoplastic disorders Neoplastic disorders
Chapter 94: Pigmented lesions
Introduction Exogenous pigmentation Endogenous pigmentation
Part 3: The Medically Compromised Patient
Chapter 95: Haematological disorders
Anaemia Haemolytic anaemia Bleeding disorders Anticoagulant therapy Haematological malignancy
Chapter 96: Immune disorders
Introduction Allergy Immunodeficiency and disorders Autoimmune disease
Chapter 97: Cardiovascular disorders
Hypertension Angina Myocardial infarction Valvular disease
Chapter 98: Respiratory disorders
Sinusitis Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder Sarcoidosis Tuberculosis Lung cancer
Chapter 99: Gastroenterology and nutritional disorders
Crohn’s disease Ulcerative colitis Coeliac disease Carcinoma Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Peptic ulceration Irritable bowel syndrome Vitamin C deficiency Vitamin D deficiency Other deficiencies
Chapter 100: Endocrine disorders
Pregnancy Puberty Diabetes mellitus Thyroid disease Parathyroid disease Pituitary disease Adrenal disease
Chapter 101: Renal disease
Renal failure Dental aspects of renal disease Prescribing in renal failure
Chapter 102: Intellectual impairment
Down syndrome Autism Asperger syndrome Cerebral palsy Stroke Parkinson disease
Chapter 103: Neurological disorders
Cranial nerve disorders/palsies Trigeminal neuralgia Multiple sclerosis Epilepsy Giant cell arteritis Motor neuron disease Bell’s palsy
Chapter 104: Drugs and dental care
Impact on delivery of dental treatment Potential drug interactions Adverse effects of drug therapy that produce oral lesions
Part 4: Orthodontics
Chapter 105: The developing dentitions
Development of the dentitions The primary dentition The mixed dentition Maturation of the permanent dentition
Chapter 106: Orthodontic assessment
Clinical assessment in orthodontics Extraoral examination Soft tissue assessment Intraoral examination Orthodontic records
Chapter 107: Fixed orthodontic appliances
Fixed appliances Stages of treatment with fixed appliances
Chapter 108: Removable orthodontic appliances
Removable appliances Fitting a removable appliance
Chapter 109: Major malocclusions
Orthodontic treatment planning Class I malocclusion Class II malocclusion Class III malocclusion
Part 5: Population sciences and oral health
Chapter 110: Epidemiology
What is epidemiology? Interpreting oral epidemiological data Oral health status of the population
Chapter 111: Social variations in oral health
The social gradient of health and disease Social determinants of health Social variations in oral health Oral cancer Social variations in dental attendance and demand for care
Chapter 112: Psychology and dental care
Assessment of dental anxiety Interventions for individuals with low levels of anxiety Interventions for individuals with moderate levels of anxiety Interventions for individuals with high levels of anxiety
Chapter 113: Health, illness and behaviour change
Motivation: the theory of planned behaviour Volition: implementation intentions Overall conclusions
Chapter 114: Special care dentistry
Scope of special care dentistry Access and barriers to oral health for people with disabilities Communication skills for people requiring SCD Impact of impairments and systemic conditions on oral health and functions Clinical management of patients requiring SCD
Chapter 115: Ethical care of patients
Autonomy Non-maleficence Beneficence Justice Professional ethics Ethics in action
Chapter 116: Dentistry and the law
Dentistry – the profession Agreeing to treatment Providing treatment
Chapter 117: Risk management
Introduction Areas of potential risk in dental practice
Part 6: Running a dental practice
Chapter 118: Infection control
Introduction Infection control in dentistry Prevention of transmission of infection
Chapter 119: Regulatory bodies and best practice
Regulation in dentistry General Dental Council Care Quality Commission National Health Service (NHS) regulations Health and Safety Executive Employment law Radiation regulation Disability and Discrimination Act Best practice
Chapter 120: Clinical record keeping
Introduction Clinical records Storage of clinical records Confidentiality Patient access to records Disclosure of clinical records
Chapter 121: Team management
Introduction Teamwork Benefits of teamwork Developing a team philosophy Team training Communication and appraisal Awards
Chapter 122: Intrateam communication
Business plan and objectives Written communication Verbal communication Non-verbal communication (body language)
Chapter 123: External communication
Who is external? What form of communication is appropriate? Advertising Prescription writing Referral letters
Chapter 124: Being part of the profession
Index EULA
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