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Index
Half title
Title page
Imprints page
Dedication
Contents
Acknowledgments
1 Basic Concepts and Terminology
1.1. What Is Thermodynamics?
1.2. Systems
1.3. Energy and Equilibrium
1.4. Extensive and Intensive Properties; State Variables
1.5. Fundamental Quantities and Units
1.6. Derived Quantities and Units
1.7. The Importance of Unit Analysis
1.8. Functions of More Than One Variable and Partial Derivatives
1.9. Exact Differentials and Line Integrals
1.10. Thermodynamic Diagrams
2 Equations of State
2.1. Definition of an Ideal Gas
2.2. Boyle’s Law
2.3. Gas Laws of Gay-Lussac
2.4. An Equation of State
2.5. Additional Forms of the Ideal Gas Law
2.6. Additional Equations of State
2.7. Ideal Gas Law for Dry Air and Water Vapor
2.8. Summary of the Ideal Gas Law
3 Work, Heat, and Temperature
3.1. Forms of Energy
3.2. Work (W)
3.3. Heat (Q)
3.4. Temperature
3.5. Summary of Work, Heat, and Temperature
4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.1. The First Law
4.2. Internal Energy and the First Law
4.3. Enthalpy (h)
4.4. Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas
4.5. Latent Heat: A Special Case of Specific Heat
4.6. Summary of the First Law, Specific Heat, and Latent Heat
5 Adiabatic Processes
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Adiabatic Processes, the First Law, and Enthalpy
5.3. Mathematical Models of Adiabatic Variation
5.4. Adiabatic Temperature Change as a Function of Height
5.5 Summary of Adiabatic Processes
6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Entropy
6.3. The Carnot Cycle
6.4. Summary of the Second Law
7 Water Vapor and Phase Transitions
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Vapor Pressure
7.3. Solid-Vapor and Solid-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions
7.4. Phase Diagram of Evaporation, Sublimation, and Melting for Water
7.5. Additional Functions for Expressing Vapor Pressure above Liquid and Ice
7.6. Humidity
7.7. Summary of Water Vapor and Phase Transitions
8 Moisture Considerations: Effects on Temperature
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Hypothetical Temperatures
8.3. The Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate
8.4 Summary of Moisture Considerations
9 Atmospheric Statics
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Effective Gravity
9.3. Geopotential and Geopotential Height
9.4. The Hypsometric Equation and “Thicknessâ€
9.5. Pressure Calculations
9.6 Summary of Atmospheric Statics
10 Model and Standard Atmospheres
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Model Atmospheres, Altimeter Setting, and Pressure Altitude
10.3. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere and the International Standard Atmosphere
10.3.1. Basic Assumptions
10.3.2. Vertical Temperature, Pressure, and Density Variation in the Troposphere (Layer 0)
10.3.3. Vertical Temperature Variation in the Stratosphere (Layers 1, 2, and 3)
10.3.4. Vertical Temperature Profiles
10.4. Summary of Model and Standard Atmospheres
11 Stability
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Static Stability
11.3. The Parcel Method and Vertical Acceleration
11.4. Qualitative Estimates of Stability Using a Thermodynamic Diagram
11.5. Quantitative Estimates of Stability Using a Thermodynamic Diagram
11.6. Summary of Stability
12 Severe Weather Applications
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Energy Stored in a Vertical Profile
12.3. Wind Shear and Helicity
12.4. Combining CAPE and SRH
12.5. Summary of Severe Weather Applications
Severe Weather Exercise 1
Severe Weather Exercise 2
Appendix 1 List of Symbols
Appendix 2 Constants
Appendix 3 English Letters and Their Greek Equivalents
Appendix 4 Additional Thermodynamic Functions: Helmholtz Free Energy and Gibbs Free Energy
Appendix 5 Computed Boiling Temperatures at Different Pressures
Appendix 6 Variation of Saturation Mixing Ratio with Temperature and Pressure
Appendix 7 Derivation of the Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate
Appendix 8 Sea-Level Pressure Calculations Using the Smithsonian Meteorological Tables
Notes
1 Basic Concepts and Terminology
2 Equations of State
3 Work, Heat, and Temperature
4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
5 Adiabatic Processes
6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
7 Water Vapor and Phase Transitions
8 Moisture Considerations: Effects on Temperature
9 Atmospheric Statics
10 Model and Standard Atmospheres
11 Stability
12 Severe Weather Applications
Appendix 4 Additional Thermodynamic Functions: Helmholtz Free Energy and Gibbs Free Energy
Appendix 5 Computed Boiling Temperatures at Different Pressures
Appendix 6 Variation of Saturation Mixing Ratio with Temperature and Pressure
Appendix 7 Derivation of the Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate
Appendix 8 Sea-Level Pressure Calculations Using the Smithsonian Meteorological Tables
Bibliography
Index
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