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Index
About this Book
Cover Page
Inside Front Cover
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
How to Find Help in This Book
Preface
True Tales of The Everyday Writer
Part 1 Writing Rhetorically
Chapter 1 Expectations for College Writing
1a Choose openness.
1b Use social media wisely.
1c Position yourself as an academic writer.
Expectations for U.S. academic writing
Authority
Directness and clarity
1d Read and listen respectfully and actively.
Respectful reading and listening
Active reading and listening
Class participation
1e Plan research.
1f Use digital tools effectively.
Best practices for formal messages and posts
Best practices for informal situations
Chapter 2 Rhetorical Situations
2a Make good choices for your rhetorical situation.
Elements of the rhetorical situation
Informal and formal rhetorical situations
The opportune moment (kairos)
2b Plan your text’s topic and message.
2c Consider your purpose and stance as a communicator.
Purposes for academic assignments
Stances for academic assignments
2d Analyze your audience.
Informal and formal audiences
Appropriate language for an audience
2e Think about genres and media.
Features of genres
Multimodal genres for academic work
2f Consider language and style.
2g A sample rhetorical situation
Chapter 3 Exploring, Planning, and Drafting
3a Explore your topic.
3b Narrow your topic.
3c Craft a working thesis statement.
3d Gather information.
3e Organize information.
Spatial organization
Chronological organization
Logical organization
Associational organization
Combined organizational patterns
3f Make a plan.
An informal plan
A formal outline
A storyboard
3g Create a draft.
Chapter 4 Developing Paragraphs
4a Focus on a main idea.
Topic sentence
Other related sentences
4b Provide details.
Details in visual texts
4c Use effective methods of development.
Narrative
Description
Definition
Example
Division and classification
Comparison and contrast
Analogy
Cause and effect
Process
Problem and solution
Reiteration
4d Make paragraphs flow.
Repetition of key words and phrases
Parallelism
Transitions
Commonly used transitions
4e Work on opening and closing paragraphs.
Opening paragraphs
Concluding paragraphs
Chapter 5 Reviewing, Revising, and Editing
5a Review your writing.
Meaning
Purpose
Audience
Stance
Organization
Genre and media
5b Get the most from peer review.
The role of peer reviewers
Reviews of Emily Lesk’s draft
The writer’s role in peer review
5c Consult instructor comments.
5d Revise.
Thesis statement
Support
Organization
Title, introduction, and conclusion
Visuals, media, and design
5e Edit.
Sentence length
Sentence structure
Sentence openings
Sentences beginning with it and there
Tone
Word choice
Spell checkers
Document design
Proofreading the final draft
A student’s revised draft
Chapter 6 Reflecting
6a Reflect to present your work effectively.
Portfolio guidelines
Reflective statements
6b A student’s reflective statement
6c Reflect to learn.
6d A student’s reflective blog post
Part 2 Critical Thinking and Argument
Chapter 7 Critical Reading
7a Consider reading collaboratively.
7b Preview the text; consider the source.
Student preview of an assigned text
7c Where reading meets writing: Annotate and respond.
Student annotation of an assigned text
7d Summarize the main ideas.
Student summary of an assigned text
7e Analyze and reflect on the text.
Student analysis of an assigned text
7f Think critically about visual texts.
7g A student’s critical reading of a text
Chapter 8 Analyzing Arguments
8a Think critically about argument.
8b Recognize cultural contexts.
8c Identify an argument’s basic appeals.
Emotional appeals
Ethical appeals
Logical appeals
Appeals in a visual argument
8d Recognize the use of stories in argument.
8e Understand Toulmin’s elements of argument.
Claims
Reasons
Assumptions
Evidence or backing
Qualifiers
Elements of a visual argument
8f Think critically about fallacies.
Verbal fallacies
Visual fallacies
8g A student’s rhetorical analysis
Chapter 9 Constructing Arguments
9a Understand purposes for argument.
9b Determine whether a statement can be argued.
9c Make a claim and draft a working thesis.
9d Examine your assumptions.
9e Shape your appeal to your audience.
9f Consider the use of narratives or stories.
9g Establish credibility through ethical appeals.
Knowledge
Common ground
Fairness
Visuals that make ethical appeals
9h Use effective logical appeals.
Examples and precedents
Authority and testimony
Causes and effects
Inductive and deductive reasoning
Visuals that make logical appeals
9i Use appropriate emotional appeals.
Concrete descriptive details
Figurative language
Visuals that make emotional appeals
9j Consult sources.
9k Organize your argument.
The classical system
The Toulmin system
Rogerian or invitational argument
9l Consider design and delivery.
9m A student’s argument essay
Part 3 Research
Chapter 10 Doing Research
10a Prepare for a research project.
Analyze your assignment
10b Form a research question and hypothesis.
10c Plan your research.
10d Move from hypothesis to working thesis.
10e Understand different kinds of sources.
Scholarly and popular sources
Primary and secondary sources
10f Use web and library resources.
Starting with online searches
Finding authoritative sources on the open web
10g Consult your library’s staff, databases, and other resources.
Reference librarians
Catalogs and databases
General and specialized indexes
Full text and abstracts
Books
Bibliographies
Other library resources
10h Conduct field research.
Interviews
Observations
Surveys
Analyzing and interpreting data
Chapter 11 Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes
11a Understand why writers use sources.
11b Create a working bibliography or an annotated bibliography.
Annotated bibliography
11c Evaluate a source’s usefulness and credibility.
11d Read sources critically.
Keep your research question in mind
Preview a source before you commit
Check the author’s stance and tone
Check the author’s argument and evidence
11e Synthesize sources.
Chapter 12 Integrating Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
12a Decide whether to quote, paraphrase, or summarize.
12b Integrate quotations, paraphrases, and summaries effectively.
Quotations
Paraphrases
Summaries
12c Integrate visuals and media effectively and ethically.
12d Understand why acknowledging sources matters.
12e Know which sources to acknowledge.
Materials that do not require acknowledgment
Materials that require acknowledgment
12f Recognize patchwriting.
12g Build trust by upholding your integrity and avoiding plagiarism.
Inaccurate or incomplete citation of sources
Deliberate plagiarism
12h Write and revise a research project.
Part 4 Academic, Professional, and Public Writing
Chapter 13 Writing Well in Any Discipline or Profession
13a Consider genres and formats across disciplines and professions.
13b Consider expectations for academic assignments.
13c Learn specialized vocabularies and styles.
13d Use evidence effectively.
13e Pay attention to ethical issues.
13f Collaborate effectively and with an open mind.
Chapter 14 Writing in the Humanities
14a Read texts in the humanities.
14b Write texts in the humanities.
Assignments
Critical stance
Literary analysis
14c A student’s close reading of poetry
Chapter 15 Writing in the Social Sciences
15a Read texts in the social sciences.
Quantitative and qualitative studies
Conventional formats
15b Write texts in the social sciences.
Style in the social sciences
Literature reviews
15c An excerpt from a student’s psychology literature review
Chapter 16 Writing in the Natural and Applied Sciences
16a Read texts in the natural and applied sciences.
Argument in the sciences
Conventional formats
16b Write texts in the natural and applied sciences.
Assignments
Style in the sciences
16c An excerpt from a student’s chemistry lab report
Chapter 17 Writing in Professional Settings
17a Read texts in professional settings.
17b Write texts in professional settings.
Memos and email
Proposal
Cover letter
Résumé
Chapter 18 Making Design Decisions
18a Choose a type of text.
Rhetorical contexts
Design choices for different genres
Print or digital delivery
18b Plan a visual structure.
Design principles
Templates
18c Format print and digital texts appropriately.
White space (negative space)
Color
Type sizes and fonts
Margins and line spacing
Headings
18d Consider visuals and media.
Visual and media selection
Placement
Ethical use of visuals and media
Chapter 19 Creating Presentations
19a Consider assignment, purpose, and audience for presentations.
19b Write to be heard and remembered.
Stories
Introduction and conclusion
Signpost language
Simple syntax and memorable language
Script
Notes
19c Create slides or other visuals.
19d Practice and deliver the presentation.
19e Consider other kinds of presentations.
Chapter 20 Communicating in Other Media
20a Consider your rhetorical context.
20b Consider types of multimodal texts.
20c Plan features of texts.
Organization
Interaction
Links
Chapter 21 Writing to Make Something Happen in the World
21a Decide what should happen.
21b Connect with your audience.
Appeals to an audience
Genre and media
Appropriate language
Timing
21c Sample writing to make something happen in the world
Part 5 Language and Style
Chapter 22 Language and Identity
22a Recognize how the language of others can shape identity.
22b Use language to shape your own identity.
Chapter 23 Language Varieties
23a Practice language awareness.
23b Use academic English appropriately.
23c Use varieties of English to evoke a place or community.
23d Build credibility within a community.
23e Bring in other languages.
Chapter 24 Writing to the World
24a Think about what seems “normal.”
24b Clarify meaning.
24c Meet audience expectations.
Expectations about your authority as a writer
Expectations about persuasive evidence
Expectations about organization
Expectations about style
Chapter 25 Language That Builds Common Ground
25a Examine assumptions and avoid stereotypes.
25b Examine assumptions about gender.
25c Examine assumptions about race and ethnicity.
25d Consider other kinds of difference.
Age
Class
Geographical area
Physical ability or health
Religion
Sexual orientation
Chapter 26 Style Matters!
26a Use effective words.
Slang and colloquial language
Jargon
Pompous language, euphemisms, and doublespeak
Denotation and Connotation
General and specific language
26b Use figurative language.
Similes, metaphors, and analogies
Patterns of repetition: alliteration, anaphora, antithesis
26c Use powerful verbs.
26d Vary sentence length and sentence openings.
Chapter 27 Coordination, Subordination, and Emphasis
27a Use coordination to relate equal ideas.
27b Use subordination to distinguish main ideas.
Choices about subordination
Excessive coordination
Excessive subordination
27c Use closing and opening positions for emphasis.
Chapter 28 Consistency and Completeness
28a Revise faulty sentence structure.
28b Match up subjects and predicates.
28c Use elliptical structures carefully.
28d Check for missing words.
28e Make comparisons complete, consistent, and clear.
Chapter 29 Parallelism
29a Make items in a series parallel.
29b Make paired ideas parallel.
Coordinating conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions
Chapter 30 Shifts
30a Revise unnecessary shifts in verb tense.
30b Revise unnecessary shifts in mood.
30c Revise unnecessary shifts in voice.
30d Revise unnecessary shifts in person and number.
30e Revise shifts between direct and indirect discourse.
30f Revise shifts in tone and word choice.
Chapter 31 Conciseness
31a Eliminate unnecessary words.
Meaningless modifiers
Wordy phrases
31b Simplify sentence structure.
There is, there are, and it is
Active voice
Wordy noun forms
Part 6 The Top Twenty: A Quick Guide to Editing Your Writing
Chapter 32 The Top Twenty
1 Wrong word
2 Missing comma after an introductory element
3 Incomplete or missing documentation
4 Vague pronoun reference
5 Spelling (including homonyms)
6 Mechanical error with a quotation
7 Unnecessary comma
8 Unnecessary or missing capitalization
9 Missing word
10 Confusing sentence structure
11 Missing comma with a nonrestrictive element
12 Unnecessary shift in verb tense
13 Missing comma in a compound sentence
14 Unnecessary or missing apostrophe (including its/it’s)
15 Fused (run-on) sentence
16 Comma splice
17 Lack of pronoun-antecedent agreement
18 Poorly integrated quotation
19 Unnecessary or missing hyphen
20 Sentence fragment
Part 7 Sentence Grammar
Chapter 33 Parts of Speech
33a Verbs
33b Nouns
33c Pronouns
33d Adjectives
33e Adverbs
33f Prepositions
33g Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Conjunctive adverbs
33h Interjections
Chapter 34 Parts of Sentences
34a The basic grammar of sentences
Subjects and predicates
Conventional English word order
Sentence patterns
34b Subjects
Subject positions
Explicit subjects
34c Predicates
Linking verbs
Transitive verbs
Intransitive verbs
34d Phrases
Noun phrases
Verb phrases
Prepositional phrases
Verbal phrases
Absolute phrases
Appositive phrases
34e Clauses
Noun clauses
Adjective clauses
Adverb clauses
34f Types of sentences
Grammatical sentence structure
Sentence function
Chapter 35 Verbs and Verb Phrases
35a Understand the five forms of verbs.
-s and -es endings
Forms of be
35b Form verb phrases appropriately.
Helping (auxiliary) verb order
Modals
Phrases with modals
35c Use appropriate forms of irregular verbs.
Some common irregular verbs
35d Choose between lie and lay, sit and set, rise and raise.
35e Use verb tenses appropriately.
Present tense
Past tense
Future tense
35f Sequence verb tenses effectively.
35g Use active and passive voice effectively.
35h Understand mood and conditional sentences.
Subjunctives
Subjunctive mood
Conditional sentences
Chapter 36 Nouns and Noun Phrases
36a Use count and noncount nouns appropriately.
36b Use determiners appropriately.
Determiners with singular count nouns
Determiners with plural or noncount nouns
36c Use articles conventionally.
The articles a or an
The article the
No article (the zero article)
Chapter 37 Subject-Verb Agreement
37a Understand subject-verb agreement.
37b Make separated subjects and verbs agree.
37c Make verbs agree with compound subjects.
37d Make verbs agree with collective nouns.
37e Make verbs agree with indefinite pronouns.
37f Make verbs agree with who, which, and that.
37g Make linking verbs agree with subjects.
37h Make verbs agree with subjects ending in -s.
37i Make verbs agree with subjects that follow.
37j Make verbs agree with titles and words used as words.
Chapter 38 Pronouns
38a Consider a pronoun’s role in the sentence.
Subjective case
Objective case
Possessive case
38b Use who, whoever, whom, and whomever appropriately.
Questions
Dependent clauses
38c Consider case in compound structures.
38d Consider case in elliptical constructions.
38e Use we and us appropriately before a noun.
38f Make pronouns agree with antecedents.
Compound antecedents
Collective-noun antecedents
Indefinite-pronoun antecedents
Sexist and noninclusive pronouns
38g Make pronouns refer to clear antecedents.
Ambiguous antecedents
Vague use of it, this, that, and which
Indefinite use of you, it, and they
Possessive antecedents
Chapter 39 Adjectives and Adverbs
39a Understand adjectives and adverbs.
39b Use adjectives after linking verbs.
39c Use adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
Good and well, bad and badly
Regional modifiers (right smart, wicked fun)
39d Choose appropriate comparative and superlative forms.
Irregular forms
Comparatives or superlatives
Double comparatives and superlatives
Incomplete comparisons
Absolute concepts
Multiple negatives
39e Consider nouns as modifiers.
39f Understand adjectives ending in -ed and -ing.
39g Put adjectives in order.
39h Avoid overuse of adverbs and adjectives.
Adverbs
Adjectives
Adjectives and adverbs in informal writing
Chapter 40 Modifier Placement
40a Revise misplaced modifiers.
Limiting modifiers
Squinting modifiers
40b Revise disruptive modifiers.
40c Revise dangling modifiers.
Chapter 41 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
41a Use prepositions idiomatically.
41b Use two-word verbs idiomatically.
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
Chapter 42 Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
42a Identify comma splices and fused sentences.
42b Separate the clauses into two sentences.
42c Link the clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction.
42d Link the clauses with a semicolon.
42e Rewrite the clauses as one independent clause.
42f Rewrite one independent clause as a dependent clause.
42g Link the two clauses with a dash.
Chapter 43 Sentence Fragments
43a Identify sentence fragments.
43b Revise phrase fragments.
Fragments beginning with transitions
43c Revise compound-predicate fragments.
43d Revise dependent-clause fragments.
Part 8 Punctuation and Mechanics
Chapter 44 Commas
44a Use commas to set off introductory words, phrases, and clauses.
44b Use commas with conjunctions that join clauses in compound sentences.
44c Use commas to set off nonrestrictive elements.
Adjective and adverb clauses
Phrases
Appositives
44d Use commas with items in a series.
44e Use commas to set off parenthetical and transitional expressions.
44f Use commas to set off contrasting elements, interjections, direct address, and tag questions.
44g Use commas with dates, addresses, titles, and numbers.
Dates
Addresses and place-names
Titles
Numbers
44h Use commas to set off most quotations.
44i Use commas to prevent confusion.
44j Eliminate unnecessary commas.
Around restrictive elements
Between subjects and verbs, verbs and objects or complements, and prepositions and objects
In compound constructions
Before the first or after the last item in a series
Chapter 45 Semicolons
45a Use semicolons to link independent clauses.
45b Use semicolons to separate items in a series containing other punctuation.
45c Revise misused semicolons.
Chapter 46 End Punctuation
46a Use periods appropriately.
46b Use question marks appropriately.
46c Use exclamation points appropriately.
46d Consider end punctuation in informal writing.
Chapter 47 Apostrophes
47a Use apostrophes appropriately to show possession.
Singular nouns and indefinite pronouns
Plural nouns
Compound nouns
Two or more nouns
47b Use apostrophes in contractions.
Use of it’s and its
47c Avoid apostrophes in most plural forms.
Chapter 48 Quotation Marks
48a Use quotation marks to identify direct quotations.
48b Punctuate block quotations and poetry appropriately.
48c Use quotation marks for titles of short works.
48d Use quotation marks appropriately for definitions.
48e Use quotation marks to identify irony and invented terms.
48f Follow conventions for other punctuation with quotation marks.
48g Revise misused quotation marks.
Chapter 49 Other Punctuation Marks
49a Use parentheses appropriately.
Textual citations
Numbers or letters in a list
Other punctuation marks with parentheses
Parentheses, commas, and dashes
49b Use brackets appropriately.
Material within parentheses
Material within quotations
49c Use dashes appropriately.
Explanatory material
Material at the end of a sentence
A sudden change in tone
49d Use colons appropriately.
Explanation, example, or appositive
Series, list, or quotation
Colons with other elements
Unnecessary colons
49e Use slashes appropriately.
49f Use ellipses appropriately.
Omissions
Hesitation
Chapter 50 Capital Letters
50a Capitalize the first word of a sentence or line of poetry.
50b Capitalize proper nouns and proper adjectives.
Product names
Titles of individuals
50c Capitalize titles of works.
50d Revise unnecessary capitalization.
Chapter 51 Abbreviations and Numbers
51a Abbreviate some titles before and all titles after proper names.
51b Abbreviate years and hours appropriately.
51c Abbreviate some business, government, and science terms.
51d Use abbreviations in official company names.
51e Use Latin abbreviations appropriately.
51f Use symbols and unit abbreviations appropriately.
51g Use other abbreviations according to convention.
51h Spell out numbers expressed in one or two words.
51i Spell out numbers that begin sentences.
51j Use figures according to convention.
Chapter 52 Italics
52a Italicize titles of long works.
52b Italicize words, letters, and numbers used as terms.
52c Italicize non-English words and certain scientific terms.
Chapter 53 Hyphens
53a Use hyphens with compound words.
Compound adjectives
Fractions and compound numbers
53b Use hyphens with prefixes and suffixes.
53c Avoid unnecessary hyphens.
Part 9 MLA Documentation
Part 9 List of Examples
Chapter 54 The Basics of MLA Style
54a Think about what readers need from you.
54b Consider the context of your sources.
Elements of MLA citations
Types of sources
54c Plan and connect your citations.
54d Include notes as needed.
54e Follow MLA format.
Chapter 55 MLA Style for In-Text Citations
Chapter 56 MLA Style for a List of Works Cited
Formatting a list of works cited
Guidelines for author listings
Print books
Print periodicals
Digital written-word sources
Visual, audio, multimedia, and live sources
Other sources (including digital versions)
Chapter 57 A Student Research Essay, MLA Style
Part 10 APA Documentation
Part 10 List of Examples
Chapter 58 The Basics of APA Style
58a Think about what readers need from you.
58b Identify the type of source you are using.
58c Plan and connect your citations.
58d Include notes as needed.
58e Follow APA format.
Chapter 59 APA Style for In-Text Citations
Chapter 60 APA Style for a List of References
Guidelines for author listings
Print books
Print periodicals
Digital written-word sources
Other sources (including online versions)
Chapter 61 A Student Research Essay, APA Style
Part 11 Chicago Documentation
Part 11 List of Examples
Chapter 62 The Basics of Chicago Style
62a Think about what readers need from you.
62b Plan and connect your citations.
62c Follow Chicago format.
Chapter 63 Chicago Style for Notes and Bibliographic Entries
Print and digital books
Print and digital periodicals
Online sources
Other sources
Chapter 64 An Excerpt from a Student Research Essay, Chicago Style
Part 12 Glossaries and Index
Glossary of Usage
Index
Acknowledgments
Lists for Reference
Advice for Multilingual Writers
Revision Symbols
Back Cover
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