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Index
Cover
Title Page
Table of Contents
List of contributors
Acknowledgments
Foreword
The organization of life on land: biomes
Mountains as cradles of biodiversity
Our influence on the future
Biography
Biography of Editors
Glossary
About the Companion Website
1 Mountains, Climate and Biodiversity: an Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What are Mountains?
1.3 The Physiography of Mountains and Patterns of Biodiversity
1.4 Plate Tectonics, Mountain Building and the Biological (R)evolution
1.5 Mountains, Climate and Biodiversity: A Short Overview
1.6 Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Part I: Mountains, Relief and Climate
2 Simple Concepts Underlying the Structure, Support and Growth of Mountain Ranges, High Plateaus and Other High Terrain
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Support of High Terrain: Isostasy
2.3 Plate Tectonics and High Terrain
2.4 The Growth of Mountain Ranges and High Plateaus
2.5 Destruction of Mountain Ranges and Other High Terrain
2.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3 An Overview of Dynamic Topography: The Influence of Mantle Circulation on Surface Topography and Landscape
3.1 Introduction
3.2 What is Dynamic Topography?
3.3 Residual Topography
3.4 Modeling of Mantle Flow
3.5 Interaction of Dynamic Topography with the Landscape
3.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
4 Mountain Relief, Climate and Surface Processes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Relationships Between Climate, Erosion and Relief: Models and Concepts
4.3 Measuring (Changes in) Erosion Rates in Mountain Belts
4.4 Reconstructing Relief Change in Mountain Belts
4.5 Discussion: Is There a Climatic Control on Mountain‐Belt Erosion and Relief?
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 Dating mountain Building: Exhumation and Surface Uplift
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mountain Building
5.3 Studying Long‐Term Exhumation with Low‐Temperature Thermochronology
5.4 Studying Short‐Term Erosion from Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclide Analysis
5.5 Numeric Modeling of Thermal Histories and Exhumation
5.6 Case Study: Merida Andes of Venezuela
5.7 Case Study: East African Rift System
5.8 Conclusion
References
6 Stable Isotope Paleoaltimetry: Paleotopography as a Key Element in the Evolution of Landscapes and Life
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in Precipitation
6.3 Paleoaltimetry: Determining Surface Uplift
6.4 Modeling Approaches to Determining Stable Isotopes in Precipitation Patterns
6.5 Examples of Stable Isotope Paleoaltimetry
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Phytopaleoaltimetry: Using Plant Fossils to Measure Past Land Surface Elevation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Plants and Climate
7.3 Lapse Rates and Enthalpy
7.4 Conclusion
References
8 Cenozoic Mountain Building and Climate Evolution
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mountain and Climate Interactions
8.3 Paleoaltimetry Approaches
8.4 Surface Uplift and Climate Change
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Paleoclimate
9.1 Earth’s Climate System: Lessons from the Past
9.2 Early Earth’s climates
9.3 Hothouse climates of the Mesozoic and Paleogene
9.4 The Greenhouse–Icehouse Transition of the Cenozoic
9.5 Quaternary Ice Age Cycles and Rapid Climate Change
9.6 The Holocene
9.7 Conclusion
References
Part II: When Biology Meets Mountain Building
10 Mountain Geodiversity: Characteristics, Values and Climate Change
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Geodiversity and the Definition of Mountains
10.3 Mountain Geodiversity at a Global Scale
10.4 Mountain Geodiversity at Regional to Local Scales
10.5 Values of Mountain Geodiversity
10.6 Mountain Geodiversity and Climate Change
10.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
11 Geodiversity Mapping in Alpine Areas
11.1 Geodiversity Mapping
11.2 Geological and Geomorphological Overview of Vorarlberg
11.3 Index‐Based Geodiversity Mapping of Vorarlberg
11.4 Fine‐Scale Geodiversity: The Au West Case Study
11.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
12 Historical Connectivity and Mountain Biodiversity
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Flickering Connectivity System
12.3 Components of the FCS
12.4 Perspectives on Paleogeographic Reconstructions and Historical Connectivity
12.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
13 The Environmental Heterogeneity of Mountains at a Fine Scale in a Changing World
13.1 The Mosaic of Environmental Heterogeneity at a Fine Scale
13.2 Drivers of Isolation at a Fine Scale
13.3 Adaptation and Diversification at a Fine Scale
13.4 Heterogeneous Microhabitats as a Field Laboratory to Study Reactions to Climate Change
13.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
14 Mountains, Climate and Mammals
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mammal Diversity Across Continents
14.3 Topographic Diversity Gradients at the Regional Scale
14.4 Topographic Diversity Gradients in Deep Time
14.5 Mammals that Drive the Topographic Diversity Gradient
14.6 Biogeographic Processes in Topographically Complex Regions
14.7 Effects of Modern Climate Change on Montane Diversity
14.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15 Inferring Macroevolutionary Dynamics in Mountain Systems from Fossils
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Geological and Evolutionary Dynamics
15.3 Case Study: Rodent Diversification in North America
15.4 PyRate Analytical Framework
15.5 Preservation Rates and Model Selection
15.6 Rodent Diversification in Active Montane Regions and Quiescent Plains
15.7 Conclusion
References
16 The Interplay between Geological History and Ecology in Mountains
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Overview of Mountain Formation and Resulting Geologic and Climatic Complexity
16.3 Geologic and Climatic Factors Influencing Montane Diversity
16.4 Case Study: The Northern Andes
16.5 Conclusion
References
17 Mountains and the Diversity of Birds
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Methods
17.3 The Avifauna of Montane Environments
17.4 The Effect of Latitude
17.5 The Role of Niche Conservatism
17.6 How did Species Diversity Build Up in Tropical Mountain Regions?
17.7 The Next Challenge: Does Geology also Play a Role?
Acknowledgments
References
18 Teasing Apart Mountain Uplift, Climate Change and Biotic Drivers of Species Diversification
18.1 Seeking the Causes of Species Diversification and Extinction
18.2 Defining the Abiotic and Biotic Drivers of Diversification: A Real Dichotomy?
18.3 Phylogenetic Approaches to Study Diversification
18.4 A Unified Framework to Tease Apart the Drivers of Diversification
18.5 Case Study: The Andean Radiation of Hummingbirds
18.6 Limitations and Perspectives
18.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
19 Upland and Lowland Fishes: A Test of the River Capture Hypothesis
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Methods: Developing a River Capture Curve
19.3 Results
19.4 Discussion
19.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
20 Different Ways of Defining Diversity, and How to Apply Them in Montane Systems
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Quantifying Diversity
20.3 Documenting Diversity Patterns
20.4 Final Notes Related to Diversity in Montane Systems
References
21 A Modeling Framework to Estimate and Project Species Distributions in Space and Time
21.1 Species Niches and Their Reciprocal Spatial Distributions
21.2 Species Presence Data
21.3 Abiotic Spatial Data
21.4 Species Distribution Models
21.5 Projecting SDMs in Time and Space
21.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Part III: Mountains and Biota of the World
22 Evolution of the Isthmus of Panama: Biological, Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimatological Implications
22.1 Introduction
22.2 A brief History of the Isthmus Landscape Construction
22.3 Thermohaline Circulation
22.4 Northern Hemisphere Glaciation
22.5 The Caribbean Sea
22.6 The Great American Biotic Interchange
22.7 Unresolved Questions
Acknowledgments
References
23 The Tepuis of the Guiana Highlands
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Geology
23.3 Hydrology
23.4 Climate
23.5 Guiana Orography
23.6 Phytogeographical Provinces in the Guiana Shield
23.7 Animal Life in the Pantepui Region
23.8 Evolution of the Pantepui Biota
23.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
24 Ice‐Bound Antarctica: Biotic Consequences of the Shift from a Temperate to a Polar Climate
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Early Geological History of Antarctica
24.3 Antarctica and Gondwana: the Break‐up of a Supercontinent
24.4 Volcanism
24.5 How Antarctica Became An Ice‐bound Continent
24.6 Antarctica’s Fossil Biota
24.7 Antarctica’s Contemporary Biota
24.8 The Role of Volcanism and Montane Ecosystems in Supporting Antarctica’s Unique Biota
24.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
25 The Biogeography, Origin and Characteristics of the Vascular Plant Flora and Vegetation of the New Zealand Mountains
25.1 New Zealand Mountain Environments
25.2 Origin of the New Zealand Mountain Landscape
25.3 Vegetation of the New Zealand Mountains
25.4 Alpine Plant Traits
25.5 Alpine Radiations and Endemism
25.6 Biogeographic Relationships of the Alpine Flora
25.7 Origins of the Vascular Montane and Alpine Flora
25.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
26 The East African Rift System: Tectonics, Climate and Biodiversity
26.1 The East African Rift System
26.2 Continental Rift Zones
26.3 Tectonic development of the East African Rift System
26.4 Global Climate Change and East Africa
26.5 Biodiversity in the East African Rift Lakes
26.6 The Advent of Hominins
26.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
27 The Alps: A Geological, Climatic and Human Perspective on Vegetation History and Modern Plant Diversity
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Present Flora and Vegetation Patterns in the Physiographic, Climatic and Geological Context of the Alps
27.3 Vegetation History of the Alps Since the Late Eocene
27.4 Climate and Paleoaltitude Reconstructions of the Alps Since the Late Eocene
27.5 How Do Regional Geological Evolution, Global Climatic Changes and Human Pressure Affect Alpine Plant Diversity and Vegetation?
27.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
28 Cenozoic Evolution of Geobiodiversity in the Tibeto‐Himalayan Region
28.1 Introduction: Tropical and Subtropical Mountains and Biodiversity
28.2 Evolution of Geodiversity in the Tibeto‐Himalayan Region
28.3 Evolution of Present‐Day Biodiversity in the THR
28.4 The Mountain‐Geobiodiversity Hypothesis
28.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
29 Neogene Paleoenvironmental Changes and their Role in Plant Diversity in Yunnan, South‐Western China
29.1 Geomorphology, Tectonic History and Modern Plant Diversity of Yunnan
29.2 Neogene Climates of Yunnan
29.3 Plant Diversity Changes in Response to Monsoon Intensification in Yunnan
29.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
30 Influence of Mountain Formation on Floral Diversification in Japan, Based on Macrofossil Evidence
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Distribution and Characteristics of Mountain Vegetation and Flora in Japan
30.3 Mountains in the Development of Geomorphology in Japan
30.4 Development of Mountain Flora Since the Paleogene
30.5 Discussion
30.6 Conclusion
References
31 The Complex History of Mountain Building and the Establishment of Mountain Biota in Southeast Asia and Eastern Indonesia
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Present Montane Vegetation of Southeast Asia
31.3 Late Quaternary Vegetation Dynamics
31.4 The Mountain Ranges of Southeast Asia and New Guinea, and Their Uplift History
31.5 Dispersal and Evolution
31.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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