Separation by Bowlby, E.J. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

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Index

Cover Contents About the Book About the Author Dedication Title Page Preface Part I: Security, Anxiety, and Distress

1. Prototypes of Human Sorrow

Responses of young children to separation from mother Conditions leading to intense responses Conditions mitigating the intensity of responses Presence or absence of mother figure: a key variable

2. The Place of Separation and Loss in Psychopathology

Problem and perspective Separation anxiety and other forms of anxiety A challenge for theory

3. Behaviour with and without Mother: Humans

Naturalistic observations Experimental studies Ontogeny of responses to separation

4. Behaviour with and without Mother: Non-human Primates

Naturalistic observations Early experimental studies Further studies by Hinde and Spencer-Booth

Part II: An Ethological Approach to Human Fear

5. Basic Postulates in Theories of Anxiety and Fear

Anxiety allied to fear Models of motivation and their effects on theory Puzzling phobia or natural fear

6. Forms of Behaviour Indicative of Fear

An empirical approach Withdrawal behaviour and attachment behaviour Feeling afraid and its variants: feeling alarmed and feeling anxious

7. Situations that Arouse Fear in Humans

A difficult field of study Fear-arousing situations: the first year Fear-arousing situations: the second and later years Compound situations Fear behaviour and the development of attachment

8. Situations that Arouse Fear in Animals

Natural clues to potential danger Fear behaviour of non-human primates Compound situations Fear, attack, and exploration

9. Natural Clues to Danger and Safety

Better safe than sorry Potential danger of being alone Potential safety of familiar companions and environment Maintaining a stable relationship with the familiar environment: a form of homeostasis

10. Natural Clues, Cultural Clues, and the Assessment of Danger

Clues of three kinds Real danger: difficulties of assessment ‘Imaginary’ dangers Cultural clues learnt from others Continuing role of the natural clues Behaviour in disaster

11. Rationalization, Misattribution, and Projection

Difficulties in identifying situations that arouse fear Misattribution and the role of projection The case of Schreber: a re-examination

12. Fear of Separation

Hypotheses regarding its development Need for two terminologies

Part III: Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Fear: Anxious Attachment

13. Some Variables responsible for Individual Differences

Constitutional variables Experiences and processes that reduce susceptibility to fear Experiences amd processes that increase susceptibility to fear

14. Susceptibility to Fear and the Availability of Attachment Figures

Forecasting the availability of an attachment figure Working models of attachment figures and of self The role of experience in determining working models A note on use of the terms ‘mature’ and ‘immature’

15. Anxious Attachment and Some Conditions that Promote it

‘Overdependency’ or anxious attachment Anxious attachment of children reared without a permanent mother figure Anxious attachment after a period of separation or of daily substitute care Anxious attachment following threats of abandonment or suicide

16. ‘Overdependency’ and the Theory of Spoiling

Some contrasting theories Studies of ‘overdependency’ and its antecedents

17. Anger, Anxiety, and Attachment

Anger: a response to separation Anger: functional and dysfunctional Anger, ambivalence, and anxiety

18. Anxious Attachment and the ‘Phobias’ of Childhood

Phobia, pseudophobia, and anxiety state ‘School phobia’ or school refusal Two classical cases of childhood phobia: a reappraisal Animal phobias in childhood

19. Anxious Attachment and ‘Agoraphobia’

Symptomatology and theories of ‘agoraphobia’ Pathogenic patterns of family interaction ‘Agoraphobia’, bereavement, and depression A note on response to treatment

20. Omission, Suppression, and Falsification of Family Context 21. Secure Attachment and the Growth of Self-reliance

Personality development and family experience Studies of adolescents and young adults Studies of young children Self-reliance and reliance on others

22. Pathways for the Growth of Personality

The nature of individual variation: alternative models Developmental pathways and homeorhesis One person’s pathway: some determinants

Appendices Appendix I: Separation Anxiety: Review of Literature Appendix II: Psychoanalysis and Evolution Theory Appendix III: Problems of Terminology References Acknowledgements Index Copyright

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