Electrical Engineering · Principles & Applications, 7/e by Hambley, Allan R. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

List of Examples Electrical Engineering Principles and Applications Electrical Engineering Principles and Applications Practical Applications of Electrical Engineering Principles Contents Preface

On-Line Student Resources Instructor Resources What’s New in This Edition Prerequisites Pedagogical Features Meeting Abet-Directed Outcomes Content and Organization

Chapter 1 Introduction

Introduction to this chapter: 1.1 Overview of Electrical Engineering

Subdivisions of Electrical Engineering Why You Need to Study Electrical Engineering Content of This Book

1.2 Circuits, Currents, and Voltages

Overview of an Electrical Circuit Fluid-Flow Analogy Electrical Circuits Electrical Current

Solution

Reference Directions Direct Current and Alternating Current Double-Subscript Notation for Currents

Exercise 1.1 Exercise 1.2 Exercise 1.3

Voltages Reference Polarities Double-Subscript Notation for Voltages Switches

Exercise 1.4

1.3 Power and Energy

Passive Reference Configuration

Solution

Energy Calculations

Solution

Prefixes

Exercise 1.5 Exercise 1.6

1.4 Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Physical Basis for Kirchhoff’s Current Law Series Circuits

Solution Exercise 1.7 Exercise 1.8

1.5 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law Related to Conservation of Energy Parallel Circuits

Solution Exercise 1.9 Exercise 1.10

1.6 Introduction to Circuit Elements

Conductors Independent Voltage Sources Ideal Circuit Elements versus Reality Dependent Voltage Sources Independent Current Sources Dependent Current Sources Resistors and Ohm’s Law Conductance Resistors Resistance Related to Physical Parameters

Solution

Power Calculations for Resistances Resistors versus Resistances

Solution Exercise 1.11 Exercise 1.12 Exercise 1.13

1.7 Introduction to Circuits

Using Arbitrary References

Solution Solution Exercise 1.14 Exercise 1.15

Summary Problems

Section 1.1: Overview of Electrical Engineering Section 1.2: Circuits, Currents, and Voltages Section 1.3: Power and Energy Section 1.4: Kirchhoff’s Current Law Section 1.5: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law Section 1.6: Introduction to Circuit Elements Section 1.7: Introduction to Circuits

Practice Test

Chapter 2 Resistive Circuits

Introduction to this chapter: 2.1 Resistances in Series and Parallel

Series Resistances Parallel Resistances

Solution Exercise 2.1

Conductances in Series and Parallel Series versus Parallel Circuits

2.2 Network Analysis by Using Series and Parallel Equivalents

Circuit Analysis Using Series/Parallel Equivalents

Solution

Power Control by Using Heating Elements in Series or Parallel

Exercise 2.2

2.3 Voltage-Divider and Current-Divider Circuits

Voltage Division

Solution

Current Division

Solution Solution

Position Transducers Based on the Voltage-Division Principle

Exercise 2.3 Exercise 2.4

2.4 Node-Voltage Analysis

Selecting the Reference Node Assigning Node Voltages Finding Element Voltages in Terms of the Node Voltages

Exercise 2.5

Writing KCL Equations in Terms of the Node Voltages

Solution Exercise 2.6

Circuit Equations in Standard Form A Shortcut to Writing the Matrix Equations

Exercise 2.7 Solution

Solving the Network Equations

Exercise 2.8

Using MATLAB to Solve Network Equations

Solution Exercise 2.9

Circuits with Voltage Sources

Solution Exercise 2.10 Exercise 2.11 Exercise 2.12 Exercise 2.13

Circuits with Controlled Sources

Solution Solution

Step-by-Step Node-Voltage Analysis

Solution Exercise 2.14 Exercise 2.15

Using the MATLAB Symbolic Toolbox to Obtain Symbolic Solutions Checking Answers

Exercise 2.16

2.5 Mesh-Current Analysis

Choosing the Mesh Currents

Exercise 2.17

Writing Equations to Solve for Mesh Currents

Solution Exercise 2.18

Solving Mesh Equations

Solution Exercise 2.19 Exercise 2.20

Writing Mesh Equations Directly in Matrix Form

Solution Exercise 2.21

Mesh Currents in Circuits Containing Current Sources

Exercise 2.22 Exercise 2.23

Circuits with Controlled Sources

Solution

Step-by-Step Mesh-Current Analysis

Solution Exercise 2.24 Exercise 2.25

2.6 Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Thévenin Equivalent Circuits

Solution Exercise 2.26

Norton Equivalent Circuit Step-by-Step Thévenin/Norton-Equivalent-Circuit Analysis

Solution Exercise 2.29

Source Transformations

Solution Exercise 2.30

Maximum Power Transfer

An All-Too-Common Example.

Solution

Application of Maximum Power Transfer.

2.7 Superposition Principle

Linearity Using Superposition to Solve Circuits

Solution Exercise 2.31 Exercise 2.32

2.8 Wheatstone Bridge

Solution Strain Measurements

Summary Problems

Section 2.1: Resistances in Series and Parallel Section 2.2: Network Analysis by Using Series and Parallel Equivalents Section2.3: Voltage-Divider and Current-Divider Circuits Section 2.4: Node-Voltage Analysis Section 2.5: Mesh-Current Analysis Section 2.6: Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Section 2.7: Superposition Principle Section 2.8: Wheatstone Bridge

Practice Test

Chapter 3 Inductance and Capacitance

Introduction to this chapter: 3.1 Capacitance

Fluid-Flow Analogy Stored Charge in Terms of Voltage Current in Terms of Voltage

Solution Exercise 3.1

Voltage in Terms of Current

Solution

Stored Energy

Solution Exercise 3.2

3.2 Capacitances in Series and Parallel

Capacitances in Parallel Capacitances in Series

Solution Exercise 3.3 Exercise 3.4

3.3 Physical Characteristics of Capacitors

Capacitance of the Parallel-Plate Capacitor

Solution Exercise 3.5

Practical Capacitors Electrolytic Capacitors Parasitic Effects

Solution

3.4 Inductance

Fluid-Flow Analogy Current in Terms of Voltage Stored Energy

Solution Solution Exercise 3.6 Exercise 3.7

3.5 Inductances in Series and Parallel

Solution Exercise 3.8 Exercise 3.9 Exercise 3.10

3.6 Practical Inductors

Parasitic Effects for Real Inductors

3.7 Mutual Inductance

Linear Variable Differential Transformer

3.8 Symbolic Integration and Differentiation Using MATLAB

Solution Exercise 3.11

Summary Problems

Section 3.1: Capacitance Section 3.2: Capacitances in Series and Parallel Section 3.3: Physical Characteristics of Capacitors Section 3.4: Inductance Section 3.5: Inductances in Series and Parallel Section 3.6: Practical Inductors Section 3.7: Mutual Inductance Section 3.8: Symbolic Integration and Differentiation Using MATLAB

Practice Test

Chapter 4 Transients

Introduction to this chapter: 4.1 First-Order RC Circuits

Discharge of a Capacitance through a Resistance

Solution

Charging a Capacitance from a DC Source through a Resistance

Solution Exercise 4.1 Exercise 4.2

4.2 DC Steady State

Solution Exercise 4.3

4.3 RL Circuits

Solution Solution Exercise 4.4 Exercise 4.5 Exercise 4.6

4.4 RC and RL Circuits with General Sources

Solution of the Differential Equation Step-by-Step Solution

Solution Exercise 4.7 Exercise 4.8

4.5 Second-Order Circuits

Differential Equation Mechanical Analog Solution of the Second-Order Equation

Particular Solution. Complementary Solution.

Solution

Case I Case II Case III

Normalized Step Response of Second-Order Systems Circuits with Parallel L and C

Exercise 4.9 Exercise 4.10 Exercise 4.11

4.6 Transient Analysis Using the MATLAB Symbolic Toolbox

Solution Solution Solving Systems of Linear Differential Equations

Solution Exercise 4.12 Exercise 4.13

Summary Problems

Section 4.1: First-Order RC Circuits Section 4.2: DC Steady State Section 4.3: RL Circuits Section 4.4: RC and RL Circuits with General Sources Section 4.5: Second-Order Circuits Section 4.6: Transient Analysis Using the MATLAB Symbolic Toolbox

Practice Test

Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Introduction to this chapter: 5.1 Sinusoidal Currents and Voltages

Root-Mean-Square Values RMS Value of a Sinusoid

Solution

RMS Values of Nonsinusoidal Voltages or Currents

Solution Exercise 5.1 Exercise 5.2 Exercise 5.3

5.2 Phasors

Phasor Definition Adding Sinusoids Using Phasors Streamlined Procedure for Adding Sinusoids

Solution Exercise 5.4

Phasors as Rotating Vectors Phase Relationships

Exercise 5.5

5.3 Complex Impedances

Inductance Capacitance Resistance Complex Impedances in Series and Parallel

Solution Exercise 5.6 Exercise 5.7 Exercise 5.8

5.4 Circuit Analysis with Phasors and Complex Impedances

Kirchhoff’s Laws in Phasor Form Circuit Analysis Using Phasors and Impedances

Solution Solution

Node-Voltage Analysis

Solution

Mesh-Current Analysis

Solution Exercise 5.9 Exercise 5.10 Exercise 5.11

5.5 Power in AC Circuits

Current, Voltage, and Power for a Resistive Load Current, Voltage, and Power for an Inductive Load Current, Voltage, and Power for a Capacitive Load Importance of Reactive Power Power Calculations for a General Load Power Factor Reactive Power Apparent Power Units Power Triangle Additional Power Relationships Complex Power

Solution Solution

Power-Factor Correction

Solution Exercise 5.12 Exercise 5.13

5.6 Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Thévenin Equivalent Circuits Norton Equivalent Circuits

Solution

Maximum Average Power Transfer

Solution Exercise 5.14 Exercise 5.15

5.7 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

Phase Sequence Wye–Wye Connection Power Reactive Power Line-to-Line Voltages

Solution Exercise 5.16

Delta-Connected Sources Wye- and Delta-Connected Loads Delta–Delta Connection

Solution Exercise 5.17

5.8 AC Analysis Using MATLAB

Complex Data in MATLAB Finding the Polar Form of MATLAB Results Adding New Functions to MATLAB Solving Network Equations with MATLAB

Solution Exercise 5.18

Summary Problems

Section 5.1: Sinusoidal Currents and Voltages Section 5.2: Phasors Section 5.3: Complex Impedances Section 5.4: Circuit Analysis with Phasors and Complex Impedances Section 5.5: Power in AC Circuits Section 5.6: Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits Section 5.7: Balanced Three-Phase Circuits Section 5.8: AC Analysis Using MATLAB

Practice Test

Chapter 6 Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

Introduction to this chapter: 6.1 Fourier Analysis, Filters, and Transfer Functions

Fourier Analysis

Fourier Series of a Square Wave

Filters Transfer Functions

Solution Exercise 6.1 Example: Graphic Equalizer Input Signals with Multiple Components

Solution

Experimental Determination of the Transfer Function

Exercise 6.2 Exercise 6.3

6.2 First-Order Lowpass Filters

Magnitude and Phase Plots of the Transfer Function Applying the Transfer Function

Solution

Application of the First-Order Lowpass Filter Using Phasors with Components of Different Frequencies

Exercise 6.4 Exercise 6.5

6.3 Decibels, the Cascade Connection, and Logarithmic Frequency Scales

Cascaded Two-Port Networks Logarithmic Frequency Scales

Solution Exercise 6.6 Exercise 6.7 Exercise 6.8 Exercise 6.9 Exercise 6.10

6.4 Bode Plots

Phase Plot

Exercise 6.11

6.5 First-Order Highpass Filters

Exercise 6.12 Magnitude and Phase of the Transfer Function Bode Plots for the First-Order Highpass Filter

Solution Exercise 6.13 Exercise 6.14

6.6 Series Resonance

Series Resonant Circuit as a Bandpass Filter

Solution Exercise 6.15 Exercise 6.16 Exercise 6.17

6.7 Parallel Resonance

Solution Exercise 6.18 Exercise 6.19

6.8 Ideal and Second-Order Filters

Ideal Filters

Solution

Second-Order Lowpass Filter Comparison of First- and Second-Order Filters Second-Order Highpass Filter Second-Order Bandpass Filter Second-Order Band-Reject (Notch) Filter

Solution Exercise 6.20 Exercise 6.21

6.9 Bode Plots with MATLAB

Solution Exercise 6.22

6.10 Digital Signal Processing

Conversion of Signals from Analog to Digital Form Digital Filters Digital Lowpass Filter

Solution Exercise 6.23

Other Digital Filters

Exercise 6.24

A Simple Notch Filter

Exercise 6.25

Digital Filter Demonstration Comparison of Filter Technologies

Summary Problems

Section 6.1: Fourier Analysis, Filters, and Transfer Functions Section 6.2: First-Order Lowpass Filters Section 6.3: Decibels, the Cascade Connection, and Logarithmic Frequency Scales Section 6.4: Bode Plots Section 6.5: First-Order Highpass Filters Section 6.6: Series Resonance Section 6.7: Parallel Resonance Section 6.8: Ideal and Second-Order Filters Section 6.9: Transfer Functions and Bode Plots with MATLAB Section 6.10: Digital Signal Processing

Practice Test

Chapter 7 Logic Circuits

Introduction to this chapter: 7.1 Basic Logic Circuit Concepts

Advantages of the Digital Approach Positive versus Negative Logic Logic Ranges and Noise Margins Digital Words Transmission of Digital Information Examples of Digital Information-Processing Systems

7.2 Representation of Numerical Data in Binary Form

Binary Numbers Conversion of Decimal Numbers to Binary Form

Solution Solution Solution Solution Exercise 7.1 Exercise 7.2

Binary Arithmetic

Solution

Hexadecimal and Octal Numbers

Solution Solution Solution Solution Exercise 7.3 Exercise 7.4

Binary-Coded Decimal Format

Exercise 7.5

Gray Code

Exercise 7.6

Complement Arithmetic

Solution Exercise 7.7 Exercise 7.8

7.3 Combinatorial Logic Circuits

AND Gate Logic Inverter OR Gate Boolean Algebra

Solution Exercise 7.9 Exercise 7.10

Implementation of Boolean Expressions De Morgan’s Laws

Solution Exercise 7.11

NAND, NOR, and XOR Gates Logical Sufficiency of NAND Gates or of NOR Gates

Exercise 7.12

7.4 Synthesis of Logic Circuits

Sum-of-Products Implementation Product-of-Sums Implementation

Solution Exercise 7.13 Exercise 7.14

Decoders, Encoders, and Translators

7.5 Minimization of Logic Circuits

Exercise 7.15 Karnaugh Maps

Exercise 7.16 Solution

Minimum POS Forms

Solution Exercise 7.17 Exercise 7.18

7.6 Sequential Logic Circuits

Flip-Flops

SR Flip-Flop. Using an SR Flip-Flop to Debounce a Switch.

Exercise 7.19 Exercise 7.20

Clocked SR Flip-Flop. Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop.

Exercise 7.21

JK Flip-Flop.

Serial-In Parallel-Out Shift Register Parallel-In Serial-Out Shift Register Counters

Conclusions Summary Problems

Section 7.1: Basic Logic Circuit Concepts Section 7.2: Representation of Numerical Data in Binary Form Section 7.3: Combinatorial Logic Circuits Section 7.4: Synthesis of Logic Circuits Section 7.5: Minimization of Logic Circuits Section 7.6: Sequential Logic Circuits

Practice Test

Chapter 8 Computers, Microcontrollers and Computer-Based Instrumentation Systems

Introduction to this chapter: 8.1 Computer Organization

Memory Programs Buses Input Output

Exercise 8.1 Exercise 8.2

8.2 Memory Types

RAM ROM Mass Storage Selection of Memory

8.3 Digital Process Control

Interrupts versus Polling

8.4 Programming Model for the HCS12/9S12 Family

The HCS12/9S12 Programming Model Stacks and the Stack Pointer Register

Exercise 8.3 Exercise 8.4 Exercise 8.5

8.5 The Instruction Set and Addressing Modes for the CPU12

Instructions for the CPU12 Extended (EXT) Addressing Direct (DIR) Addressing Inherent (INH) Addressing Immediate (IMM) Addressing Indexed (IDX) Addressing Relative Addressing Machine Code and Assemblers

Exercise 8.6 Exercise 8.7

8.6 Assembly-Language Programming

Solution Solution Solution Subroutines

Solution Exercise 8.8 Exercise 8.9

Resources for Additional Study

8.7 Measurement Concepts and Sensors

Overview of Computer-Based Instrumentation Sensors Equivalent Circuits and Loading

Solution

Sensors with Electrical Current Output Variable-Resistance Sensors Errors in Measurement Systems

Exercise 8.10 Exercise 8.11

8.8 Signal Conditioning

Single-Ended versus Differential Amplifiers Ground Loops Alternative Connections Noise

Exercise 8.12

8.9 Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Sampling Rate Aliasing Quantization Noise

Solution Exercise 8.13 Exercise 8.14

Summary Problems

Section 8.1: Computer Organization Section 8.2: Memory Types Section 8.3: Digital Process Control Section 8.4: Programming Model for the HCS12/9S12 Family Section 8.5: The Instruction Set and Addressing Modes for the CPU12 Section 8.6: Assembly-Language Programming Section 8.7: Measurement Concepts and Sensors Section 8.8: Signal Conditioning Section 8.9: Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Practice Test

Chapter 9 Diodes

Introduction to this chapter: 9.1 Basic Diode Concepts

Brief Sketch of Diode Physics Small-Signal Diodes Shockley Equation Zener Diodes

Exercise 9.1 Exercise 9.2

9.2 Load-Line Analysis of Diode Circuits

Solution Solution Exercise 9.3

9.3 Zener-Diode Voltage-Regulator Circuits

Solution Slope of the Load Line Load-Line Analysis of Complex Circuits

Solution Exercise 9.4 Exercise 9.5

9.4 Ideal-Diode Model

Assumed States for Analysis of Ideal-Diode Circuits

Solution Exercise 9.6 Exercise 9.7 Exercise 9.8

9.5 Piecewise-Linear Diode Models

Solution Solution Exercise 9.9 Exercise 9.10 Simple Piecewise-Linear Diode Equivalent Circuit

9.6 Rectifier Circuits

Half-Wave Rectifier Circuits

Battery-Charging Circuit. Half-Wave Rectifier with Smoothing Capacitor.

Peak Inverse Voltage Full-Wave Rectifier Circuits

Exercise 9.11 Exercise 9.12 Exercise 9.13

9.7 Wave-Shaping Circuits

Clipper Circuits

Exercise 9.14 Exercise 9.15

Clamp Circuits

Exercise 9.16 Exercise 9.17 Exercise 9.18

9.8 Linear Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits

Notation for Currents and Voltages in Electronic Circuits

Exercise 9.19

Voltage-Controlled Attenuator

Exercise 9.20

Summary Problems

Section 9.1: Basic Diode Concepts Section 9.2: Load-Line Analysis of Diode Circuits Section 9.3: Zener-Diode Voltage-Regulator Circuits Section 9.4: Ideal-Diode Model Section 9.5: Piecewise-Linear Diode Models Section 9.6: Rectifier Circuits Section 9.7: Wave-Shaping Circuits Section 9.8: Linear Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits

Practice Test

Chapter 10 Amplifiers: Specifications and External Characteristics

Introduction to this chapter: 10.1 Basic Amplifier Concepts

Common Ground Node

Exercise 10.1

Voltage-Amplifier Model Current Gain Power Gain

Solution

Loading Effects

Exercise 10.2 Exercise 10.3

10.2 Cascaded Amplifiers

Solution Simplified Models for Cascaded Amplifier Stages

Solution Exercise 10.4 Exercise 10.5

10.3 Power Supplies and Efficiency

Efficiency

Solution Exercise 10.6

10.4 Additional Amplifier Models

Current-Amplifier Model

Solution Exercise 10.7

Transconductance-Amplifier Model

Solution Exercise 10.8

Transconductance-Amplifier Model

Solution Exercise 10.9

10.5 Importance of Amplifier Impedances in Various Applications

Applications Calling for High or Low Input Impedance Applications Calling for High or Low Output Impedance Applications Calling for a Particular Impedance

10.6 Ideal Amplifiers

Classifying Real Amplifiers

Exercise 10.10 Exercise 10.11

10.7 Frequency Response

Solution Gain as a Function of Frequency AC Coupling versus Direct Coupling High-Frequency Region Half-Power Frequencies and Bandwidth Wideband versus Narrowband Amplifiers

10.8 Linear Waveform Distortion

Amplitude Distortion

Solution

Phase Distortion

Solution

Requirements for Distortionless Amplification Definition of Gain Revisited

Exercise 10.12 Exercise 10.13

10.9 Pulse Response

Rise Time Overshoot and Ringing Tilt

Exercise 10.14 Exercise 10.15

10.10 Transfer Characteristic and Nonlinear Distortion

Harmonic Distortion

Exercise 10.16

10.11 Differential Amplifiers

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio

Solution

Measurement of CMRR

Exercise 10.17 Exercise 10.18

10.12 Offset Voltage, Bias Current, and Offset Current

Minimizing the Effect of Bias Current

Solution

Balancing Circuits

Exercise 10.19 Exercise 10.20

Summary Problems

Section10.1: Basic Amplifier Concepts Section10.2: Cascaded Amplifiers Section10.3: Power Supplies and Efficiency Section10.4: Additional Amplifier Models Section10.5: Importance of Amplifier Impedances in Various Applications Section10.6: Ideal Amplifiers Section10.7: Frequency Response Section10.8: Linear Waveform Distortion Section10.9: Pulse Response Section10.10: Transfer Characteristic and Nonlinear Distortion Section10.11: Differential Amplifiers Section10.12: Offset Voltage, Bias Current, and Offset Current

Practice Test

Chapter 11 Field-Effect Transistors

Introduction to this chapter: 11.1 NMOS and PMOS Transistors

Overview Operation in the Cutoff Region Operation in the Triode Region Operation in the Saturation Region Boundary between the Triode and Saturation Regions

Solution Exercise 11.1 Exercise 11.2

PMOS Transistors

Exercise 11.3

Channel-Length Modulation and Charge-Carrier-Velocity Saturation

11.2 Load-Line Analysis of a Simple NMOS Amplifier

Exercise 11.4

11.3 Bias Circuits

The Fixed- plus Self-Bias Circuit

Solution Exercise 11.5 Exercise 11.6

11.4 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits

Dependence of Transconductance on Q Point and Device Parameters More Complex Equivalent Circuits Transconductance and Drain Resistance as Partial Derivatives

Solution Exercise 11.7 Exercise 11.8

11.5 Common-Source Amplifiers

The Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Voltage Gain Input Resistance Output Resistance

Solution Exercise 11.9 Exercise 11.10 Exercise 11.11

11.6 Source Followers

The Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Voltage Gain Input Resistance Output Resistance

Solution Exercise 11.12 Exercise 11.13

11.7 CMOS Logic Gates

CMOS Inverter CMOS NAND Gate CMOS NOR Gate

Exercise 11.14 Exercise 11.15

Conclusions

Summary Problems

Section 11.1: NMOS and PMOS Transistors Section 11.2: Load-Line Analysis of a Simple NMOS Amplifier Section 11.3: Bias Circuits Section 11.4: Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits Section 11.5: Common-Source Amplifiers Section 11.6: Source Followers Section 11.7: CMOS Logic Gates

Practice Test

Chapter 12 Bipolar Junction Transistors

Introduction to this chapter: 12.1 Current and Voltage Relationships

Fluid-Flow Analogy Equations of Operation

Exercise 12.1 Exercise 12.2 Exercise 12.3

12.2 Common-Emitter Characteristics

Amplification by the BJT

Solution Exercise 12.4

12.3 Load-Line Analysis of a Common-Emitter Amplifier

Analysis of the Input Circuit Analysis of the Output Circuit

Solution

Nonlinear Distortion

Exercise 12.5 Exercise 12.6

12.4 pnp Bipolar Junction Transistors

Exercise 12.7 Exercise 12.8

12.5 Large-Signal DC Circuit Models

Active-Region Model Saturation-Region Model Cutoff-Region Model

Solution Exercise 12.9

12.6 Large-Signal DC Analysis of BJT Circuits

Solution Solution Implications for Bias-Circuit Design

Exercise 12.10 Exercise 12.11 Exercise 12.12 Solution

Analysis of the Four-Resistor Bias Circuit

Solution Exercise 12.13

12.7 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits

Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit for the BJT

12.8 Common-Emitter Amplifiers

The Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Voltage Gain Input Impedance Current Gain and Power Gain Output Impedance

Solution Exercise 12.14

12.9 Emitter Followers

Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Voltage Gain Input Impedance Output Impedance

Solution Exercise 12.15

Summary Problems

Section 12.1: Current and Voltage Relationships Section 12.2: Common-Emitter Characteristics Section 12.3: Load-Line Analysis of a Common-Emitter Amplifier Section 12.4: pnp Bipolar Junction Transistors Section 12.5: Large-Signal DC Circuit Models Section 12.6: Large-Signal DC Analysis of BJT Circuits Section 12.7: Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits Section 12.8: Common-Emitter Amplifiers Section 12.9: Emitter Followers

Practice Test

Chapter 13 Operational Amplifiers

Introduction to this chapter: 13.1 Ideal Operational Amplifiers

Power-Supply Connections

13.2 Inverting Amplifiers

The Basic Inverter Virtual-Short-Circuit Concept Variations of the Inverter Circuit

Solution Exercise 13.1 Exercise 13.2 Exercise 13.3

Positive Feedback

13.3 Noninverting Amplifiers

Voltage Follower

Exercise 13.4 Exercise 13.5 Exercise 13.6

13.4 Design of Simple Amplifiers

Solution Solution Exercise 13.7 Close-Tolerance Designs

Solution Exercise 13.8 Exercise 13.9 Exercise 13.10 Exercise 13.11

13.5 Op-Amp Imperfections in the Linear Range of Operation

Input and Output Impedances Gain and Bandwidth Limitations Closed-Loop Bandwidth Gain–Bandwidth Product

Solution Exercise 13.12

13.6 Nonlinear Limitations

Output Voltage Swing Output Current Limits Slew-Rate Limitation Full-Power Bandwidth

Solution Exercise 13.13

13.7 DC Imperfections

Solution Cancellation of the Effects of Bias Currents

Exercise 13.14 Exercise 13.15

13.8 Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers

Instrumentation-Quality Differential Amplifier

Exercise 13.16

13.9 Integrators and Differentiators

Exercise 13.17 Exercise 13.18 Exercise 13.19 Differentiator Circuit

Exercise 13.20

13.10 Active Filters

Butterworth Transfer Function

Solution Exercise 13.21 Exercise 13.22

Summary Problems

Section 13.1: Ideal Operational Amplifiers Section 13.2: Inverting Amplifiers Section 13.3: Noninverting Amplifiers Section 13.4: Design of Simple Amplifiers Section 13.5: Op-Amp Imperfections in the Linear Range of Operation Section 13.6: Nonlinear Limitations Section 13.7: DC Imperfections Section 13.8: Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers Section 13.9: Integrators and Differentiators Section 13.10: Active Filters

Practice Test

Chapter 14 Magnetic Circuits and Transformers

Introduction to this chapter: 14.1 Magnetic Fields

Right-Hand Rule

Exercise 14.1 Exercise 14.2

Forces on Charges Moving in Magnetic Fields

Exercise 14.3

Forces on Current-Carrying Wires

Exercise 14.4

Flux Linkages and Faraday’s Law Voltages Induced in Field-Cutting Conductors

Exercise 14.5

Magnetic Field Intensity and Ampère’s Law

Solution Solution Solution Exercise 14.6 Exercise 14.7 Exercise 14.8

14.2 Magnetic Circuits

Solution Advantage of the Magnetic-Circuit Approach

Solution Solution Exercise 14.9 Exercise 14.10

14.3 Inductance and Mutual Inductance

Solution Mutual Inductance Dot Convention Circuit Equations for Mutual Inductance

Solution Exercise 14.11 Exercise 14.12 Exercise 14.13

14.4 Magnetic Materials

Energy Considerations Core Loss Eddy-Current Loss Energy Stored in the Magnetic Field

Exercise 14.14 Exercise 14.15

14.5 Ideal Transformers

Voltage Ratio

Solution

Current Ratio Power in an Ideal Transformer

Summary

Mechanical Analog of the Transformer: The Lever

Solution

Impedance Transformations

Solution Solution Exercise 14.16 Exercise 14.17 Exercise 14.18

14.6 Real Transformers

Variations of the Transformer Model Regulation and Efficiency

Solution

Summary Problems

Section 14.1: Magnetic Fields Section 14.2: Magnetic Circuits Section 14.3: Inductance and Mutual Inductance Section 14.4: Magnetic Materials Section 14.5: Ideal Transformers Section 14.6: Real Transformers

Practice Test

Chapter 15 DC Machines

Introduction to this chapter: 15.1 Overview of Motors

Basic Construction Armature and Field Windings AC Motors DC Motors Losses, Power Ratings, and Efficiency Torque–Speed Characteristics Speed Regulation Synchronous-Motor Operating Characteristics Induction-Motor Operating Characteristics Shunt-Connected DC Motor Operating Characteristics Series-Connected DC Motor Operating Characteristics

Solution Exercise 15.1 Exercise 15.2

15.2 Principles of DC Machines

Operation as a Motor Operation as a Generator

Solution Exercise 15.3

15.3 Rotating DC Machines

Structure of the Rotor and Stator Induced EMF and Commutation Equivalent Circuit of the DC Motor Magnetization Curve

Solution Exercise 15.4 Exercise 15.5

15.4 Shunt-Connected and Separately Excited DC Motors

Power Flow Torque–Speed Characteristic

Solution Exercise 15.6 Exercise 15.7

Separately Excited DC Motors Permanent-Magnet Motors

15.5 Series-Connected DC Motors

Solution Exercise 15.8 Exercise 15.9 Universal Motors

15.6 Speed Control of DC Motors

Variation of the Supply Voltage Variable DC Voltage Sources Speed Control by Varying the Field Current Danger of an Open Field Circuit Speed Control by Inserting Resistance in Series with the Armature

Exercise 15.10 Exercise 15.11 Exercise 15.12

15.7 DC Generators

Separately Excited DC Generators Shunt-Connected DC Generators Compound-Connected DC Generators Performance Calculations

Solution Exercise 15.13

Summary Problems

Section 15.1: Overview of Motors Section 15.2: Principles of DC Machines Section 15.3: Rotating DC Machines Section 15.4: Shunt-Connected and Separately Excited DC Motors Section 15.5: Series-Connected DC Motors Section 15.6: Speed Control of DC Motors Section 15.7: DC Generators

Practice Test

Chapter 16 AC Machines

Introduction to this chapter: 16.1 Three-Phase Induction Motors

Rotating Stator Field Synchronous Speed

Exercise 16.1

Squirrel-Cage Induction Machines Slip and Slip Frequency Effect of Rotor Inductance on Torque Torque–Speed Characteristic

Exercise 16.2

16.2 Equivalent-Circuit and Performance Calculations for Induction Motors

Rotor Equivalent Circuit Complete Induction-Motor Equivalent Circuit Phase versus Line Quantities Power and Torque Calculations

Solution Solution Solution Exercise 16.3 Exercise 16.4

Wound-Rotor Induction Machine Selection of Induction Motors

16.3 Synchronous Machines

Automobile Alternator Motor Action Electrical Angles Field Components Equivalent Circuit Potential for Power-Factor Correction Operation with Variable Load and Constant Field Current

Solution Exercise 16.5

Operation with Constant Load and Variable Field Current

Solution Exercise 16.6

Pull-Out Torque Starting Methods

Exercise 16.7

16.4 Single-Phase Motors

Basic Single-Phase Induction Motor Auxiliary Windings Shaded-Pole Motors

16.5 Stepper Motors and Brushless DC Motors

Brushless DC Motors

Summary Problems

Section 16.1: Three-Phase Induction Motors Section 16.2: Equivalent-Circuit and Performance Calculations for Induction Motors Section 16.3: Synchronous Machines Section 16.4: Single-Phase Motors Section 16.5: Stepper Motors and Brushless DC Motors

Practice Test

APPENDIX A Complex Numbers

Basic Complex-Number Concepts

Solution Exercise A.1

Complex Numbers in Polar Form

Solution Solution Exercise A.2 Exercise A.3

Euler’s Identities

Solution Exercise A.4

Arithmetic Operations in Polar and Exponential Form

Solution Exercise A.5

Summary Problems*

APPENDIX B Nominal Values and the Color Code for Resistors APPENDIX C The Fundamentals of Engineering Examination APPENDIX D Answers for the Practice Tests APPENDIX E On-Line Student Resources Index

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z

← Prev
Back
Next →

← Prev
Back
Next →