Python in a Nutshell, 2nd Edition by Martelli, Alex -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Python in a Nutshell, 2nd Edition Preface

How This Book Is Organized

Part I, Getting Started with Python Part II, Core Python Language and Built-ins Part III, Python Library and Extension Modules Part IV, Network and Web Programming Part V, Extending and Embedding

Conventions Used in This Book

Reference Conventions Typographic Conventions

Using Code Examples How to Contact Us Safari® Enabled Acknowledgments

I. Getting Started with Python

1. Introduction to Python

1.1. The Python Language 1.2. The Python Standard Library and Extension Modules 1.3. Python Implementations

1.3.1. CPython 1.3.2. Jython 1.3.3. IronPython 1.3.4. Choosing Between CPython, Jython, and IronPython 1.3.5. PyPy and Other Experimental Versions 1.3.6. Licensing and Price Issues

1.4. Python Development and Versions 1.5. Python Resources

1.5.1. Documentation 1.5.2. Newsgroups and Mailing Lists 1.5.3. Special-Interest Groups 1.5.4. Python Business Forum 1.5.5. Python Journal 1.5.6. Extension Modules and Python Sources 1.5.7. The Python Cookbook 1.5.8. Books and Magazines

2. Installation

2.1. Installing Python from Source Code

2.1.1. Windows

2.1.1.1. Uncompressing and unpacking the Python source code 2.1.1.2. Building the Python source code with Microsoft Visual Studio 2003 2.1.1.3. Building Python for debugging 2.1.1.4. Installing after the build 2.1.1.5. Building Python for Cygwin

2.1.2. Unix-Like Platforms

2.1.2.1. Uncompressing and unpacking the Python source code 2.1.2.2. Configuring, building, and testing 2.1.2.3. Installing after the build

2.2. Installing Python from Binaries

2.2.1. Apple Macintosh

2.3. Installing Jython 2.4. Installing IronPython

3. The Python Interpreter

3.1. The python Program

3.1.1. Environment Variables 3.1.2. Command-Line Syntax and Options 3.1.3. Interactive Sessions

3.2. Python Development Environments

3.2.1. IDLE 3.2.2. Other Free Cross-Platform Python IDEs 3.2.3. Platform-Specific Free Python IDEs 3.2.4. Commercial Python IDEs 3.2.5. Free Text Editors with Python Support 3.2.6. Tools for Checking Python Programs

3.3. Running Python Programs 3.4. The jython Interpreter 3.5. The IronPython Interpreter

II. Core Python Language and Built-ins

4. The Python Language

4.1. Lexical Structure

4.1.1. Lines and Indentation 4.1.2. Character Sets 4.1.3. Tokens

4.1.3.1. Identifiers 4.1.3.2. Keywords 4.1.3.3. Operators 4.1.3.4. Delimiters 4.1.3.5. Literals

4.1.4. Statements

4.1.4.1. Simple statements 4.1.4.2. Compound statements

4.2. Data Types

4.2.1. Numbers

4.2.1.1. Integer numbers 4.2.1.2. Floating-point numbers 4.2.1.3. Complex numbers

4.2.2. Sequences

4.2.2.1. Iterables 4.2.2.2. Strings 4.2.2.3. Tuples 4.2.2.4. Lists

4.2.3. Sets 4.2.4. Dictionaries 4.2.5. None 4.2.6. Callables 4.2.7. Boolean Values

4.3. Variables and Other References

4.3.1. Variables

4.3.1.1. Object attributes and items 4.3.1.2. Accessing nonexistent references

4.3.2. Assignment Statements

4.3.2.1. Plain assignment 4.3.2.2. Augmented assignment

4.3.3. del Statements

4.4. Expressions and Operators

4.4.1. Comparison Chaining 4.4.2. Short-Circuiting Operators

4.4.2.1. The Python 2.5 ternary operator

4.5. Numeric Operations

4.5.1. Numeric Conversions 4.5.2. Arithmetic Operations

4.5.2.1. Division 4.5.2.2. Exponentiation

4.5.3. Comparisons 4.5.4. Bitwise Operations on Integers

4.6. Sequence Operations

4.6.1. Sequences in General

4.6.1.1. Sequence conversions 4.6.1.2. Concatenation and repetition 4.6.1.3. Membership testing 4.6.1.4. Indexing a sequence 4.6.1.5. Slicing a sequence

4.6.2. Strings 4.6.3. Tuples 4.6.4. Lists

4.6.4.1. Modifying a list 4.6.4.2. In-place operations on a list 4.6.4.3. List methods 4.6.4.4. Sorting a list

4.7. Set Operations

4.7.1. Set Membership 4.7.2. Set Methods

4.8. Dictionary Operations

4.8.1. Dictionary Membership 4.8.2. Indexing a Dictionary 4.8.3. Dictionary Methods

4.9. The print Statement 4.10. Control Flow Statements

4.10.1. The if Statement 4.10.2. The while Statement 4.10.3. The for Statement

4.10.3.1. Iterators 4.10.3.2. range and xrange 4.10.3.3. List comprehensions

4.10.4. The break Statement 4.10.5. The continue Statement 4.10.6. The else Clause on Loop Statements 4.10.7. The pass Statement 4.10.8. The try and raise Statements 4.10.9. The with Statement

4.11. Functions

4.11.1. The def Statement 4.11.2. Parameters 4.11.3. Attributes of Function Objects

4.11.3.1. Docstrings 4.11.3.2. Other attributes of function objects

4.11.4. The return Statement 4.11.5. Calling Functions

4.11.5.1. The semantics of argument passing 4.11.5.2. Kinds of arguments

4.11.6. Namespaces

4.11.6.1. The global statement 4.11.6.2. Nested functions and nested scopes

4.11.7. lambda Expressions 4.11.8. Generators

4.11.8.1. Generator expressions 4.11.8.2. Generators in Python 2.5

4.11.9. Recursion

5. Object-Oriented Python

5.1. Classes and Instances

5.1.1. Python Classes 5.1.2. The class Statement 5.1.3. The Class Body

5.1.3.1. Attributes of class objects 5.1.3.2. Function definitions in a class body 5.1.3.3. Class-private variables 5.1.3.4. Class documentation strings

5.1.4. Descriptors

5.1.4.1. Overriding and nonoverriding descriptors

5.1.5. Instances

5.1.5.1. _ _init_ _ 5.1.5.2. Attributes of instance objects 5.1.5.3. The factory-function idiom 5.1.5.4. _ _new_ _

5.1.6. Attribute Reference Basics

5.1.6.1. Getting an attribute from a class 5.1.6.2. Getting an attribute from an instance 5.1.6.3. Setting an attribute

5.1.7. Bound and Unbound Methods

5.1.7.1. Unbound method details 5.1.7.2. Bound method details

5.1.8. Inheritance

5.1.8.1. Method resolution order 5.1.8.2. Overriding attributes 5.1.8.3. Delegating to superclass methods 5.1.8.4. Cooperative superclass method calling 5.1.8.5. "Deleting" class attributes

5.1.9. The Built-in object Type 5.1.10. Class-Level Methods

5.1.10.1. Static methods 5.1.10.2. Class methods

5.1.11. Properties

5.1.11.1. Why properties are important 5.1.11.2. Properties and inheritance

5.1.12. _ _slots_ _ 5.1.13. _ _getattribute_ _ 5.1.14. Per-Instance Methods 5.1.15. Inheritance from Built-in Types

5.2. Special Methods

5.2.1. General-Purpose Special Methods

_ _call_ _ _ _cmp_ _ _ _del_ _ _ _delattr_ _ _ _eq_ _, _ _ge_ _, _ _gt_ _, _ _le_ _, _ _lt_ _, _ _ne_ _ _ _getattr_ _ _ _get-attribute_ _ _ _hash_ _ _ _init_ _ _ _new_ _ _ _nonzero_ _ _ _repr_ _ _ _setattr_ _ _ _str_ _ _ _unicode_ _

5.2.2. Special Methods for Containers

5.2.2.1. Sequences 5.2.2.2. Mappings 5.2.2.3. Sets 5.2.2.4. Container slicing 5.2.2.5. Container methods

_ _contains_ _ _ _delitem_ _ _ _getitem_ _ _ _iter_ _ _ _len_ _ _ _setitem_ _

5.2.3. Special Methods for Numeric Objects

_ _abs_ _, _ _invert_ _, _ _neg_ _, _ _pos_ _ _ _add_ _, _ _div_ _, _ _floordiv_ _, _ _mod_ _, _ _mul_ _, _ _sub_ _, _ _truediv_ _ _ _and_ _, _ _lshift_ _, _ _or_ _, _ _rshift_ _, _ _xor_ _ _ _coerce_ _ _ _complex_ _, _ _float_ _, _ _int_ _, _ _long_ _ _ _divmod_ _ _ _hex_ _, _ _oct_ _ _ _iadd_ _, _ _idiv_ _, _ _ifloordiv_ _, _ _imod_ _, _ _imul_ _, _ _isub_ _, _ _itruediv_ _ _ _iand_ _, _ _ilshift_ _, _ _ior_ _, _ _irshift_ _, _ _ixor_ _ _ _index_ _ _ _ipow_ _ _ _pow_ _ _ _radd_ _, _ _rdiv_ _, _ _rmod_ _, _ _rmul_ _, _ _rsub_ _ _ _rand_ _, _ _rlshift_ _, _ _ror_ _, _ _rrshift_ _, _ _rxor_ _ _ _rdivmod_ _ _ _rpow_ _

5.3. Decorators 5.4. Metaclasses

5.4.1. How Python Determines a Class's Metaclass 5.4.2. How a Metaclass Creates a Class

5.4.2.1. Defining and using your own metaclasses 5.4.2.2. A substantial custom metaclass example

6. Exceptions

6.1. The try Statement

6.1.1. try/except 6.1.2. try/finally 6.1.3. Python 2.5 Exception-Related Enhancements

6.1.3.1. The try/except/finally statement 6.1.3.2. The with statement 6.1.3.3. Generator enhancements

6.2. Exception Propagation 6.3. The raise Statement 6.4. Exception Objects

6.4.1. The Hierarchy of Standard Exceptions 6.4.2. Standard Exception Classes

6.5. Custom Exception Classes

6.5.1. Custom Exceptions and Multiple Inheritance 6.5.2. Other Exceptions Used in the Standard Library

6.6. Error-Checking Strategies

6.6.1. LBYL Versus EAFP

6.6.1.1. Proper usage of EAFP

6.6.2. Handling Errors in Large Programs 6.6.3. Logging Errors

6.6.3.1. The logging module

6.6.4. The assert Statement

6.6.4.1. The _ _debug_ _ built-in variable

7. Modules

7.1. Module Objects

7.1.1. The import Statement

7.1.1.1. Module body 7.1.1.2. Attributes of module objects 7.1.1.3. Python built-ins 7.1.1.4. Module documentation strings 7.1.1.5. Module-private variables

7.1.2. The from Statement

7.1.2.1. The from...import * statement 7.1.2.2. from versus import

7.2. Module Loading

7.2.1. Built-in Modules 7.2.2. Searching the Filesystem for a Module 7.2.3. The Main Program 7.2.4. The reload Function 7.2.5. Circular Imports 7.2.6. sys.modules Entries 7.2.7. Custom Importers

7.2.7.1. Rebinding _ _import_ _ 7.2.7.2. Import hooks

7.3. Packages

7.3.1.

7.3.1.1. Special attributes of package objects

7.3.2. Absolute Versus Relative Imports

7.4. The Distribution Utilities (distutils)

7.4.1. Python Eggs

8. Core Built-ins

8.1. Built-in Types

basestring bool buffer classmethod complex dict enumerate file, open float frozenset int list long object property reversed set slice staticmethod strstr super tuple type unicode xrange

8.2. Built-in Functions

_ _import_ _ abs all any callable chr cmp coerce compile delattr dir divmod eval execfile filter getattr globals hasattr hash hex id input intern isinstance issubclass iter len locals map max min oct ord pow range raw_input reduce reload repr round setattr sorted sum unichr vars zip

8.3. The sys Module

argv displayhook excepthook exc_info exit getdefaulten-coding getrefcount getrecursionlimit _getframe maxint modules path platform ps1, ps2 setdefaultencoding setprofile setrecursionlimit settrace stdin,stdin stdout,stdout stderrstderr tracebacklimit version

8.4. The copy Module

copy deepcopy

8.5. The collections Module

8.5.1. deque

append appendleft clear extend extendleft pop popleft rotate

8.5.2. defaultdict

8.6. The functional Module

partial

8.7. The bisect Module

bisect insort

8.8. The heapq Module

heapify heappop heappush heapreplace nlargest nsmallest

8.9. The UserDict Module 8.10. The optparse Module

add_option parse_args

8.11. The itertools Module

chain count cycle ifilter imap islice izip repeat tee

9. Strings and Regular Expressions

9.1. Methods of String Objects

capitalize center count decode encode endswith expandtabs find index isalnum isalpha isdigit islower isspace istitle isupper join ljust lower lstrip replace rfind rindex rjust rstrip split splitlines startswith strip swapcase title translate upper

9.2. The string Module

9.2.1. Locale Sensitivity 9.2.2. The maketrans Function

maketrans

9.3. String Formatting

9.3.1. Format Specifier Syntax 9.3.2. Common String-Formatting Idioms 9.3.3. Template Strings

Template safe_substitute substitute

9.3.4. Text Wrapping and Filling

wrap fill

9.4. The pprint Module

pformat pprint

9.5. The repr Module

repr

9.6. Unicode

9.6.1. The codecs Module

register_error

EncodedFile open

9.6.2. The unicodedata Module

9.7. Regular Expressions and the re Module

9.7.1. Pattern-String Syntax 9.7.2. Common Regular Expression Idioms 9.7.3. Sets of Characters 9.7.4. Alternatives 9.7.5. Groups 9.7.6. Optional Flags 9.7.7. Match Versus Search 9.7.8. Anchoring at String Start and End 9.7.9. Regular Expression Objects

findall finditer match search split sub subn

9.7.10. Match Objects

end, span, start expand group groups groupdict

9.7.11. Functions of Module re

compile escape

III. Python Library and Extension Modules

10. File and Text Operations

10.1. Other Chapters That Also Deal with Files 10.2. Organization of This Chapter 10.3. File Objects

10.3.1. Creating a File Object with open

10.3.1.1. File mode 10.3.1.2. Binary and text modes 10.3.1.3. Buffering 10.3.1.4. Sequential and nonsequential access

10.3.2. Attributes and Methods of File Objects

close closed encoding flush isatty fileno mode name newlines read readline readlines seek softspace tell truncate write writelines

10.3.3. Iteration on File Objects 10.3.4. File-Like Objects and Polymorphism 10.3.5. The tempfile Module

mkstemp mkdtemp TemporaryFile NamedTempor-aryFile

10.4. Auxiliary Modules for File I/O

10.4.1. The fileinput Module

close FileInput filelineno filename input isfirstline isstdin lineno nextfile

10.4.2. The linecache Module

checkcache clearcache getline getlines

10.4.3. The struct Module

calcsize pack unpack

10.5. The StringIO and cStringIO Modules

StringIO getvalue

10.6. Compressed Files

10.6.1. The gzip Module

GzipFile open

10.6.2. The bz2 Module

BZ2File compress decompress

10.6.3. The tarfile Module

is_tarfile TarInfo open add addfile close extract extractfile getmember getmembers getnames gettarinfo list

10.6.4. The zipfile Module

is_zipfile ZipInfo ZipFile close getinfo infolist namelist printdir read testzip write writestr

10.6.5. The zlib Module

compress decompress

10.7. The os Module

10.7.1. OSError Exceptions 10.7.2. The errno Module

10.8. Filesystem Operations

10.8.1. Path-String Attributes of the os Module 10.8.2. Permissions 10.8.3. File and Directory Functions of the os Module

access chdir chmod getcwd listdir makedirs, mkdir remove, unlink removedirs rename renames rmdir stat tempnam, tmpnam utime walk

10.8.4. The os.path Module

abspath basename commonprefix dirname exists expandvars getatime, getmtime, getsize isabs isfile isdir islink ismount join normcase normpath split splitdrive splitext walk

10.8.5. The stat Module

S_IFMT S_IMODE

10.8.6. The filecmp Module

cmp cmpfiles dircmp

10.8.7. The shutil Module

copy copy2 copyfile copyfileobj copymode copystat copytree move rmtree

10.8.8. File Descriptor Operations

close dup dup2 fdopen fstat lseek open pipe read write

10.9. Text Input and Output

10.9.1. Standard Output and Standard Error 10.9.2. The print Statement 10.9.3. Standard Input 10.9.4. The getpass Module

getpass getuser

10.10. Richer-Text I/O

10.10.1. The readline Module

add_history clear_history get_completer get_history_length parse_and_bind read_history_file read_init_file set_completer set_history_length write_history_file

10.10.2. Console I/O

10.10.2.1. The curses package

wrapper addstr clrtobot, clrtoeol delch deleteln erase getch getyx insstr move nodelay refresh Textpad

10.10.2.2. The msvcrt Module

getch, getche kbhit ungetch

10.10.2.3. The WConio and Console modules

10.11. Interactive Command Sessions

10.11.1. Initializing a Cmd Instance

_ _init_ _

10.11.2. Methods of Cmd Instances

cmdloop default do_help emptyline onecmd postcmd postloop precmd preloop

10.11.3. Attributes of Cmd Instances 10.11.4. A Cmd Example

10.12. Internationalization

10.12.1. The locale Module

atof atoi format getdefaultlocale getlocale localeconv normalize resetlocale setlocale strstr strcoll strxfrm

10.12.2. The gettext Module

10.12.2.1. Using gettext for localization 10.12.2.2. Essential gettext functions

install translation

10.12.3. More Internationalization Resources

11. Persistence and Databases

11.1. Serialization

11.1.1. The marshal Module

dump, dumps load, loads

11.1.1.1. A marshaling example

11.1.2. The pickle and cPickle Modules

11.1.2.1. Functions of pickle and cPickle

dump, dumps load, loads Pickler Unpickler

11.1.2.2. A pickling example 11.1.2.3. Pickling instances 11.1.2.4. Pickling customization with the copy_reg module

constructor pickle

11.1.3. The shelve Module

11.1.3.1. A shelving example

11.2. DBM Modules

11.2.1. The anydbm Module

open

11.2.2. The dumbdbm Module 11.2.3. The dbm, gdbm, and dbhash Modules 11.2.4. The whichdb Module

whichdb

11.2.5. Examples of DBM-Like File Use

11.3. Berkeley DB Interfacing

11.3.1. Simplified and Complete BSD DB Python Interfaces 11.3.2. Module bsddb

btopen, hashopen, rnopen close first has_key keys last next previous set_location

11.3.3. Examples of Berkeley DB Use

11.4. The Python Database API (DBAPI) 2.0

11.4.1. Exception Classes 11.4.2. Thread Safety 11.4.3. Parameter Style 11.4.4. Factory Functions

Binary Date DateFromTicks Time TimeFromTicks Timestamp Timestamp-FromTicks

11.4.5. Type Description Attributes 11.4.6. The connect Function 11.4.7. Connection Objects

close commit cursor rollback

11.4.8. Cursor Objects

close description execute executemany fetchall fetchmany fetchone rowcount

11.4.9. DBAPI-Compliant Modules 11.4.10. Gadfly

gadfly gfclient

11.4.11. SQLite

12. Time Operations

12.1. The time Module

asctime clock ctime gmtime localtime mktime sleep strftime strptime time timezone tzname

12.2. The datetime Module

12.2.1. Class date

date fromordinal fromtimestamp today ctime isocalendar isoformat isoweekday replace strftime timetuple toordinal weekday

12.2.2. Class time

time isoformat replace strftime

12.2.3. Class datetime

datetime combine fromordinal fromtimestamp now today utcfromtime-stamp utcnow astimezone ctime date isocalendar isoformat isoweekday replace strftime time timetz timetuple toordinal utctimetuple weekday

12.2.4. Class timedelta

timedelta

12.3. The pytz Module

country_timezones timezone

12.4. The dateutil Module

easter parser relativedelta rrule after before between count

12.5. The sched Module

scheduler cancel empty enterabs enter run

12.6. The calendar Module

calendar firstweekday isleap leapdays month monthcalendar monthrange prcal prmonth setfirstweekday timegm weekday

12.7. The mx.DateTime Module

12.7.1. Date and Time Types 12.7.2. The DateTime Type

12.7.2.1. Factory functions for DateTime

DateTime, Date, Timestamp DateTimeFrom, TimestampFrom DateTime-FromAbsDays DateTime-FromCOMDate DateFromTicks gmt, utc gmtime, utctime localtime mktime now Timestamp-FromTicks today

12.7.2.2. Methods of DateTime instances

absvalues COMDate gmticks gmtime gmtoffset localtime strftime, Format ticks tuple

12.7.2.3. Attributes of DateTime instances 12.7.2.4. Arithmetic on DateTime instances

12.7.3. The DateTimeDelta Type

12.7.3.1. Factory functions for DateTimeDelta

DateTimeDelta DateTimeDelta-From DateTimeDelta-FromSeconds TimeDelta, Time TimeDeltaFrom, TimeFrom TimeFromTicks

12.7.3.2. Methods of DateTimeDelta instances

absvalues strftime, Format tuple

12.7.3.3. Attributes of DateTimeDelta instances 12.7.3.4. Arithmetic on DateTimeDelta instances

12.7.4. Other Attributes

cmp

12.7.5. Submodules

13. Controlling Execution

13.1. Dynamic Execution and the exec Statement

13.1.1. Avoiding exec 13.1.2. Expressions 13.1.3. Compile and Code Objects 13.1.4. Never exec nor eval Untrusted Code

13.2. Internal Types

13.2.1. Type Objects 13.2.2. The Code Object Type 13.2.3. The frame Type

13.3. Garbage Collection

13.3.1. The gc Module

collect disable enable garbage get_debug get_objects get_referrers get_threshold isenabled set_debug set_threshold

13.3.2. The weakref Module

getweakrefcount getweakrefs proxy ref WeakKeyDic-tionary WeakValueDic-tionary

13.4. Termination Functions

13.5. Site and User Customization

13.5.1. The site and sitecustomize Modules 13.5.2. User Customization

14. Threads and Processes

14.1. Threads in Python 14.2. The thread Module

acquire locked release

14.3. The Queue Module

Queue Empty Full

14.3.1. Methods of Queue Instances

empty full get, get_nowait put, put_nowait qsize

14.3.2. Customizing Class Queue by Subclassing

14.4. The threading Module

currentThread

14.4.1. Thread Objects

Thread getName, setName isAlive isDaemon, setDaemon join run start

14.4.2. Thread Synchronization Objects

14.4.2.1. Timeout parameters 14.4.2.2. Lock and RLock objects 14.4.2.3. Condition objects

Condition acquire, release notify, notifyAll wait

14.4.2.4. Event objects

Event clear isSet set wait

14.4.2.5. Semaphore objects

Semaphore acquire release

14.4.3. Thread Local Storage

14.5. Threaded Program Architecture 14.6. Process Environment 14.7. Running Other Programs

14.7.1. Running Other Programs with the os Module

execl, execle, execlp, execv, execve, execvp, execvpe popen popen2, popen3, popen4 spawnv, spawnve system

14.7.2. The Subprocess Module

Popen

14.7.2.1. What to run, and how: args, executable, shell 14.7.2.2. Subprocess files: stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize, universal_newlines, close_fds 14.7.2.3. Other arguments: preexec_fn, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags 14.7.2.4. Attributes of subprocess.Popen instances 14.7.2.5. Methods of subprocess.Popen instances

communicate poll wait

14.8. The mmap Module

mmap

14.8.1. Methods of mmap Objects

close find flush move read read_byte readline resize seek size tell write write_byte

14.8.2. Using mmap Objects for IPC

15. Numeric Processing

15.1. The math and cmath Modules 15.2. The operator Module

attrgetter itemgetter

15.3. Random and Pseudorandom Numbers

15.3.1.

15.3.1.1. Physically random and cryptographically strong random numbers

urandom

15.3.1.2. The random module

choice getrandbits getstate jumpahead random randrange sample seed setstate shuffle uniform

15.4. The decimal Module 15.5. The gmpy Module

16. Array Processing

16.1. The array Module

array byteswap fromfile fromlist fromstring tofile tolist tostring

16.2. Extensions for Numeric Array Computation 16.3. The Numeric Package 16.4. Array Objects

16.4.1. Typecodes 16.4.2. Shape and Indexing 16.4.3. Storage 16.4.4. Slicing

16.4.4.1. Slicing examples 16.4.4.2. Assigning to array slices

16.4.5. Truth Values and Comparisons of Arrays 16.4.6. Factory Functions

array, asarray arrayrange, arange fromstring identity empty ones zeros

16.4.7. Attributes and Methods

astype byteswapped copy flat imag, imaginary, real iscontiguous itemsize savespace shape spacesaver tolist toscalar tostring typecode

16.4.8. Operations on Arrays

16.4.8.1. Broadcasting 16.4.8.2. In-place operations

16.4.9. Functions

allclose argmax, argmin argsort around array2string average choose clip compress concatenate convolve cross_correlate diagonal dot indices innerproduct matrixmultiply nonzero outerproduct put putmask rank ravel repeat reshape resize searchsorted shape size sort swapaxes take trace transpose vdot where

16.5. Universal Functions (ufuncs)

16.5.1. The Optional output Argument 16.5.2. Callable Attributes

accumulate outer reduce reduceat

16.5.3. ufunc Objects Supplied by Numeric 16.5.4. Shorthand for Commonly Used ufunc Methods

16.6. Auxiliary Numeric Modules

17. Tkinter GUIs

17.1. Tkinter Fundamentals

17.1.1. Dialogs

17.1.1.1. The tkMessageBox module 17.1.1.2. The tkSimpleDialog module 17.1.1.3. The tkFileDialog module 17.1.1.4. The tkColorChooser module

17.2. Widget Fundamentals

17.2.1. Common Widget Options

17.2.1.1. Color options 17.2.1.2. Length options 17.2.1.3. Options expressing numbers of characters 17.2.1.4. Other common options

17.2.2. Common Widget Methods

cget config focus_set grab_set, grab_release mainloop quit update update_idletasks wait_variable wait_visibility wait_window winfo_height winfo_width

17.2.3. Tkinter Variable Objects 17.2.4. Tkinter Images

17.3. Commonly Used Simple Widgets

17.3.1. Button

flash invoke

17.3.2. Checkbutton

deselect flash invoke select toggle

17.3.3. Entry 17.3.4. Label 17.3.5. Listbox

curselection select_clear select_set

17.3.6. Radiobutton

deselect flash invoke select

17.3.7. Scale

get set

17.3.8. Scrollbar

17.4. Container Widgets

17.4.1. Frame 17.4.2. Toplevel

deiconify geometry iconify maxsize minsize overrideredirect protocol resizable state title withdraw

17.5. Menus

17.5.1. Menu-Specific Methods

add, add_cascade, add_checkbutton, add_command, add_radiobutton, add_separator delete entryconfigure, entryconfig insert, insert_cascade, insert_checkbutton, insert_command, insert_radiobutton, insert_separator invoke post unpost

17.5.2. Menu Entries 17.5.3. Menu Example

17.6. The Text Widget

17.6.1. The ScrolledText Module 17.6.2. Text Widget Methods

delete get image_create insert search see window_create xview, yview

17.6.3. Marks

mark_gravity mark_set mark_unset

17.6.4. Tags

tag_add tag_bind tag_cget tag_config tag_delete tag_lower tag_names tag_raise tag_ranges tag_remove tag_unbind

17.6.5. Indices

compare index

17.6.6. Fonts

actual cget config copy

17.6.7. Text Example

17.7. The Canvas Widget

17.7.1. Canvas Methods on Items

bbox coords delete gettags itemcget itemconfig tag_bind tag_unbind

17.7.2. The Line Canvas Item

create_line

17.7.3. The Polygon Canvas Item

create_polygon

17.7.4. The Rectangle Canvas Item

create_rectangle

17.7.5. The Text Canvas Item

create_text

17.7.6. A Simple Plotting Example

17.8. Layout Management

17.8.1. The Packer

pack pack_forget pack_info

17.8.2. The Gridder

grid grid_forget grid_info

17.8.3. The Placer

place place_forget place_info

17.9. Tkinter Events

17.9.1. The Event Object 17.9.2. Binding Callbacks to Events 17.9.3. Event Names

17.9.3.1. Keyboard events 17.9.3.2. Mouse events

17.9.4. Event-Related Methods

bind bind_all unbind unbind_all

17.9.5. An Events Example 17.9.6. Other Callback-Related Methods

after after_cancel after_idle

18. Testing, Debugging, and Optimizing

18.1. Testing

18.1.1. Unit Testing and System Testing 18.1.2. The doctest Module 18.1.3. The unittest Module

18.1.3.1. The TestCase class

assert_, failUnless assertAlmost-Equal, failUnlessAl-mostEqual assertEqual, failUnlessEqual assertNotAl-mostEqual, failIfAlmost-Equal assertNotEqual, failIfEqual assertRaises, failUnlessRaises fail failIf setUp tearDown

18.1.3.2. Unit tests dealing with large amounts of data

18.2. Debugging

18.2.1. Before You Debug 18.2.2. The inspect Module

getargspec, formatargspec getargvalues, formatarg-values currentframe getdoc getfile, getsourcefile getmembers getmodule getmro getsource, getsourcelines isbuiltin, isclass, iscode, isframe, isfunction, ismethod, ismodule, isroutine stack

18.2.2.1. An example of using inspect

18.2.3. The traceback Module

print_exc

18.2.4. The pdb Module

! alias, unalias args, a break, b clear, cl condition continue, c, cont disable down, d enable ignore list, l next, n print, p quit, q return, r step, s tbreak up, u where, w

18.2.5. Debugging in IDLE

18.3. The warnings Module

18.3.1. Classes 18.3.2. Objects 18.3.3. Filters 18.3.4. Functions

filterwarnings formatwarning resetwarnings showwarning warn

18.4. Optimization

18.4.1. Developing a Fast-Enough Python Application 18.4.2. Benchmarking 18.4.3. Large-Scale Optimization

18.4.3.1. List operations 18.4.3.2. String operations 18.4.3.3. Dictionary operations 18.4.3.4. Set operations 18.4.3.5. Summary of big-O times for operations on Python built-in types

18.4.4. Profiling

18.4.4.1. The profile module

run

18.4.4.2. Calibration

calibrate

18.4.4.3. The pstats module

Stats add print_callees, print_callers print_stats sort_stats strip_dirs

18.4.5. Small-Scale Optimization

18.4.5.1. Module timeit 18.4.5.2. Building up a string from pieces 18.4.5.3. Searching and sorting 18.4.5.4. Avoiding exec and from...import * 18.4.5.5. Optimizing loops 18.4.5.6. Optimizing I/O

IV. Network and Web Programming

19. Client-Side Network Protocol Modules

19.1. URL Access

19.1.1. The urlparse Module

urljoin urlsplit urlunsplit

19.1.2. The urllib Module

19.1.2.1. Functions

quote quote_plus unquote unquote_plus urlcleanup urlencode urlopen urlretrieve

19.1.2.2. The FancyURLopener class

prompt_user_passwd version

19.1.3. The urllib2 Module

19.1.3.1. Functions

build_opener install_opener urlopen

19.1.3.2. The Request class

Request add_data add_header add_unredirec-ted_header get_data get_full_url get_host get_method get_selector get_type has_data has_header set_proxy

19.1.3.3. The OpenerDirector class 19.1.3.4. Handler classes 19.1.3.5. Handling authentication

add_password

19.2. Email Protocols

19.2.1. The poplib Module

POP3 dele list pass_ quit retr set_debuglevel stat top user

19.2.2. The smtplib Module

SMTP connect login quit sendmail

19.3. The HTTP and FTP Protocols

19.3.1. The httplib Module

HTTPConnection close getresponse request

19.3.2. The ftplib Module

FTP abort connect cwd delete getwelcome login mkd pwd quit rename retrbinary retrlines rmd sendcmd set_pasv size storbinary storlines

19.4. Network News

NNTP

19.4.1. Response Strings 19.4.2. Methods

article body group head last list newgroups newnews next post quit stat

19.4.3. Example

19.5. Telnet

Telnet close expect interact open read_all read_eager read_some read_until write

19.6. Distributed Computing

Binary DateTime ServerProxy

19.7. Other Protocols

20. Sockets and Server-Side Network Protocol Modules

20.1. The socket Module

20.1.1. socket Functions

getdefault-timeout getfqdn gethostbyaddr gethostby-name_ex htonl htons inet_aton inet_ntoa ntohl ntohs setdefault-timeout socket

20.1.2. The socket Class

accept bind close connect getpeername getsockname getsockopt gettimeout listen makefile recv recvfrom send sendall sendto

20.1.3. Echo Server and Client Using TCP Sockets 20.1.4. Echo Server and Client Using UDP Sockets 20.1.5. Socket Timeout Behavior

20.2. The SocketServer Module

20.2.1. The BaseRequestHandler Class

client_address handle request server

20.2.2. HTTP Servers

20.2.2.1. The BaseHTTPServer module

command handle end_headers path rfile send_header send_error send_response wfile

20.2.2.2. The SimpleHTTPServer module 20.2.2.3. The CGIHTTPServer module 20.2.2.4. The SimpleXMLRPCServer module

register_function register_instance

20.3. Event-Driven Socket Programs

20.3.1. The select Module

select

20.3.2. The asyncore and asynchat Modules

20.3.2.1. The asyncore module

loop create_socket handle_accept handle_close handle_connect handle_read handle_write send

20.3.2.2. The asynchat module

collect_incoming_data found_terminator push set_terminator

20.3.3. The Twisted Framework

20.3.3.1. The twisted.internet and twisted.protocols packages 20.3.3.2. Reactors

callLater callInThread callFromThread callWhenRun-ning connectTCP listenTCP run stop

20.3.3.3. Transports

getHost getPeer loseConnection write writeSequence

20.3.3.4. Protocol handlers and factories

connectionLost connection-Made dataReceived makeConnec-tion

20.3.3.5. Echo server using Twisted

21. CGI Scripting and Alternatives

21.1. CGI in Python

21.1.1. Form Submission Methods 21.1.2. The cgi Module

escape FieldStorage getfirst getlist

21.1.3. CGI Output and Errors

21.1.3.1. Error messages 21.1.3.2. The cgitb module

handle enable

21.1.4. Installing Python CGI Scripts

21.1.4.1. Python CGI scripts on Microsoft web servers 21.1.4.2. Python CGI scripts on Apache 21.1.4.3. Python CGI scripts on Xitami

21.2. Cookies

21.2.1. The Cookie Module

Morsel SimpleCookie SmartCookie

21.2.1.1. Cookie methods

js_output load output

21.2.1.2. Morsel attributes and methods

js_output output OutputString set

21.2.1.3. Using module Cookie

21.3. Other Server-Side Approaches

21.3.1. FastCGI 21.3.2. WSGI 21.3.3. mod_python 21.3.4. Custom Pure Python Servers 21.3.5. Other Higher-Level-of-Abstraction Frameworks

21.3.5.1. Webware 21.3.5.2. Quixote 21.3.5.3. web.py

22. MIME and Network Encodings

22.1. Encoding Binary Data as Text

22.1.1. The base64 Module

decode decodestring encode encodestring

22.1.2. The quopri Module

decode decodestring encode encodestring

22.1.3. The uu Module

decode encode

22.2. MIME and Email Format Handling

22.2.1. Functions in Package email

message_from_string message_from_file

22.2.2. The email.Message Module

add_header as_string attach epilogue get_all get_boundary get_charsets get_content_maintype get_content_subtype get_content_type get_filename get_param get_params get_payload get_unixfrom is_multipart preamble set_boundary set_payload set_unixfrom walk

22.2.3. The email.Generator Module

Generator

22.2.4. Creating Messages

MIMEAudio MIMEBase MIMEImage MIMEMessage MIMEText

22.2.5. The email.Encoders Module

encode_base64 encode_noop encode_quopri encode_7or8bit

22.2.6. The email.Utils Module

formataddr formatdate getaddresses mktime_tz parseaddr parsedate parsedate_tz quote unquote

22.2.7. Example Uses of the email Package 22.2.8. The Message Classes of the rfc822 and mimetools Modules

getmaintype getparam getsubtype gettype

23. Structured Text: HTML

23.1. The sgmllib Module

close do_tag end_tag feed handle_charref handle_comment handle_data handle_endtag handle_entityref handle_starttag report_unbalanced start_tag unknown_charref unknown_endtag unknown_entityref unknown_starttag

23.1.1. Parsing HTML with sgmllib

23.2. The htmllib Module

anchor_bgn anchor_end anchorlist formatter handle_image nofill save_bgn save_end Abstract-Formatter AbstractWriter DumbWriter NullFormatter NullWriter

23.2.1. The htmlentitydefs Module 23.2.2. Parsing HTML with htmllib

23.3. The HTMLParser Module

close feed handle_charref handle_comment handle_data handle_endtag handle_entityref handle_starttag

23.3.1. Parsing HTML with HTMLParser

23.4. The BeautifulSoup Extension

23.4.1. Parsing HTML with BeautifulSoup

23.5. Generating HTML

23.5.1. Embedding 23.5.2. Templating 23.5.3. The Cheetah Package

23.5.3.1. The Cheetah templating language 23.5.3.2. The Template class

Template

23.5.3.3. A Cheetah example

24. Structured Text: XML

24.1. An Overview of XML Parsing 24.2. Parsing XML with SAX

24.2.1. The xml.sax Package

make_parser parse parseString ContentHandler

24.2.1.1. Attributes

getValueByQ-Name etNameByQ-Name getQNameBy-Name getQNames

24.2.1.2. Incremental parsing

close feed reset

24.2.1.3. The xml.sax.saxutils module

escape quoteattr XMLGenerator

24.2.2. Parsing XHTML with xml.sax

24.3. Parsing XML with DOM

24.3.1. The xml.dom Package 24.3.2. The xml.dom.minidom Module

parse parseString

24.3.2.1. Node objects

attributes childNodes firstChild hasChildNodes isSameNode lastChild localName namespaceURI nextSibling nodeName nodeType nodeValue normalize ownerDocument parentNode prefix previousSibling

24.3.2.2. Attr objects

ownerElement specified

24.3.2.3. Document objects

doctype document-Element getElementById getElementsBy-TagName getElementsBy-TagNameNS

24.3.2.4. Element objects

getAttribute getAttributeNS getAttribute-Node getAttribute-NodeNS getElementsBy-TagName getElementsBy-TagNameNS hasAttribute hasAttributeNS

24.3.3. Parsing XHTML with xml.dom.minidom 24.3.4. The xml.dom.pulldom Module

parse parseString expandNode

24.3.5. Parsing XHTML with xml.dom.pulldom

24.4. Changing and Generating XML

24.4.1. Factory Methods of a Document Object

createComment createElement createTextNode

24.4.2. Mutating Methods of an Element Object

removeAttribute setAttribute

24.4.3. Mutating Methods of a Node Object

appendChild insertBefore removeChild replaceChild

24.4.4. Output Methods of a Node Object

toprettyxml toxml writexml

24.4.5. Changing and Outputting XHTML with xml.dom.minidom

V. Extending and Embedding

25. Extending and Embedding Classic Python

25.1. Extending Python with Python's C API

25.1.1. Building and Installing C-Coded Python Extensions

25.1.1.1. The C compiler you need 25.1.1.2. Compatibility of C-coded extensions among Python versions

25.1.2. Overview of C-Coded Python Extension Modules 25.1.3. Return Values of Python's C API Functions 25.1.4. Module Initialization

Py_InitModule3 PyModule_AddIntConstant PyModule_AddObject PyModule_AddStringCon-stant PyModule_GetDict PyImport_Import

25.1.4.1. The PyMethodDef structure

25.1.5. Reference Counting 25.1.6. Accessing Arguments

PyArg_ParseTuple

PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords

25.1.7. Creating Python Values

Py_BuildValue

25.1.8. Exceptions

PyErr_Format PyErr_NewException PyErr_NoMemory PyErr_SetObject PyErr_SetFromErrno PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename PyErr_Clear PyErr_ExceptionMatches PyErr_Occurred PyErr_Print

25.1.9. Abstract Layer Functions

PyCallable_Check PyEval_CallObject PyEval_CallObjectWithKeywords PyIter_Check PyIter_Next PyNumber_Check PyObject_CallFunction PyObject_CallMethod PyObject_Cmp PyObject_DelAttrString PyObject_DelItem PyObject_DelItemString PyObject_GetAttrString PyObject_GetItem PyObject_GetItemString PyObject_GetIter PyObject_HasAttrString PyObject_IsTrue PyObject_Length PyObject_Repr PyObject_RichCompare PyObject_RichCompareBool PyObject_SetAttrString PyObject_SetItem PyObject_SetItemString PyObject_Str PyObject_Type PyObject_Unicode PySequence_Contains PySequence_DelSlice PySequence_Fast PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE PySequence_GetSlice PySequence_List PySequence_SetSlice PySequence_Tuple PyNumber_Power

25.1.10. Concrete Layer Functions

PyDict_GetItem PyDict_GetItemString PyDict_Next PyDict_Merge PyDict_MergeFromSeq2 PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE PyList_New PyList_GET_ITEM PyList_SET_ITEM PyString_AS_STRING PyString_AsStringAndSize PyString_FromFormat PyString_FromStringAnd-Size PyTuple_New PyTuple_GET_ITEM PyTuple_SET_ITEM

25.1.11. A Simple Extension Example 25.1.12. Defining New Types

25.1.12.1. Per-instance data 25.1.12.2. The PyTypeObject definition 25.1.12.3. Instance initialization and finalization 25.1.12.4. Attribute access 25.1.12.5. Type definition example

25.2. Extending Python Without Python's C API 25.3. Embedding Python

25.3.1. Installing Resident Extension Modules

PyImport_AppendInittab

25.3.2. Setting Arguments

Py_SetPro-gramName PySys_SetArgv

25.3.3. Python Initialization and Finalization

Py_Finalize Py_Initialize

25.3.4. Running Python Code

PyRun_File PyRun_String PyModule_New Py_CompileString PyEval_EvalCode

25.4. Pyrex

25.4.1. The cdef Statement and Function Parameters

25.4.1.1. External declarations 25.4.1.2. cdef classes

25.4.2. The ctypedef Statement 25.4.3. The for...from Statement 25.4.4. Pyrex Expressions 25.4.5. A Pyrex Example: Greatest Common Divisor

26. Extending and Embedding Jython

26.1. Importing Java Packages in Jython

26.1.1. The Jython Registry 26.1.2. Accessibility 26.1.3. Type Conversions

26.1.3.1. Calling overloaded Java methods 26.1.3.2. The jarray module

array zeros

26.1.3.3. The java.util collection classes

26.1.4. Subclassing a Java Class 26.1.5. JavaBeans

26.2. Embedding Jython in Java

26.2.1. The PythonInterpreter Class

eval exec execfile get set

26.2.1.1. The _ _builtin_ _ class

26.2.2. The PyObject Class 26.2.3. The Py Class

26.3. Compiling Python into Java

26.3.1. The jythonc Command 26.3.2. Adding Java-Visible Methods 26.3.3. Python Applets and Servlets

26.3.3.1. Python applets 26.3.3.2. Python servlets

27. Distributing Extensions and Programs

27.1. Python's distutils

27.1.1. The Distribution and Its Root 27.1.2. The setup.py Script 27.1.3. Metadata About the Distribution 27.1.4. Distribution Contents

27.1.4.1. Python source files

packages py_modules scripts

27.1.4.2. Datafiles

data_files

27.1.4.3. C-coded extensions

ext_modules Extension

27.1.5. The setup.cfg File 27.1.6. The MANIFEST.in and MANIFEST Files 27.1.7. Creating Prebuilt Distributions with distutils

27.2. py2exe 27.3. py2app 27.4. cx_Freeze 27.5. PyInstaller

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