Early Modern Europe · an Oxford History by Cameron, Euan -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

List of Illustrations List of Contributors Editor’s Acknowledgements Editor’s Introduction

Prologue: Europe and the World Around Europe: The Myths of Europe A Continent and its Peoples The Cultural Inheritance Frontiers and Boundaries Technologies and their Impact The Sense of being European The Quest for Peace and Union

I. The Sixteenth Century, c .1500— c .1618 1. The Conditions of Life for the Masses

Who were the Masses? The Peasant Household The Peasant Life-Cycle Ways of Coping Wider Links: Village, Lordship, Market The Processes of Change The Effects of Change The Urban Experience of the Lower Orders Conclusion

2. The Power of the Word: Renaissance and Reformation

The Renaissance and the Word The Word Written and Printed The Ancient Word and the Ancient Tongue The Word of Exhortation Describing the World and the Universe The Word of Faith: The Old Faith The Reformation Challenge Reformed Churches and Reformed People The Old Church Responds Conclusion

3. War, Religion, and the State

States and Borders The Habsburgs and their Rivals War and the State Courts and Government Society, Justice, and Sovereignty The Impact of Religious Change The Impact of Religious Division The Weak Monarchies of the East and the Coming of the Thirty Years War

II. The Seventeenth Century, c .1618— c .1715 4. Colonies, Enterprises, and Wealth: the Economies of Europe and the Wider World

Introduction: Europe and the Wider World in 1600 People Land Cities Manufactures States, Colonies, and Commerce Europe and the Wider World Conclusion: A New World Economy?

5. Embattled Faiths: Religion and Natural Philosophy

The Legacy of Renaissance and Reformation Religion: Rigour and Reform Religious Motives in Politics and War Dogma, Faith, and Society The Decline of the Devil Reason and the ‘Crisis of Conscience’ The Reception and Resumption of the New Science Matter and Void: Descartes’s System and its Opponents New Instruments and New Sciences The Quest for Practical Applications Conclusion

6. Warfare, Crisis, and Absolutism

The Expansion of Europe Warfare as an Agent of Change The ‘Thirty Years War’ in Europe, 1618–48 Conflict between France and Spain The British Civil Wars ‘Absolutism’ Louis XIV Louis XIV’s Foreign Policy Vienna Saved The Rise of Russia Conclusions

III. The Eighteenth Century, c.1715—c.1789 7. A Widening Market in Consumer Goods

Population Work and Income: One Conundrum Agriculture Manufacturing and Industry Trade and Transport The State Sector Consumption Wages and Prices: Another Conundrum Conclusion

8. The Enlightenment

The Scale of Change Man in his Universe Economy and Society Politics Diversity across Countries and Regions The French Revolution and the Enlightenment Conclusion

9. Europe Turns East: Political Developments

The Wars of c.1680–1721 and Europe’s Balance of Power The Burdens of War and their Impact upon Government Frederick the Great and the Rise of Prussia Modern States or Composite Monarchies? Enlightened Government Russian Expansion and French Crisis Epilogue: The Old Order Transformed 1789–1815 The Outbreak of the French Revolution The Creation of a New France and a New World The Failure of the Constitutional Monarchy The Coming of War and the End of the Monarchy Counter-revolution and the Terror Towards Military Dictatorship Reconstruction at Home The Conquest of Europe Decline and Fall The Legacy