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Index
About This eBook
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
About the Technical Reviewers
Dedications
Acknowledgments
Contents at a Glance
Contents
Command Syntax Conventions
Foreword
Introduction
Industry Trends
What Is an “Application”?
The Need for Abstraction
What Is Cisco ACI
Cisco ACI Innovations
Book Structure
Terminology
Chapter 1. Data Center Architecture Considerations
Application and Storage
Virtualized Data Center
Introduction
Definition and Virtualization Concepts
Network and Design Requirements
Storage Requirements
Big Data
Definition
Network Requirements
Cluster Design with the Hadoop Building Blocks: the POD
Storage Requirements
Design Considerations
High-Performance Compute
Definition
Network Requirements
Storage Requirements
Design Considerations
Design Topologies
Ultra-Low Latency
Definition
Network Requirements
Storage Requirements
Design Considerations
Design Topologies
Massively Scalable Data Center
Definition
Network Requirements
Storage Requirements
Design Considerations
Design Topologies
Design Topologies Examples
The POD-based Designs
The POD Model or the Data Model for Shared Infrastructure and Cloud Computing
The FlexPod Design
Data Center Designs
End of Row
Middle of Row
Top of Rack: The Modern Data Center Approach
Single-Homed Servers Design
Logical Data Center Design with the Spine-Leaf ACI Foundation Architecture
Summary
Chapter 2. Building Blocks for Cloud Architectures
Introduction to Cloud Architectures
Network Requirements of Clouds and the ACI Solution
Amazon Web Services Model
Automating Server Provisioning
PXE Booting
Deploying the OS with Chef, Puppet, CFengine, or Similar Tools
Chef
Puppet
Orchestrators for Infrastructure as a Service
vCloud Director
OpenStack
Project and Releases
Multi-Hypervisor Support
Installers
Architecture Models
Networking Considerations
UCS Director
Cisco Intelligent Automation for Cloud
Conciliating Different Abstraction Models
Summary
Chapter 3. The Policy Data Center
Why the Need for the Policy-Based Model?
The Policy Theory
Cisco APIC Policy Object Model
Endpoint Groups
Cisco APIC Policy Enforcement
Unicast Policy Enforcement
Multicast Policy Enforcement
Application Network Profiles
Contracts
Understanding Cisco APIC
Cisco ACI Operating System (Cisco ACI Fabric OS)
Architecture: Components and Functions of the Cisco APIC
Policy Manager
Topology Manager
Observer
Boot Director
Appliance Director
VMM Manager
Event Manager
Appliance Element
Architecture: Data Management with Sharding
Effect of Replication on Reliability
Effect of Sharding on Reliability
Sharding Technology
User Interface: Graphical User Interface
User Interface: Command-Line Interface
User Interface: RESTful API
System Access: Authentication, Authorization, and RBAC
Summary
Chapter 4. Operational Model
Introduction to Key Technologies and Tools for Modern Data Centers
Network Management Options
REST Protocol
XML, JSON, and YAML
Python
Python Basics
Where Is the main() Function?
Functions Definition
Useful Data Structures
Parsing Files
Verifying Python Scripts
Where to Run Python
Pip, EasyInstall, and Setup Tools
Which Packages Do I Need?
virtualenv
Git and GitHub
Basic Concepts of Version Control
Centralized Versus Distributed
Overview of Basic Operations with Git
Installing/Setting Up Git
Key Commands in Git
Operations with the Cisco APIC
Object Tree
Classes, Objects, and Relations
Naming Conventions
Object Store
Using REST to Program the Network
Tools to Send REST Calls
REST Syntax in Cisco ACI
Modeling Tenants in XML
Defining the Relationship Among EPGs (Providers and Consumers)
A Simple Any-to-Any Policy
ACI SDK
ACI Python Egg
How to Develop Python Scripts for ACI
Where to Find Python Scripts for ACI
For Additional Information
Summary
Chapter 5. Data Center Design with Hypervisors
Virtualized Server Networking
Why Have a Software Switching Component on the Server?
Overview of Networking Components
Virtual Network Adapters
Virtual Switching
Endpoint Groups
Distributed Switching
Hot Migration of Virtual Machines
Segmentation Options
VLANs
VXLANs
VXLAN Packet Format
VXLAN Packet Forwarding
VXLANs Without Multicast
Microsoft Hyper-V Networking
Linux KVM and Networking
Linux Bridging
Open vSwitch
OVS Architecture
Example Topology
Open vSwitch with OpenStack
OpenFlow
VMware ESX/ESXi Networking
VMware vSwitch and Distributed Virtual Switch
VMware ESXi Server Traffic Requirements
VXLAN Tagging with vShield
vCloud Director and vApps
vCloud Networks
Cisco Nexus 1000V
Port Extension with VN-TAG
Cisco ACI Modeling of Virtual Server Connectivity
Overlay Normalization
VMM Domain
Endpoint Discovery
Policy Resolution Immediacy
Cisco ACI Integration with Hyper-V
Cisco ACI Integration with KVM
Cisco ACI Integration with VMware ESX
Summary
Chapter 6. OpenStack
What Is OpenStack?
Nova
Neutron
Swift
Cinder
Horizon
Heat
Ironic
OpenStack Deployments in the Enterprise
Benefits of Cisco ACI and OpenStack
Cisco ACI Policy Model
Physical and Virtual Integration
Fabric Tunnels
Service Chaining
Telemetry
OpenStack APIC Driver Architecture and Operations
How Integration Works
Deployment Example
Installation of Icehouse
Configuration of the Cisco APIC Driver
Neutron.conf File
ML2_conf.ini File
ML2_cisco_conf.ini File
Configuration Parameters
Host-Port Connectivity
External Networks
PortChannel Configuration
Troubleshooting
The Group Based Policy Project at OpenStack
Summary
Chapter 7. ACI Fabric Design Methodology
Summary of ACI Fabric Key Functionalities
ACI Forwarding Behavior
Prescriptive Topology
Overlay Frame Format
VXLAN Forwarding
Pervasive Gateway
Outside Versus Inside
Packet Walk
Segmentation with Endpoint Groups
Management Model
Hardware and Software
Physical Topology
Cisco APIC Design Considerations
Spine Design Considerations
Leaf Design Considerations
Unknown Unicast and Broadcast
Use of VLANs as a Segmentation Mechanism
VLANs and VXLANs Namespaces
Concept of Domain
Concept of Attach Entity Profile
Multi-tenancy Considerations
Initial Configuration Steps
Zero-Touch Provisioning
Network Management
Policy-based Configuration of Access Ports
Configuring Switch Profiles for Each Leaf
Configuring Interface Policies
Interface Policy Groups and PortChannels
Interface Policy Groups
PortChannels
Virtual PortChannels
Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) Domains
VMM Domain
AEP for Virtualized Servers Connectivity
Configuring a Virtual Topology
Bridge Domain
Hardware Proxy
Flooding Mode
fvCtx
Endpoint Connectivity
Connecting a Physical Server
Connecting a Virtual Server
External Connectivity
Summary
Chapter 8. Service Insertion with ACI
Overview of ACI Design with Layer 4 Through Layer 7 Services
Benefits
Connecting Endpoint Groups with a Service Graph
Extension to Virtualized Servers
Management Model
Service Graphs, Functions, and Rendering
Hardware and Software Support
Cisco ACI Modeling of Service Insertion
Service Graph Definition
Concrete Devices and Logical Devices
Logical Device Selector (or Context)
Splitting Bridge Domains
Configuration Steps
Definition of a Service Graph
Defining the Boundaries of the Service Graph
The Metadevice
Defining an Abstract Node’s Functions
Defining an Abstract Node’s Connectors
Abstract Node Elements Summary
Connecting Abstract Nodes to Create the Graph
Definition of Concrete Devices and Cluster of Concrete Devices
Configuration of the Logical Device and Concrete Device
Configuration of the Logical Device Context (Cluster Device Selector)
Naming Summary
Summary
Chapter 9. Advanced Telemetry
Atomic Counters
The Principle
Further Explanation and Example
Atomic Counters and the APIC
Latency Metrics
ACI Health Monitoring
Statistics
Faults
Events, Logs, Diagnostics
Health Score
The Centralized show tech-support ACI Approach
Summary
Chapter 10. Data Center Switch Architecture
Data, Control, and Management Planes
Separation Between Data, Control, and Management Planes
Interaction Between Control, Data, and Management Planes
Protection of the Control Plane with CoPP
Control Plane Packet Types
CoPP Classification
CoPP Rate-Controlling Mechanisms
Data Center Switch Architecture
Cut-through Switching: Performance for the Data Center
Crossbar Switch Fabric Architecture
Unicast Switching over Crossbar Fabrics
Multicast Switching over Crossbar Fabrics
Overspeed in Crossbar Fabrics
Superframing in the Crossbar Fabric
The Scheduler
Crossbar Cut-through Architecture Summary
Output Queuing (Classic Crossbar)
Input Queuing (Ingress Crossbar)
Understanding HOLB
Overcoming HOLB with VoQ
Multistage Crossbar
Centralized Shared Memory (SoC)
Multistage SoC
Crossbar Fabric with SoC
SoC Fabric
QoS Fundamentals
Data Center QoS Requirements
Data Center Requirements
Type of QoS Used in Different Data Center Use Cases
Trust, Classification, and Marking Boundaries
Data Center QoS Capabilities
Understanding Buffer Utilization
The Buffer Bloat
Priority Flow Control
Enhanced Transmission Selection
Data Center Bridging Exchange
ECN and DCTCP
Priority Queue
Flowlet Switching: Nexus 9000 Fabric Load Balancing
Nexus QoS Implementation: The MQC Model
Summary
Conclusion
Index
Code Snippets
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