Harwood-Nuss’ Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine, 6th Edition by Wolfson, Allan B. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Title Page Copyright Dedication Contributors Preface Contents Introduction: The Approach to the Patient in the Emergency Department SECTION I: Resuscitation

1 Airway Management 2 Airway Procedures 3 Cardiopulmonary Arrest 4 Shock 5 Vascular Access

SECTION II: High-Risk Chief Complaints

6 Chest Pain 7 Abdominal Pain 8 Shortness of Breath 9 Syncope 10 Fever 11 Altered Mental Status and Coma 12 Headache 13 Weakness 14 Dizziness

SECTION III: Pain Management and Procedural Sedation

15 Acute Pain Management 16 Chronic Pain Syndromes 17 Procedural Sedation and Analgesia

SECTION IV: Trauma

PART 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

18 General Principles of Trauma 19 Trauma Airway Management 20 Traumatic Shock 21 Wound Management

PART 2 SPECIFIC INJURIES

22 Head Injuries 23 Maxillofacial Injuries 24 Dental Injuries 25 Eye Trauma 26 Blunt Neck Trauma 27 Penetrating Neck Trauma 28 Cervical Spine Fractures 29 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures 30 Spinal Cord Injuries 31 Blunt Chest Trauma 32 Penetrating Chest Trauma 33 Blunt Abdominal Trauma 34 Penetrating Abdominal Trauma 35 Genitourinary Trauma 36 Peripheral Vascular Injuries

PART 3 ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA

37 Approach to Musculoskeletal Injuries 38 Shoulder Injuries 39 Elbow Injuries 40 Wrist and Forearm Injuries 41 Hand Injuries 42 Pelvic Fractures 43 Hip and Femur Injuries 44 Knee Injuries 45 Ankle and Foot Injuries

PART 4 Special Considerations

46 Burns 47 Replantation 48 Acute Compartment Syndrome 49 Ballistics 50 Blast Injuries 51 Hanging and Strangulation Injuries 52 Trauma in Pregnancy 53 Trauma in Older Adults

SECTION V: Eye Emergencies

54 The Eye Examination 55 Common Ophthalmic Medications 56 The Red Eye 57 Corneal Abrasion and Foreign Bodies 58 Acute Vision Loss 59 Diplopia 60 Acute Eye Infections 61 Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma

SECTION VI: ENT and Dental Emergencies

62 Dental Emergencies 63 Head and Neck Infections 64 Temporomandibular Pain and Dislocation 65 Upper Airway Obstruction 66 Sore Throat 67 Sinusitis and Rhinitis 68 Ear Infections in Adults 69 Epistaxis 70 Vertigo 71 Acute Hearing Loss and Tinnitus 72 Complications of Tracheostomies

SECTION VII: Pulmonary Emergencies

73 Respiratory Failure 74 Pneumonia 75 Pleural Effusion 76 Asthma 77 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 78 Spontaneous Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum 79 Pulmonary Embolism 80 Hemoptysis 81 Sarcoidosis

SECTION VIII: Cardiac Emergencies

82 Acute Coronary Syndrome 83 Congestive Heart Failure and Cor Pulmonale 84 Bradydysrhythmias 85 Tachydysrhythmias 86 Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillators 87 Valvular Heart Disease 88 Infective Endocarditis 89 Acute Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade 90 Hypertension

SECTION IX: Vascular Emergencies

91 Nontraumatic Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disorders 92 Thoracic Aortic Dissection and Aneurysm 93 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 94 Mesenteric Ischemia 95 Peripheral Arterial Disease 96 Deep Venous Thrombosis and Thrombophlebitis 97 Vascular Graft Complications

SECTION X: Gastrointestinal Emergencies

98 Esophageal Disorders 99 Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding 100 Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding 101 Peptic Ulcer 102 Jaundice 103 Acute Diseases of the Biliary Tract 104 Hepatitis 105 Hepatic Failure and Cirrhosis 106 The Liver Transplant Patient 107 Pancreatitis 108 Appendicitis 109 Bowel Obstruction 110 Hernias 111 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 112 Diarrhea 113 Diverticular Disease 114 Anorectal Disorders 115 Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies 116 Feeding Tubes

SECTION XI: Renal and Urologic Emergencies

117 Hematuria 118 Acute Kidney Injury 119 Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis-Related Emergencies 120 The Renal Transplant Patient 121 Acute Scrotal Pain 122 Penile Disorders 123 Urinary Tract Infection 124 Prostatitis 125 Fournier Gangrene 126 Urolithiasis 127 Urinary Incontinence and Retention 128 Genitourinary Stents and Catheters

SECTION XII: Gynecologic Emergencies

129 Pelvic Pain 130 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 131 Vaginal Bleeding in the Nonpregnant Patient 132 Vaginitis 133 Bartholin Gland Cyst’s and Abscess 134 Breast Masses and Infections 135 Sexual Assault

SECTION XIII: Obstetric Emergencies

136 First-Trimester Vaginal Bleeding 137 Ectopic Pregnancy 138 Hyperemesis Gravidarum 139 Postabortion Complications 140 Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy 141 Third-Trimester Vaginal Bleeding 142 Emergency Delivery 143 Postpartum Emergencies 144 Medical Treatment During Pregnancy

SECTION XIV: Musculoskeletal Emergencies

145 Hand and Wrist Pain 146 Bursitis and Tendinopathy 147 Hand Infections 148 Low Back Pain 149 Foot Disorders 150 Monoarticular Arthritis 151 Polyarticular Arthritis

SECTION XV: Neurologic Emergencies

152 Organic Brain Syndrome 153 Headache 154 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 155 Cerebrovascular Disease 156 Seizures 157 Transient Global Amnesia 158 Peripheral Neuropathies 159 Bell’s Palsy and Trigeminal Neuralgia 160 Myopathies and Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission 161 Demyelinating Disease 162 Parkinsonism and Other Movement Disorders

SECTION XVI: Psychiatric Emergencies

163 Medical Clearance 164 Depression and Suicidal Ideation 165 Anxiety Disorders and Panic Attack 166 Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder 167 The Agitated or Violent Patient 168 Factitious Illness, Malingering, and Conversion Disorder 169 Bereavement and Grief Reactions

SECTION XVII: Dermatologic Emergencies

170 Life-Threatening Dermatoses 171 Papulosquamous Eruptions 172 Blistering Disorders 173 Purpuric Eruptions 174 Urticaria

SECTION XVIII: Allergic and Immunologic Emergencies

175 Anaphylaxis 176 Angioedema 177 Drug Allergy and Other Drug Reactions 178 Multisystem Autoimmune Disease

SECTION XIX: Infectious Disease Emergencies

179 Bacteremia, Sepsis, and Septic Shock 180 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections 181 Tetanus 182 Meningitis and Encephalitis 183 Brain Abscess and Other Suppurative CNS Infections 184 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 185 Lyme Disease 186 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 187 Other Tick-Borne Diseases 188 Tuberculosis 189 Infectious Mononucleosis 190 Influenza 191 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Related Disorders 192 Toxic Shock Syndromes 193 Parasitic Disease 194 Blood and Body Fluid Exposures in the Healthcare Worker 195 Food Poisoning

SECTION XX: Hematologic/Oncologic Emergencies

196 Bleeding Disorders 197 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, and Hemolytic–Uremic Syndrome 198 Complications of Antithrombotic Therapy 199 Sickle Cell Disease 200 Anemia 201 Transfusion Reactions and Complications 202 The Cancer Patient in the Emergency Department

SECTION XXI: Endocrine and Metabolic Emergencies

203 Acid–Base Disturbances 204 Diabetes Mellitus 205 Hyperglycemic Crises 206 Hypoglycemia 207 Alcoholic Ketoacidosis 208 Thyroid Emergencies 209 Adrenal and Pituitary Disorders 210 Disorders of Sodium and Water Metabolism 211 Disorders of Potassium Metabolism 212 Disorders of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Metabolism 213 Rhabdomyolysis

SECTION XXII: Pediatrics

PART 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY CARE

214 General Approach to the Pediatric Emergency Patient 215 General Approach to Neonates and Infants Less Than 12 Months of Age

PART 2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RESUSCITATION, PROCEDURAL SEDATION, AND PAIN MANAGEMENT

216 Newborn Resuscitation 217 Pediatric Resuscitation 218 Pediatric Airway Management and Rapid-Sequence Intubation 219 Vascular Access in Children 220 Procedural Sedation, Anxiolysis, and Analgesia

PART 3 CHIEF COMPLAINTS

221 Neonatal Jaundice 222 Fever 223 Vomiting 224 Diarrhea 225 Dehydration 226 Failure to Thrive 227 Crying, Fussy Infant 228 Abdominal Pain 229 Gastrointestinal Bleeding 230 Constipation 231 Cough 232 Shortness of Breath e 233 Apnea and Apparent Life-Threatening Events 234 Chest Pain and Palpitations 235 Syncope 236 Seizures 237 Altered Mental Status 238 Ataxia 239 Pediatric Headache 240 Oral Lesions 241 Neck Masses 242 Limp 243 Hematuria and Dysuria e 244 Vaginal Bleeding and Discharge in Childhood

PART 4 PEDIATRIC TRAUMA

245 General Approach to Pediatric Trauma 246 Severe Head Trauma and Traumatic Brain Injury in Children 247 Minor Head Trauma 248 Sports-Related Concussion 249 Evaluation of the Pediatric Cervical Spine 250 Thoracic Trauma 251 Abdominal Trauma 252 Pediatric Fractures e 253 Pediatric Sports Injuries e

PART 5 SPECIFIC DISEASES

254 Newborn Problems 255 Eye Disorders e 256 Ear Infections 257 Sinusitis 258 Lymphadenitis e 259 Torticollis e 260 Pharyngitis e 261 Croup and Other Upper Airway Disorders 262 Pertussis 263 Asthma 264 Bronchiolitis 265 Pneumonia 266 Arrhythmias in Children e 267 Cardiac Murmurs e 268 Congenital Heart Disease and Congestive Heart Failure e 269 Appendicitis 270 Intussusception 271 Malrotation and Midgut Volvulus 272 Pyloric Stenosis 273 Foreign Bodies 274 Diabetic Ketoacidosis 275 Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders 276 Kawasaki Disease 277 Cellulitis e 278 Meningitis and Encephalitis 279 Human Immunodeficiency Virus e 280 Sickle Cell Disease in Children 281 Urticarial, Maculopapular Lesions e 282 Rashes: Vesicular, Pustular, and Scaly Lesions e 283 Common Pediatric Infestations 284 Immunizations 285 Nursemaid’s Elbow 286 Renal Emergencies 287 Genitourinary Disorders 288 Urinary Tract Infections in Children 289 Psychosocial and Behavioral Emergencies 290 Child Abuse: Physical, Sexual, and Neglect 291 Ventricular Shunt Problems and Technology-Dependent Children

PART 6 ADMINISTRATIVE AND CLINICAL ISSUES

292 Pediatric Interfacility Transport e 293 Death, Catastrophic Illness, and Parental Presence in Critical Cases 294 Consent for Care of Children, Adolescents, and Emancipated Minors

SECTION XXIII: Toxicology

PART 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

295 Evaluation of the Poisoned Patient 296 General Management of the Poisoned Patient

PART 2 ALCOHOL-RELATED AGENTS

297 Ethanol 298 Ethanol Withdrawal 299 Ethylene Glycol 300 Methanol 301 Isopropanol, Acetone, and Other Glycols

PART 3 ANALGESICS

302 Acetaminophen 303 Salicylates 304 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 305 Opioids 306 Complications of Injection Drug Use

PART 4 ANTICONVULSANTS AND SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS

307 Barbiturates 308 Benzodiazepines 309 Gamma Hydroxybutyrate 310 Muscle Relaxants and Other Sedative–Hypnotic Agents 311 Phenytoin 312 Valproic Acid 313 Carbamazepine 314 Newer Anticonvulsants

PART 5 ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS AND BIOCIDES

315 Antimalarial Drugs e 316 Herbicides e 317 Isoniazid 318 Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides 319 Nicotine, Neonicotinioids, Pyrethrins, and Organochlorine Pesticides e 320 Rodenticides e

PART 6 CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS

321 Antidysrhythmic Drugs and Local Anesthetics 322 Centrally Acting Antihypertensive Agents 323 Beta Blockers 324 Calcium Channel Antagonists 325 Cardiac Glycosides

PART 7 CHEMICALS, GASES, AND METALS

326 Arsenic and Mercury e 327 Carbon Monoxide 328 Corrosives and Chemical Burns 329 Cyanide 330 Fluoride and Hydrofluoric Acid 331 Hydrocarbons 332 Hydrogen Sulfide 333 Iron 334 Lead 335 Methemoglobinemia 336 Irritant Gases and Other Toxic Inhalants 337 Smoke Inhalation

PART 8 PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS

338 Antipsychotic Agents 339 Cyclic Antidepressants 340 Dystonic Reactions 341 Lithium 342 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors 343 Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors and the Serotonin Syndrome

PART 9 STIMULANTS AND HALLUCINOGENS

344 Anticholinergic Agents 345 Cocaine 346 Hallucinogens 347 Phencyclidine and Ketamine 348 Amphetamines and Stimulants

PART 10 MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS AND CONDITIONS

349 Biologic Warfare Agents 350 Chemical Warfare Agents 351 Drug Withdrawal 352 Botulism 353 Oral Hypoglycemic Agents 354 Mushrooms 355 Plants e 356 Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medications e 357 Seafood Toxins

SECTION XXIV: Environmental Emergencies

PART 1 PHYSICAL EXPOSURE INJURIES

358 Hypothermia 359 Cold-Induced Tissue Injuries 360 Heat-Related Illness 361 High Altitude Illness 362 Diving Injuries 363 Drowning (Submersion Injuries) 364 Electrical Injuries 365 Lightning Injuries 366 Radiation Injuries

PART 2 BITES AND ENVENOMATIONS

367 Crotaline Snake Envenomation 368 Elapid Snake Envenomation 369 Hymenoptera Envenomation 370 Marine Envenomations 371 Scorpion Envenomation 372 Black Widow Spider Envenomation 373 Brown Recluse Spider Envenomation 374 Insect, Tick, and Mite Bites and Infestations 375 Mammalian Bites and Associated Infections

SECTION XXV: EMS and Special Clinical Considerations

PART 1 PREHOSPITAL CARE

376 Emergency Medical Services 377 Air Medical Services e 378 Disaster Planning and Management

PART 2 PATIENT SAFETY, ETHICAL, LEGAL, AND REGULATORY ISSUES

379 Errors and Patient Safety e 380 Quality Improvement in Emergency Medicine e 381 Legal and Ethical Issues e 382 Regulatory Issues 383 Interpersonal Violence

Index

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