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Index
Editors Title Page Copyright In memoriam Contributors Preface Acknowledgments PART I: Principles of Oncology
1. The Cancer Genome Introduction Cancer Genes and Their Mutations Identification of Cancer Genes Somatic Alteration Classes Detected by Cancer Genome Analysis Pathway-Oriented Models of Cancer Genome Analysis Networks of Cancer Genome Projects The Genomic Landscape of Cancers Integrative Analysis of Cancer Genomics The Cancer Genome and the New Taxonomy of Tumors Cancer Genomics and Drug Resistance Perspectives of Cancer Genome Analysis Acknowledgments 2. Hallmarks of Cancer: An Organizing Principle for Cancer Medicine Introduction Hallmark Capabilities, in Essence Two Ubiquitous Characteristics Facilitate the Acquisition of Hallmark Capabilities The Constituent Cell Types of the Tumor Microenvironment Therapeutic Targeting of the Hallmarks of Cancer Conclusion and a Vision for the Future Acknowledgment 3. Molecular Methods in Cancer Applications of Molecular Diagnostics in Oncology The Clinical Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory: Rules and Regulations Specimen Requirements for Molecular Diagnostics Molecular Diagnostics Testing Process Technologies
PART II: Etiology and Epidemiology of Cancer
Section 1. Etiology of Cancer 4. Tobacco Introduction Epidemiology of Tobacco and Cancer Carcinogens in Tobacco Products and Processes of Cancer Development 5. Oncogenic Viruses Principles of Tumor Virology Papillomaviruses Polyomaviruses Epstein-Barr Virus Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpesvirus Animal and Human Retroviruses Hepatitis Viruses Conclusion 6. Inflammation Introduction Molecular Basis of Inflammation Role of Inflammation in Transformation Role of Inflammation in Survival Role of Inflammation in Proliferation Role of Inflammation in Invasion Role of Inflammation in Angiogenesis Role of Inflammation in Metastasis Epigenetic Changes and Inflammation Role of Inflammation in Cancer Diagnosis Inflammation and Genomics Inflammation and Targeted Therapies Conclusions 7. Chemical Factors Introduction The Nature of Chemical Carcinogens: Chemistry and Metabolism Animal Model Systems and Chemical Carcinogenesis Molecular Epidemiology, Chemical Carcinogenesis, and Cancer Risk in Human Populations Aristolochic Acid and Urothelial Cancers as a Model for Identifying Human Carcinogens 8. Physical Factors Introduction Ionizing Radiation Ultraviolet Light Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation Electromagnetic Fields Asbestos Nanoparticles 9. Dietary Factors Introduction Methodologic Challenges The Role of Individual Food and Nutrients in Cancer Etiology Other Foods and Nutrients Dietary Patterns Diet During the Early Phases of Life Diet after a Diagnosis of Cancer Summary Limitations Future Directions Recommendations 10. Obesity and Physical Activity Introduction Breast Cancer Colon and Rectal Cancer Endometrial Cancer Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus Kidney/Renal Cell Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Gallbladder Cancer Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Prostate Cancer Lung Cancer Ovarian Cancer Conclusions Section 2. Epidemiology of Cancer 11. Epidemiologic Methods Introduction Analytical Studies Interpretation of Epidemiologic Findings Cancer Outcomes Research Molecular Epidemiology 12. Trends in United States Cancer Mortality Introduction Cancer Surveillance Systems Making Sense of Cancer Trends Trends in Cancer Risk Factors and Screening Cancer Incidence and Mortality Predicting Future Cancer Trends
PART III: Cancer Therapeutics
13. Essentials of Radiation Therapy Introduction Biologic Aspects of Radiation Oncology Factors that Affect Radiation Response Drugs that Affect Radiation Sensitivity Radiation Physics Treatment Planning Other Treatment Modalities Clinical Applications of Radiation Therapy Treatment Intent Fractionation Adverse Effects Principles of Combining Anticancer Agents with Radiation Therapy 14. Cancer Immunotherapy Introduction Human Tumor Antigens Human Cancer Immunotherapies 15. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anticancer Drugs Introduction Pharmacokinetic Concepts Pharmacodynamic Concepts Variability in Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics Dose-Adaptation Using Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Principles 16. Pharmacogenomics Introduction Pharmacogenomics of Tumor Response Pharmacogenomics of Chemotherapy Drug Toxicity Conclusions and Future Directions 17. Alkylating Agents Perspectives Chemistry Classification Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics Therapeutic Uses Toxicities Complications with High-Dose Alkylating Agent Therapy Alkylating Agent–Steroid Conjugates Drug Resistance and Modulation Recent Developments 18. Platinum Analogs Introduction History Platinum Chemistry Platinum Complexes after Cisplatin Mechanism of Action Cellular Responses to Platinum-Induced DNA Damage Is DNA the Only Target? Mechanisms of Resistance Clinical Pharmacology Formulation and Administration Toxicity 19. Antimetabolites Antifolates 5-Fluoropyrimidines Capecitabine Cytarabine Gemcitabine 6-Thiopurines Fludarabine Cladribine Clofarabine 20. Topoisomerase Interactive Agents Classification, Biochemical, and Biologic Functions of Topoisomerases Topoisomerase Inhibitors as Interfacial Poisons Topoisomerase I Inhibitors: Camptothecins and Beyond Topoisomerase II Inhibitors: Intercalators and Nonintercalators Therapy-Related Secondary Acute Leukemia Future Directions 21. Antimicrotubule Agents Microtubules Taxanes Vinca Alkaloids Microtubule Antagonists Mitotic Motor Protein Inhibitors Mechanisms of Resistance to Microtubule Inhibitors 22. Kinase Inhibitors as Anticancer Drugs Introduction Early Successes: Targeting Cancers with Well-Known Kinase Mutations (BCR-ABL, KIT, HER2) Directly Targeting the PI3K Pathway Combinations of Kinase Inhibitors to Induct Response and Prevent Resistance Speculations on the Future Role of Kinase Inhibitors in Cancer Medicine 23. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and Demethylating Agents Introduction Epigenetic Abnormalities and Gene Expression Changes in Cancer Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Epigenetic Therapy for Hematologic Malignancies New Approaches to Epigenetic Therapy 24. Proteasome Inhibitors Biochemistry of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway Proteasome Inhibitors Proteasome Inhibitors in Cancer 25. Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors Introduction Cellular DNA Repair Pathways The Development of PARP Inhibitors BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations and DNA Repair PARP-1 Inhibition as a Synthetic Lethal Therapeutic Strategy for the Treatment of BRCA-Deficient Cancers Initial Clinical Results Testing Synthetic Lethality of PARP Inhibitors and BRCA Mutation The Use of PARP Inhibitors in Sporadic Cancers Mechanisms of Resistance to PARP Inhibitors Prospects 26. Miscellaneous Chemotherapeutic Agents Homoharringtonine and Omacetaxine L-Asparaginase Bleomycin Procarbazine Vismodegib Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine Sirolimus and Temsirolimus Everolimus Thalidomide, Lenalidomide, and Pomalidomide 27. Hormonal Agents Introduction Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Aromatase Inhibitors Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogs Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonists Antiandrogens Novel Antiandrogens Other Sex Steroid Therapies Other Hormonal Therapies 28. Antiangiogenesis Agents Introduction Understanding the Angiogenic Process Drug Development of Angiogenesis Inhibitors Clinical Utility of Approved Antiangiogenic Agents in Cancer Therapy Combination Therapies Biomarkers of Antiangiogenic Therapy Resistance to Antiangiogenic Therapy 29. Monoclonal Antibodies Introduction Immunoglobulin Structure Modified Antibody-Based Molecules Factors Regulating Antibody-Based Tumor Targeting Unconjugated Antibodies Altering Signal Transduction Immunoconjugates Antibodies Approved for Use in Solid Tumors Antibodies Used in Hematologic Malignancies Conclusion 30. Assessment of Clinical Response Introduction Assessing Response Alternate Response Criteria Determining Outcome
PART IV: Cancer Prevention and Screening
31. Tobacco Use and the Cancer Patient Introduction Neurobiology of Tobacco Dependence Tobacco Use Prevalence and the Evolution of Tobacco Products Tobacco Use by the Cancer Patient The Clinical Effects of Smoking on the Cancer Patient Addressing Tobacco Use by the Cancer Patient Future Considerations 32. Role of Surgery in Cancer Prevention Introduction Patients at High Risk for Breast Cancer Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Surgical Prophylaxis of Hereditary Ovarian and Endometrial Cancer Hereditary Endometrial Cancer (Lynch Syndrome) Gynecologic Cancer Risk in Very Rare Hereditary Cancer Syndromes Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 Familial Adenomatous Polyposis, MYH-Associated Poluposis, and Lynch Syndrome 33. Cancer Risk Reducing Agents Why Cancer Prevention as a Clinical Oncology Discipline Defining Cancer Risk–Reducing Agents (Chemoprevention) Identifying Potential Cancer Risk–Reducing Agents Preclinical Development of Cancer Risk–Reducing Agents Clinical Development of Cancer Risk–Reducing Agents Micronutrients Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Epigenetic Targeting Agents (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, 5α-Steroid Reductase Inhibitors, Polyamine Inhibitors) Signal Transduction Modifiers Anti-Infectives Multiagent Approaches to Cancer Risk Reduction 34. Cancer Screening Introduction Performance Characteristics Assessing Screening Tests and Outcomes Problems with Randomized Trials Screening Guidelines and Recommendations Breast Cancer Colon Cancer Screening Other Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract Gynecologic Cancer Lung Cancer Screening Prostate Cancer Screening Skin Cancer Screening 35. Genetic Counseling Introduction Who is a Candidate for Cancer Genetic Counseling? Components of the Cancer Genetic Counseling Session Issues in Cancer Genetic Counseling Recent Advances and Future Directions
PART V: Practice of Oncology
36. Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials Introduction Phase 1 Clinical Trials Phase 2 Clinical Trials Design of Phase 3 Clinical Trials Factorial Designs Analysis of Phase 3 Clinical Trials Reporting Results of Clinical Trials False Positive Reports in the Literature Meta-analysis Section 1. Cancer of the Head and Neck 37. Molecular Biology of Head and Neck Cancers Introduction Molecular Mechanisms in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma The Cancer Genome Atlas Project Cancer Stem Cells 38. Cancer of the Head and Neck Incidence and Etiology Anatomy and Pathology Natural History Diagnosis Staging Principles of Treatment for Squamous Cell Carcinoma Management NECK Chemotherapy General Principles of Combining Modalities Chemotherapy as Part of Curative Treatment Follow-Up ORAL CAVITY Lip Floor of the Mouth Oral Tongue Buccal Mucosa Gingiva and Hard Palate (including Retromolar Trigone) OROPHARYNX Anatomy Pathology Patterns of Spread Clinical Picture Staging Treatment: Base of Tongue Results of Treatment: Base of Tongue Follow-Up: Base of Tongue Complications of Treatment: Base of Tongue Treatment: Tonsillar Area Results of Treatment: Tonsillar Area Complications of Treatment: Tonsillar Area Surgical Treatment Treatment: Soft Palate Results of Treatment: Soft Palate Complications of Treatment: Soft Palate LARYNX Anatomy Pathology Patterns of Spread Clinical Picture Differential Diagnosis and Staging Treatment: Vocal Cord Carcinoma Treatment: Supraglottic Larynx Carcinoma Treatment: Subglottic Larynx Carcinoma Treatment: Supraglottic Larynx Cancer HYPOPHARYNX: PHARYNGEAL WALLS, PYRIFORM SINUS, AND POSTCRICOID PHARYNX Anatomy Pathology Patterns of Spread Clinical Picture Staging Treatment Results of Treatment Complications of Treatment NASOPHARYNX Anatomy Pathology Patterns of Spread Clinical Picture Staging Treatment Nasal Vestibule, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinuses Paragangliomas Major Salivary Glands Minor Salivary Glands 39. Rehabilitation after Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer Introduction Pretreatment Counseling Support During Treatment and Rehabilitation of the Chemoradiation Patient Resources for Rehabilitation of Head and Neck Cancer Patients Section 2. Cancer of the Thoracic Cavity 40. Molecular Biology of Lung Cancer Introduction Susceptibility to Lung Cancer: Genetic Susceptibility and Carcinogens in Tobacco Smoke Molecular Changes in Preneoplasia Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Lung Cancers Protooncogenes, Growth Factor Signaling, and Growth Factor–Targeted Therapies The Technology of Genomic Analyses of Lung Cancer Epigenetics/Epigenome Tumor Suppressor Genes and Growth Suppression Cyclins and Cell Cycle Regulatory Pathways LKB1, AMPK, and mTOR Pathway Other Putative Tumor Suppressors Other Biologic Abnormalities in Lung Cancer MicroRNAs in Lung Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy MiRNA Profiling in Lung Cancer Invasion, Metastasis, and Angiogenesis Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis Molecular Tools in the Lung Cancer Clinic 41. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Incidence and Etiology Anatomy and Pathology Prevention and Screening Diagnosis Stage Evaluation Management by Stage Special Clinical Situations Palliative Care Conclusion 42. Small Cell and Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung Small Cell Lung Cancer Typical and Atypical Carcinoid Tumors Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma 43. Neoplasms of the Mediastinum Thymic Neoplasms Thymoma Thymic Carcinoma Thymic Carcinoid Thymolipoma Germ Cell Tumors Section 3. Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract 44. Molecular Biology of the Esophagus and Stomach Introduction Molecular Biology of Esophageal Cancer Molecular Biology of Gastric Cancer 45. Cancer of the Esophagus Introduction Epidemiology Etiologic Factors and Predisposing Conditions Applied Anatomy and Histology Natural History and Patterns of Failure Clinical Presentation Diagnostic Studies and Pretreatment Staging Pathologic Staging Treatment Stage-directed Treatment Recommendations 46. Cancer of the Stomach Introduction Anatomic Considerations Pathology and Tumor Biology Histopathology Patterns of Spread Clinical Presentation and Pretreatment Evaluation Pretreatment Staging Staging, Classification, and Prognosis Gastric Cancer Nomograms: Predicting Individual Patient Prognosis after Potentially Curative Resection Treatment of Localized Disease Technical Treatment-Related Issues Treatment of Advanced Disease (Stage IV) Surgery in Treatment of Metastatic Gastric Cancer Radiation for Palliation 47. Genetic Testing in Stomach Cancer Introduction Histologic Definitions and Descriptions Etiology Epidemiology of Gastric Cancer Screening and Management of Cancer Risk in HDGC Other Hereditary Cancer Susceptibility Syndromes with Increased Gastric Cancer Risk Conclusions 48. Molecular Biology of Pancreas Cancer Introduction Common Molecular Changes 49. Cancer of the Pancreas Introduction Staging Epidemiology Pathology and Biology Exocrine Pancreatic Cancers Endocrine Pancreatic Cancers Stage I and II: Localized Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Stage III: Locally Advanced Disease Emerging Role of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Stage IV: Metastatic Disease Future Directions and Challenges Conclusion 50. Genetic Testing in Pancreatic Cancer Introduction Selected Genes that May Cause Pancreatic Cancer Selected Syndromes that Increase the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer Empiric Risk Counseling and Management 51. Molecular Biology of Liver Cancer Introduction Genetic Alterations in Liver Cancer Epigenetic Alterations in Liver Cancer Mutational Landscape of Genetic Alterations in HCC: The Next Generation The Microenvironment of Liver Cancer Classification and Prognostic Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Conclusion and Perspective 52. Cancer of the Liver Introduction Epidemiology Etiologic Factors Staging Diagnosis Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Therapy Treatment of Other Primary Liver Tumors 53. Cancer of the Biliary Tree Introduction Anatomy of the Biliary Tract Cholangiocarcinoma Gallbladder Cancer 54. Cancer of the Small Bowel Small Bowel Cancer Adenocarcinoma Carcinoid Tumors Small Bowel Lymphoma Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Other Mesenchymal Tumors Metastatic Cancer to the Small Bowel 55. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Introduction Incidence and Etiology Anatomy and Pathology Screening Diagnosis Staging Management by Stage Palliative Care 56. Molecular Biology of Colorectal Cancer Introduction Multistep Models of Colorectal Tumorigenesis Inherited Syndromes of Increased Cancer Risk Highlight Early Events and Critical Pathways in Colorectal Tumorigenesis Oncogene and Tumor Suppressor Gene Mutations in Colorectal Cancer Progression The Mutational Landscape of Colorectal Cancer An Integrated Model for Colorectal Cancer Initiation and Progression Summary 57. Cancer of the Colon Introduction Epidemiology Etiology: Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors Familial Colorectal Cancer Anatomy of the Colon Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer Screening for Colorectal Cancer Staging and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer Approaches to Surgical Resection of Colon Cancer Surgical Management of Complications from Primary Colon Cancer Polyps and Stage I Colon Cancer Stage II and Stage III Colon Cancer Treatment of Stage II Patients Treatment Options for Stage III Patients Follow-Up after Management of Colon Cancer with Curative Intent Surgical Management of Stage IV Disease Management of Unresectable Metastatic Disease Molecular Predictive Markers 58. Genetic Testing in Colon Cancer (Polyposis Syndromes) Introduction Adenomatous Polyposis Hamartomatous Polyposis Conclusions 59. Genetic Testing in Colon Cancer (Nonpolyposis Syndromes) Introduction Clinical Classification: Amsterdam Criteria and Bethesda Guidelines Tumor Screening Genetic Testing Genetic Counseling for Lynch Syndrome Management of Lynch Syndrome Acknowledgment 60. Cancer of the Rectum Introduction Anatomy Staging Surgery Does Adjuvant Radiation Therapy Impact Survival? Preoperative Radiation Therapy Which Patients Should Receive Adjuvant Therapy? Concurrent Chemotherapy Synchronous Rectal Primary and Metastases Management of Unresectable Primary and Locally Advanced Disease (T4) Radiation Therapy Technique 61. Cancer of the Anal Region Introduction Epidemiology and Etiology Screening and Prevention Pathology Clinical Presentation and Staging Prognostic Factors Treatment of Localized Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treatment of Other Sites and Pathologies Section 4. Cancers of the Genitourinary System 62. Molecular Biology of Kidney Cancer Introduction Von Hippel-Lindau Disease Hereditary Papillary Renal Carcinoma Type 1 Xp11.2 Translocation Renal Cell Cancer Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Carcinoma Familial Renal Cancer: Succinate Dehydrogenase Gene Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Conclusion 63. Cancer of the Kidney Introduction Epidemiology, Demographics, and Risk Factors Pathology of Renal Cell Carcinoma Differential Diagnosis and Staging Hereditary Kidney Cancer Syndromes, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Treatment of Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma Treatment of Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Adjuvant Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma Surgical Management of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Systemic Therapy for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Conclusion and Future Directions Acknowledgments 64. Molecular Biology of Bladder Cancer Introduction Key Molecular Alterations in Stage Ta Urothelial Carcinoma Key Molecular Alterations in Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma Information from Exome Sequencing Epigenetic Alterations Information from Expression Profiling Urothelial Tumor–Initiating Cells Molecular Pathogenesis and Tumor Clonality Multiple Tumor Subgroups Defined by Molecular Profiling Acknowledgements 65. Cancer of the Bladder, Ureter, and Renal Pelvis Introduction Urothelial Cancers Cancer of the Bladder Cancers of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter 66. Genetic Testing in Urinary Tract Cancers Introduction Genetic Susceptibility to Renal Cell Carcinoma Genetic Susceptibility to Urothelial Cancers Indications for Genetic Testing Genetic Testing and Counseling Summary 67. Molecular Biology of Prostate Cancer Introduction Overview of the Genomic Landscape of Prostate Cancer Androgen Receptor Biology and Therapy Additional Pathways Frequently Altered During Disease Progression E26 Transformation Specific (ETS) Gene Fusions and the Molecular Subtypes of Prostate Cancer Emerging Areas in Prostate Cancer Biology and Therapy 68. Cancer of the Prostate Introduction Incidence and Etiology Anatomy and Pathology Screening Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and State Assignment Management by Clinical States Palliation Future Directions 69. Cancer of the Urethra and Penis Introduction Cancer of the Male Urethra Carcinoma of the Female Urethra Cancer of the Penis 70. Cancer of the Testis Introduction Incidence and Epidemiology Initial Presentation and Management Histology Biology Immunohistochemical Markers Staging Management of Clinical Stage I Disease Management of Clinical Stage II (Low Tumor Burden) Management of Stage II with High Tumor Burden and Stage III Disease Management of Recurrent Disease Treatment Sequelae Long-Term Follow-up Midline Tumors of Uncertain Histogenesis Other Testicular Tumors Section 5. Gynecologic Cancers 71. Molecular Biology of Gynecologic Cancers Introduction Ovarian Cancer Endometrial Cancer Cervix, Vaginal, and Vulvar Cancers 72. Cancer of the Cervix, Vagina, and Vulva Carcinoma of the Vagina Carcinoma of the Vulva Carcinoma of the Cervix 73. Cancer of the Uterine Body Enodometrial Carcinoma Uterine Sarcomas 74. Genetic Testing in Uterine Cancer Introduction Lynch Syndrome (Also Known as Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Syndrome) Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (Also Known as Cowden Syndrome, Bannayan-Ruvalcaba-Riley Syndrome) Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Carcinoma Uterine Cancer and Other Hereditary Cancer Syndromes Conclusion 75. Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases Introduction Incidence Pathology and Natural History Indications for Treatment Measurement of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Pretreatment Evaluation Staging and Prognostic Score Treatment Placental Site or Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumors Subsequent Pregnancy after Treatment for Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia Psychosocial Issues 76. Ovarian Cancer, Fallopian Tube Carcinoma, and Peritoneal Carcinoma Introduction Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Borderline Tumors Germ Cell Tumors of the Ovary Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors Primary Peritoneal Serous Carcinoma Fallopian Tube Cancer 77. Genetic Testing in Ovarian Cancer Introduction Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (The BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes) Lynch Syndrome Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome Newer Genes Conclusion Section 6. Cancer of the Breast 78. Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer Introduction Genetics of Breast Cancer Hereditary Breast Cancer Somatic Changes in Breast Cancer Transcriptional Profiling of Breast Cancer Epigenetics of Breast Cancer Protein/Pathway Alterations Estrogen Receptor Pathway Summary 79. Malignant Tumors of the Breast Introduction Anatomy of the Breast Risk Factors for Breast Cancer Management of the High-Risk Patient Diagnosis and Biopsy Lobular Carcinoma in Situ Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Staging Pathology of Breast Cancer Local Management of Invasive Cancer Management of the Axilla Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy Prognostic and Predictive Factors in Breast Cancer Adjuvant Systemic Therapy Integration of Multimodality Primary Therapy Follow-Up for Breast Cancer Survivors Special Therapeutic Problems Management of Local-Regional Recurrence Metastatic Disease 80. Genetic Testing in Breast Cancer Introduction Identification of High-Risk Individuals Genetic Testing BRCA1 and BRCA2 TP53 Cowden Syndrome (Phosphate and Tensin Homolog) Other Genetic Mutations and Breast Cancer Moderate- and Low-Penetrance Breast Cancer Genes Conclusion Section 7. Cancer of the Endocrine System 81. Molecular Biology of Endocrine Tumors Introduction The Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes Application of Molecular Genetics to Clinical Medicine Thyroid Carcinomas Future Directions 82. Thyroid Tumors Anatomy and Physiology Thyroid Nodules Thyroid Tumor Classification and Staging Systems Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Treatment of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Medullary Thyroid Cancer Thyroid Lymphoma Children with Thyroid Carcinoma 83. Parathyroid Tumors Incidence and Etiology Anatomy and Pathology Clinical Manifestations and Screening Diagnosis Staging Management of Parathyroid Cancer Follow-Up and Natural History Prognosis 84. Adrenal Tumors Introduction Overview and Pathophysiology of the Adrenal Gland Molecular Genetics of Adrenal Neoplasms Incidence and Epidemiology Screening in Special Populations Diagnosis of Adrenal Neoplasia Grading and Staging of Malignancy Important Considerations in Perioperative Management of Adrenal Tumors Management of Benign-Appearing Adrenocortical Tumors and Pheochromocytoma Surveillance after Resection of Pheochromocytoma Management of Recurrent or Metastatic Malignant Pheochromocytoma Management of Local and Locoregionally Advanced Adrenocortical Carcinoma Surveillance and Adjuvant Therapy for Adrenocortical Carcinoma Management of Locoregional Recurrence of Adrenocortical Carcinoma Management of Isolated Metastases of Adrenocortical Carcinoma Management of Metastatic or Unresectable Adrenocortical Carcinoma Emerging Diagnostic Techniques and Treatment Strategies for Adrenal Tumors Special Considerations in Pregnancy Adrenal Neoplasia in Childhood Acknowledgments 85. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Introduction Epidemiology Classification, Histopathology, Molecular Genetics Diagnosis and Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Additional Clinical Considerations Surgery Pitfalls 86. Carcinoid Tumors and the Carcinoid Syndrome Incidence and Etiology Anatomy and Pathology General Principles of Neuroendocrine Tumor Diagnosis, Staging, and Management Diagnosis, Staging, and Management by Primary Tumor Site Diagnosis and Management of Carcinoid Syndrome Antitumor Management Management of Liver Metastases Conclusions 87. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias Introduction Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2, Type 3, and Familial Medullary Thyroid Cancer Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 4 88. Genetic Testing in the Endocrine System Introduction Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog on Chromosome 10 SDHX/TMEM127/MAX Von Hippel-Lindau and Pheochromocytoma Section 8. Sarcomas of Soft Tissue and Bone 89. Molecular Biology of Sarcomas Introduction SOFT TISSUE SARCOMAS Translocation-Associated Soft Tissue Sarcomas Soft Tissue Sarcomas of Simple Karyotype Associated with Mutations Complex Soft Tissue Sarcoma Types BONE AND CARTILAGINOUS TUMORS Cartilaginous Tumors Osteosarcoma Future Directions: Next-Generation Sequencing and Functional Screens 90. Soft Tissue Sarcoma Introduction Incidence and Etiology Anatomic and Age Distribution and Pathology Diagnosis and Staging Management by Presentation Status, Extent of Disease, and Anatomic Location Palliative Care Future Directions 91. Sarcomas of Bone Introduction Incidence and Etiology Anatomy and Pathology Screening Diagnosis Staging Management by Diagnosis and Stage Continuing Care: Surveillance and Palliation Section 9. Cancers of the Skin 92. Cancer of the Skin Introduction NONMELANOMA SKIN CANCER Diagnosis General Approach to Management of Skin Cancer Topical Therapy for Skin Cancer Radiation Therapy for Skin Cancer ACTINIC KERATOSES Pathogenesis of Actinic Keratosis Clinical Features of Actinic Keratosis Treatment of Actinic Keratosis BASAL CELL CARCINOMA Clinical Behavior of Basal Cell Carcinoma Basal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes Histology Treatment SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA PATHOGENESIS OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA CLINICAL FEATURES OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND ITS VARIANTS HISTOLOGY CLINICAL BEHAVIOR OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND NONMELANOMA SKIN CANCER ANGIOSARCOMA Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation and Prognosis Histology Treatment DERMATOFIBROSARCOMA PROTUBERANS Pathogenesis Histology Treatment Recurrence and Metastatic Potential MERKEL CELL CARCINOMA Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Histology Treatment Staging Recurrence and Metastatic Risk Prognosis MICROCYSTIC ADNEXAL CARCINOMA Clinical and Histologic Features Treatment and Prognosis SEBACEOUS CARCINOMA Clinical and Histologic Features Treatment and Prognosis EXTRAMAMMARY PAGET DISEASE Clinical and Histologic Features Treatment and Prognosis ATYPICAL FIBROXANTHOMA AND MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA ATYPICAL FIBROXANTHOMA Clinical and Histologic Features Treatment and Prognosis CARCINOMA METASTATIC TO SKIN 93. Molecular Biology of Cutaneous Melanoma Introduction The RAS-RAF-Map Kinase Pathway The MEPK Pathway and Therapeutic Resistance Melanin Synthesis Pathway Molecular Genetics of Melanoma: Looking Ahead 94. Cutaneous Melanoma Introduction Molecular Biology of Melanoma Epidemiology Changes in Incidence Gender and Age Distribution Melanoma in Children, Infants, and Neonates Anatomic Distribution Etiology and Risk Factors Prevention and Screening Diagnosis of Primary Melanoma General Considerations in Clinical Management of a Newly Diagnosed Cutaneous Melanoma (Stage I–II) Clinical Trials to Define Margins of Excision for Primary Cutaneous Melanomas Surgical Staging of Regional Nodes Management Special Considerations in Management of Primary Melanomas The Role of Radiation Therapy in the Management of Primary Melanoma Lesions Clinical Follow-Up for Intermediate-Thickness and Thick Melanomas (Stage IB–IIC) Regionally Metastatic Melanoma (Stage III): Lymph Node Metastasis, Satellite Lesions, and In-Transit Metastases Management of Regional Metastases in Patients with Visceral or Other Distant Disease Adjuvant Systemic Therapy (Stages IIB, IIC, and III) Management of Distant Metastases of Melanoma (Stage IV) Experimental Immunologic Therapies for Metastatic Melanoma Radiation Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma (Stage IV) 95. Genetic Testing in Skin Cancer Introduction Genetic Counseling Hereditary Skin Cancer and the Neurofibromatoses Conclusion Section 10. Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System 96. Molecular Biology of Central Nervous System Tumors Gliomas Meningiomas Medulloblastomas Ependymal Tumors Summary 97. Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System Epidemiology of Brain Tumors Classification Anatomic Location and Clinical Considerations Neurodiagnostic Tests Surgery Radiation Therapy Chemotherapy and Targeted Agents Specific Central Nervous System Neoplasms Gliomatosis Cerebri Optic, Chiasmal, and Hypothalamic Gliomas Brainstem Gliomas Cerebellar Astrocytomas Gangliogliomas Ependymoma Meningiomas Primitive Neuroectodermal or Embryonal Central Nervous System Neoplasms Pineal Region Tumors and Germ Cell Tumors Pituitary Adenomas Craniopharyngiomas Vestibular Schwannomas Glomus Jugulare Tumors Hemangioblastomas Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas Choroid Plexus Tumors Spinal Axis Tumors Section 11. Cancers of Childhood 98. Molecular Biology of Childhood Cancers Introduction Tumor Suppressor Genes Retinoblastoma: The Paradigm SDH Deficient Gist Neurofibromatoses Neuroblastoma Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors Rhabdomyosarcoma Hereditary Syndromes Associated with Tumors of Childhood Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Malignant Rhabdoid Tumors DICER1 Syndrome Predictive Testing for Germ-Line Mutations and Childhood Cancers Molecular Therapeutics 99. Solid Tumors of Childhood Introduction Multidisciplinary Care is Essential for Children and Adolescents with Solid Tumors Neuroblastoma Wilms Tumor Retinoblastoma Pediatric Bone Sarcomas: Osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Hepatoblastoma Germ Cell Tumors 100. Leukemias and Lymphomas of Childhood Introduction Leukemias Lymphomas Supportive Care Long-Term, Palliative, and Hospice Care in Pediatric Oncology Section 12. Lymphomas in Adults 101. Molecular Biology of Lymphomas Introduction The Cell of Origin of Lymphoma General Mechanisms of Genetic Lesions In Lymphoma Molecular Pathogenesis of B-NHL Molecular Pathogenesis of T-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Molecular Pathogenesis of Hodgkin Lymphoma 102. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Introduction Biology of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Pathology of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Differential Diagnosis Early-Stage Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Advanced-Stage Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Special Circumstances Treatment 103. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Introduction Epidemiology and Etiology Biologic Background for Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms Lymphoma Classification: The Principles of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms Principles of Management of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Specific Disease Entities Mature T-Cell and Natural Killer Cell Neoplasms 104. Cutaneous Lymphomas Introduction Mycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome Diagnosis and Staging Clinical Evaluation of Patients with Cutaneous Lymphoma Principles of Therapy of Mycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome Systemic Therapy for Mycosis Fungoides and the Sézary Syndrome Other Cutaneous Lymphomas 105. Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Epidemiology Pathology Diagnosis and Prognostic Factors Staging Treatment Section 13. Leukemias and Plasma Cell Tumors 106. Molecular Biology of Acute Leukemias Introduction Leukemic Stem Cell Elucidation of Genetic Events in Acute Leukemia Mutations that Target Core-Binding Factor Chromosomal Translocations that Target the Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha Gene Mutations that Target Hox Family Members Chromosomal Translocations that Target the MLL Gene Mutation of C/Ebpα Mutation of GATA-1 t(1;22) Translocation Associated with Infant AMKL Mutations of Epigenetic Modifiers Chromosomal Translocations that Result in Overexpression of c-MYC Chromosomal Translocations Involving the T-Cell Receptor Point Mutations in Acute Leukemia Mutations in Tumor Suppresenes Activating Mutations of Notch Mutations Altering Localization of NPM1 Mutation of Lymphoid Development Genes in Acute Lymphoid Leukemia Mutational Complementation Groups in Acute Leukemias Conclusion 107. Management of Acute Leukemias Introduction Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 108. Molecular Biology of Chronic Leukemias Introduction Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Acknowledgments 109. Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Introduction Epidemiology Pathogenesis Diagnosis Prognostic Factors Therapy Advanced Phase Disease Future Directions 110. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Introduction Molecular Biology Immune Abnormalities Diagnosis Treatment and Response Criteria New and Novel Treatments for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Second Malignancies and Transformation Prolymphocytic Leukemia Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia Hairy Cell Leukemia 111. Myelodysplastic Syndromes Introduction Historical Perspective Epidemiology Etiology Pathology Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Risk Assessment and Prognosis Management of Myelodysplastic Syndromes 112. Plasma Cell Neoplasms Introduction History Epidemiology Etiology Pathogenesis Drug Resistance Clinical Manifestations Treatment Section 14. Other Cancers 113. Cancer of Unknown Primary Site Introduction Pathologic Evaluation Studies of Molecular Gene Expression Tumor Profiling Assays in Cancer of Unknown Primary Diagnosis Clinical Features and Evaluation Treatment Special Issues in Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site Unknown Primary Cancer in Children New Treatment Paradigm 114. Benign and Malignant Mesothelioma Introduction Mechanism of Asbestos Carcinogenesis Overview of Molecular Mechanisms in Mesothelioma Alterations of Oncogenes in Mesothelioma Pathology of Mesothelioma Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation Diagnostic Approach for Presumed Mesothelioma Natural History Treatment Surgery for Pleural Mesothelioma Controversy Regarding Performance of Extrapleural Pneumonectomy Evolution of Lung Sparing Approaches for Macroscopic Complete Resection Chemotherapy Novel Therapeutic Approaches Radiotherapy For Mesothelioma 115. Peritoneal Metastases and Peritoneal Mesothelioma Introduction Natural History Studies Document the Importance of Local-Regional Progression Patient Selection Using Quantitative Prognostic Indicators Appendiceal Malignancy Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases: Curative Treatment and Prevention Diffuse Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma Gastric Cancer Peritoneal Metastases in Ovarian Cancer Sarcomatosis 116. Intraocular Melanoma Introduction Incidence and Etiology Anatomy and Pathology Ophthalmic Diagnosis Universal Staging and Uveal Melanoma Management of the Primary Uveal Melanoma Treatment for Special Cases Quality of Life Diagnosis of Uveal Melanoma Metastasis Biomarkers: Prognostic and Predictive Factors Summary Section 15. Immunosuppression Related Malignancies 117. HIV-Associated Malignancies Introduction Cancer and Hiv: Incidence and Etiology Kaposi Sarcoma Lymphoid Tumors in Patients with HIV Human Papillomavirus–Associated Cancer in HIV Infection Future Directions 118. Transplantation-Related Malignancies Introduction Myelodysplasia and Acute Myeloid Leukemia Lymphomas Solid Tumors Section 16. Oncologic Emergencies 119. Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Introduction Anatomy and Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation and Etiology Diagnostic Workup Disease-Specific Management and Outcomes Small-Cell Lung Cancer Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Nonmalignant Causes Catheter-Induced Obstruction Treatment Areas of Uncertainty Recommendations 120. Increased Intracranial Pressure Introduction Pathophysiologic Considerations Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Pretion Diagnosis Treatment 121. Spinal Cord Compression Introduction Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis 122. Metabolic Emergencies Introduction Tumor Lysis Syndrome and Hyperuricemia Cancer and Hyponatremia Lactic Acidosis and Cancer Hypercalcemia and Cancer Cancer-Related Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Section 17. Treatment Of Metastatic Cancer 123. Metastatic Cancer to the Brain Introduction Leptomeningeal Metastases 124. Metastatic Cancer to the Lung Introduction Presentation and Diagnosis of Pulmonary Metastases Surgical Metastasectomy Ablative Therapies Treatment Concerns and Outcomes for Individual Histologies Conclusion 125. Metastatic Cancer to the Liver Introduction Hepatic Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Metastases Hepatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Metastases Noncolorectal Nonneuroendocrine Hepatic Metastases 126. Metastatic Cancer to the Bone Introduction Presentation Pathophysiology Diagnostic Evaluation Therapeutic Modalities Denosumab New Targeted Therapies in the Treatment of Metastatic Bone Disease External Beam Radiation Therapy Systemic Radionuclides Radiotherapy for Complications of Bone Metastases: Localized External Beam Radiotherapy for Pathologic Fractures Mechanical Stability and Fracture Risk 127. Malignant Pleural and Pericardial Effusions Malignant Pleural Effusion Malignant Pericardial Effusion 128. Malignant Ascites Incidence and Etiology Anatomy and Pathology Diagnosis Management 129. Paraneoplastic Syndromes Introduction Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes Paraneoplastic Endocrinology Syndromes Paraneoplastic Hematologic Syndromes Paraneoplastic Dermatologic Manifestations Paraneoplastic Rheumatologic Manifestations Section 18. Stem Cell Transplantation 130. Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation Introduction Autologous Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Collection Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Toxicities and Supportive Care Indications For Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Plasma Cell Myeloma Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Lymphoid Malignancies Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Rarer Plasma Cell Dyscrasias Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia And Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Germ Cell Tumors Late Complications After Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation 131. Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation Introduction Conditioning Regimens Stem Cell Sources Immunobiology of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Complications of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and their Management Graft Failure Outcome of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies and Solid Tumors Management of Posttransplant Relapse Future Directions Section 19. Management of Adverse Effects of Treatment 132. Infections in the Cancer Patient RISK FACTORS FOR INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CANCER AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS Risk Factors for Infection Prevention of Infections DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES SYNDROMES Fever and Neutropenia Multidrug Resistant Organisms of Interest in Oncology 133. Neutropenia and Thrombocytopenia Introduction 134. Cancer Associated Thrombosis Introduction Mechanisms of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis Epidemiology of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis Prevention of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis Treatment of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis 135. Nausea And Vomiting Introduction Nausea and Vomiting Syndromes Pathophysiology of Treatment-Induced Nausea and Vomiting Defining the Risk of Nausea and Vomiting Antiemetic Agents Antiemetic Treatment by Clinical Setting Special Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting Problems Radiotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting 136. Diarrhea and Constipation Introduction Diarrhea Constipation Conclusion 137. Oral Complications Introduction Oral Mucositis Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis Radiation-Induced Mucositis Radiation Therapy–Related Complications Pathogenesis of Chemotherapy- and Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease Oral Manifestations Sequelae of Oral Complications Strategies for Prevention and Treatment of Oral Complications Treatment Strategies Radioprotectors Biologic Response Modifiers Treatment for Oral Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease Symptom Management 138. Pulmonary Toxicity Introduction Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity Chemotherapy-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity 139. Cardiac Toxicity Introduction Chemotherapeutics Radiotherapy-Associated Cardiac Sequlae Conclusion 140. Hair Loss Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Classification Diagnosis Treatment 141. Gonadal Dysfunction Introduction Effects of Cytotoxic Agents on Adult Men Effects of Cytotoxic Agents on Adult Women Effects of Cytotoxic Agents on Children Gonadal Dysfunction after Cranial Irradiation Preservation of Fertility, Hormone Levels, and Sexual Function Pharmacologic Attempts at Preserving Fertility in Men Pharmacologic Attempts at Preserving Fertility in Women Fertility Preservation in Women with Cervical Cancer Evaluation of Fertility after Treatment Hormone Replacement Therapy Prevention and Management of Erectile and Ejaculatory Dysfunction Genetic Concerns Acknowledgments 142. Fatigue Introduction Definition and Etiology of Cancer-Related Fatigue Current Theories of Cancer-Related Fatigue Evaluation of the Patient with Cancer-Related Fatigue Interventions for Fatigue Pharmacologic Measures Treatment of Anemia with Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents Exercise Management of Concurrent Symptoms Psychoeducational Interventions Interventions to Improve Sleep Quality Structured Rehabilitation Integrative Therapies Summary 143. Second Cancers Introduction Carcinogenicity of Individual Treatment Modalities Genetic Susceptibility to Second Primary Cancers Risk of Second Malignancy in Patients with Selected Primary Cancers Pediatric Malignancies Comments 144. Neurocognitive Effects Introduction Assessment of Cognitive Function Impact of Tumor Impact of Treatment Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction Conclusion 145. Cancer Survivorship Introduction Definition of Survivorship and Scope of the Problem Goals of Survivorship Health Care Care Plans Delivery of Follow-Up Care and Best Practice Models Educational Considerations Enhancing Research Survivorship Advocacy Conclusion
PART VI: Palliative and Alternative Care
Section 1. Supportive Care and Quality of Life 146. Management of Cancer Pain Introduction Epidemiology Definition of Pain Common Pain Syndromes Management of Cancer Pain Psychological Approaches Anesthetic and Neurosurgical Approaches Neuropharmacologic Approaches Neuroablative and Neurostimulatory Procedures for the Relief of Pain Trigger Point Injection and Acupuncture Physiatric Approache Algorithm for Cancer Pain Management Future Directions 147. Nutritional Support Background Causes of Malnutrition in Cancer Patients Cancer Cachexia Syndrome Nutrition Screening and Assessment Pharmacotherapy of Cancer-Associated Weight Loss and Malnutrition Nutrition Support of Cancer Patients Effect of Nutrition Support on Tumor Growth Glycemic Control in Patients with Cancer Palliative Nutrition Support in Patients Not Receiving Anticancer Treatment 148. Sexual Problems Introduction Cancer in Men Cancers that Affect Men and Women Cancer in Women Cancer in Children and Young Adults Relevant Sociocultural Considerations Disruption of Intimacy and Relational Considerations 149. Psychological Issues Introduction Common Psychiatric Conditions Screening for Psychological Problems Coping Treatment Interventions Outcome Implications for Cancer Progression and Mortality Psychotropic Medication 150. Communicating News to the Cancer Patient Introduction Preventing Illness Communication Explanations Uncomfortable Questions Information Meaning Cafeteria Explanations 151. Specialized Care of the Terminally Ill Introduction Interdisciplinary Care for Patients with Advanced Cancer Early Palliative Care Communication Specific Problems in the Setting of Advanced Cancer Dyspnea Malignant Bowel Obstruction Malignant Biliary Obstruction Gastric Outlet Obstruction Malignant Ascites Wounds Bleeding Impending Death 152. Rehabilitation of the Cancer Patient Introduction Complications of Cancer and its Treatment Neuromuscular Complications of Cancer and Cancer Treatment Musculoskeletal Complications of Cancer and Cancer Treatment Radiation Fibrosis Syndrome Head and Neck Cancer Lymphedema Rehabilitation Interventions Nonpharmacologic Pain Management Section 2. Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Therapies 153. Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Therapies in Cancer Care Background Establishing an Integrative Oncology Approach with Patients Standardization and Quality Specific Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies
Index
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