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Index
Cover Page
Title: Calculus Know-It-ALL - Beginner to Advanced, and Everything in Between
ISBN 0071549315
About the Author
Contents (with page links)
Part 1 Differentiation in One Variable
Part 2 Integration in One Variable
Part 3 Advanced Topics
Part 1 Differentiation in One Variable
Part 2 Integration in One Variable
Part 3 Advanced Topics
Preface
Acknowledgment
Calculus Know-It-ALL
PART 1 Differentiation in One Variable
1 Single-Variable Functions
Mappings
Domain, range, and variables
Ordered pairs
Modifying a relation
Three physical examples
A mathematical example
The inverse of a relation
Domain, range, and variables
Ordered pairs
Modifying a relation
Three physical examples
A mathematical example
The inverse of a relation
Linear Functions
Slope and intercept
Standard form for a linear function
Slope and intercept
Standard form for a linear function
Nonlinear Functions
Square the input
Cube the input
Square the input
Cube the input
“Broken” Functions
A three-part function
The reciprocal function
The tangent function
A three-part function
The reciprocal function
The tangent function
Practice Exercises
Mappings
Domain, range, and variables
Ordered pairs
Modifying a relation
Three physical examples
A mathematical example
The inverse of a relation
Domain, range, and variables
Ordered pairs
Modifying a relation
Three physical examples
A mathematical example
The inverse of a relation
Linear Functions
Slope and intercept
Standard form for a linear function
Slope and intercept
Standard form for a linear function
Nonlinear Functions
Square the input
Cube the input
Square the input
Cube the input
“Broken” Functions
A three-part function
The reciprocal function
The tangent function
A three-part function
The reciprocal function
The tangent function
Practice Exercises
2 Limits and Continuity
Concept of the Limit
Limit of an infinite sequence
Limit of a function
Sum rule for two limits
Multiplication-by-constant rule for a limit
Limit of an infinite sequence
Limit of a function
Sum rule for two limits
Multiplication-by-constant rule for a limit
Continuity at a Point
Right-hand limit at a point
Right-hand continuity at a point
Left-hand limit at a point
Left-hand continuity at a point
“Total” continuity at a point
Right-hand limit at a point
Right-hand continuity at a point
Left-hand limit at a point
Left-hand continuity at a point
“Total” continuity at a point
Continuity of a Function
Linear functions
Quadratic functions
Cubic functions
Polynomial functions
Other continuous functions
Discontinuous functions
Linear functions
Quadratic functions
Cubic functions
Polynomial functions
Other continuous functions
Discontinuous functions
Practice Exercises
Concept of the Limit
Limit of an infinite sequence
Limit of a function
Sum rule for two limits
Multiplication-by-constant rule for a limit
Limit of an infinite sequence
Limit of a function
Sum rule for two limits
Multiplication-by-constant rule for a limit
Continuity at a Point
Right-hand limit at a point
Right-hand continuity at a point
Left-hand limit at a point
Left-hand continuity at a point
“Total” continuity at a point
Right-hand limit at a point
Right-hand continuity at a point
Left-hand limit at a point
Left-hand continuity at a point
“Total” continuity at a point
Continuity of a Function
Linear functions
Quadratic functions
Cubic functions
Polynomial functions
Other continuous functions
Discontinuous functions
Linear functions
Quadratic functions
Cubic functions
Polynomial functions
Other continuous functions
Discontinuous functions
Practice Exercises
3 What’s a Derivative?
Vanishing Increments
What is a tangent line?
Slope between two points
Converging points
What is a tangent line?
Slope between two points
Converging points
Basic Linear Functions
Simply a constant
Multiply x by a real constant
Simply a constant
Multiply x by a real constant
Basic Quadratic Functions
Square x and multiply by constant
Square x and multiply by constant
Basic Cubic Functions
Cube x and multiply by constant
Cube x and multiply by constant
Practice Exercises
Vanishing Increments
What is a tangent line?
Slope between two points
Converging points
What is a tangent line?
Slope between two points
Converging points
Basic Linear Functions
Simply a constant
Multiply x by a real constant
Simply a constant
Multiply x by a real constant
Basic Quadratic Functions
Square x and multiply by constant
Square x and multiply by constant
Basic Cubic Functions
Cube x and multiply by constant
Cube x and multiply by constant
Practice Exercises
4 Derivatives Don’t Always Exist
Let’s Look at the Graph
Is there a gap?
Is there a jump?
Is there a corner?
Is there a gap?
Is there a jump?
Is there a corner?
When We Can Differentiate
Try to find the limits
Example
Another example
Try to find the limits
Example
Another example
When We Can’t Differentiate
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
Let’s Look at the Graph
Is there a gap?
Is there a jump?
Is there a corner?
Is there a gap?
Is there a jump?
Is there a corner?
When We Can Differentiate
Try to find the limits
Example
Another example
Try to find the limits
Example
Another example
When We Can’t Differentiate
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
5 Differentiating Polynomial Functions
Power Rule
Power of a binomial
Deriving the rule
Power of a binomial
Deriving the rule
Sum Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Mathematical induction
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Mathematical induction
Summing the Powers
How it looks
Break it down
Differentiate each term
Put it back together
How it looks
Break it down
Differentiate each term
Put it back together
Practice Exercises
Power Rule
Power of a binomial
Deriving the rule
Power of a binomial
Deriving the rule
Sum Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Mathematical induction
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Mathematical induction
Summing the Powers
How it looks
Break it down
Differentiate each term
Put it back together
How it looks
Break it down
Differentiate each term
Put it back together
Practice Exercises
6 More Rules for Differentiation
Multiplication-by-Constant Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Product Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Reciprocal Rule
Definition and notation
Caution!
The rule in brief
More caution!
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
Caution!
The rule in brief
More caution!
Example
Another example
Quotient Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Chain Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
Multiplication-by-Constant Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Product Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Reciprocal Rule
Definition and notation
Caution!
The rule in brief
More caution!
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
Caution!
The rule in brief
More caution!
Example
Another example
Quotient Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Chain Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
7 A Few More Derivatives
Real-Power Rule
The old rule extended
Three examples
The old rule extended
Three examples
Sine and Cosine Functions
What’s the sine?
What’s the cosine?
Derivative of the sine
Derivative of the cosine
Example
Another example
Be warned!
What’s the sine?
What’s the cosine?
Derivative of the sine
Derivative of the cosine
Example
Another example
Be warned!
Natural Exponential Function
What’s a natural exponential?
What does it look like?
Offspring functions
Example
What’s a natural exponential?
What does it look like?
Offspring functions
Example
Natural Logarithm Function
What’s a natural log?
What does it look like?
Example
Where to find more derivatives
Real powers in general
What’s a natural log?
What does it look like?
Example
Where to find more derivatives
Real powers in general
Practice Exercises
Real-Power Rule
The old rule extended
Three examples
The old rule extended
Three examples
Sine and Cosine Functions
What’s the sine?
What’s the cosine?
Derivative of the sine
Derivative of the cosine
Example
Another example
Be warned!
What’s the sine?
What’s the cosine?
Derivative of the sine
Derivative of the cosine
Example
Another example
Be warned!
Natural Exponential Function
What’s a natural exponential?
What does it look like?
Offspring functions
Example
What’s a natural exponential?
What does it look like?
Offspring functions
Example
Natural Logarithm Function
What’s a natural log?
What does it look like?
Example
Where to find more derivatives
Real powers in general
What’s a natural log?
What does it look like?
Example
Where to find more derivatives
Real powers in general
Practice Exercises
8 Higher Derivatives
Second Derivative
An example
Another example
Still another example
An example
Another example
Still another example
Third Derivative
An example
Another example
Still another example
An example
Another example
Still another example
Beyond the Third Derivative
An example
Another example
Still another example
An example
Another example
Still another example
Practice Exercises
Second Derivative
An example
Another example
Still another example
An example
Another example
Still another example
Third Derivative
An example
Another example
Still another example
An example
Another example
Still another example
Beyond the Third Derivative
An example
Another example
Still another example
An example
Another example
Still another example
Practice Exercises
9 Analyzing Graphs with Derivatives
Three Common Traits
Concavity
Extrema
Inflection point
Concavity
Extrema
Inflection point
Graph of a Quadratic Function
An example
An example
Graph of a Cubic Function
Example
Example
Graph of the Sine Function
Analyzing the curve
Analyzing the curve
Practice Exercises
Three Common Traits
Concavity
Extrema
Inflection point
Concavity
Extrema
Inflection point
Graph of a Quadratic Function
An example
An example
Graph of a Cubic Function
Example
Example
Graph of the Sine Function
Analyzing the curve
Analyzing the curve
Practice Exercises
10 Review Questions and Answers
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
1 Single-Variable Functions
Mappings
Domain, range, and variables
Ordered pairs
Modifying a relation
Three physical examples
A mathematical example
The inverse of a relation
Domain, range, and variables
Ordered pairs
Modifying a relation
Three physical examples
A mathematical example
The inverse of a relation
Linear Functions
Slope and intercept
Standard form for a linear function
Slope and intercept
Standard form for a linear function
Nonlinear Functions
Square the input
Cube the input
Square the input
Cube the input
“Broken” Functions
A three-part function
The reciprocal function
The tangent function
A three-part function
The reciprocal function
The tangent function
Practice Exercises
Mappings
Domain, range, and variables
Ordered pairs
Modifying a relation
Three physical examples
A mathematical example
The inverse of a relation
Domain, range, and variables
Ordered pairs
Modifying a relation
Three physical examples
A mathematical example
The inverse of a relation
Linear Functions
Slope and intercept
Standard form for a linear function
Slope and intercept
Standard form for a linear function
Nonlinear Functions
Square the input
Cube the input
Square the input
Cube the input
“Broken” Functions
A three-part function
The reciprocal function
The tangent function
A three-part function
The reciprocal function
The tangent function
Practice Exercises
2 Limits and Continuity
Concept of the Limit
Limit of an infinite sequence
Limit of a function
Sum rule for two limits
Multiplication-by-constant rule for a limit
Limit of an infinite sequence
Limit of a function
Sum rule for two limits
Multiplication-by-constant rule for a limit
Continuity at a Point
Right-hand limit at a point
Right-hand continuity at a point
Left-hand limit at a point
Left-hand continuity at a point
“Total” continuity at a point
Right-hand limit at a point
Right-hand continuity at a point
Left-hand limit at a point
Left-hand continuity at a point
“Total” continuity at a point
Continuity of a Function
Linear functions
Quadratic functions
Cubic functions
Polynomial functions
Other continuous functions
Discontinuous functions
Linear functions
Quadratic functions
Cubic functions
Polynomial functions
Other continuous functions
Discontinuous functions
Practice Exercises
Concept of the Limit
Limit of an infinite sequence
Limit of a function
Sum rule for two limits
Multiplication-by-constant rule for a limit
Limit of an infinite sequence
Limit of a function
Sum rule for two limits
Multiplication-by-constant rule for a limit
Continuity at a Point
Right-hand limit at a point
Right-hand continuity at a point
Left-hand limit at a point
Left-hand continuity at a point
“Total” continuity at a point
Right-hand limit at a point
Right-hand continuity at a point
Left-hand limit at a point
Left-hand continuity at a point
“Total” continuity at a point
Continuity of a Function
Linear functions
Quadratic functions
Cubic functions
Polynomial functions
Other continuous functions
Discontinuous functions
Linear functions
Quadratic functions
Cubic functions
Polynomial functions
Other continuous functions
Discontinuous functions
Practice Exercises
3 What’s a Derivative?
Vanishing Increments
What is a tangent line?
Slope between two points
Converging points
What is a tangent line?
Slope between two points
Converging points
Basic Linear Functions
Simply a constant
Multiply x by a real constant
Simply a constant
Multiply x by a real constant
Basic Quadratic Functions
Square x and multiply by constant
Square x and multiply by constant
Basic Cubic Functions
Cube x and multiply by constant
Cube x and multiply by constant
Practice Exercises
Vanishing Increments
What is a tangent line?
Slope between two points
Converging points
What is a tangent line?
Slope between two points
Converging points
Basic Linear Functions
Simply a constant
Multiply x by a real constant
Simply a constant
Multiply x by a real constant
Basic Quadratic Functions
Square x and multiply by constant
Square x and multiply by constant
Basic Cubic Functions
Cube x and multiply by constant
Cube x and multiply by constant
Practice Exercises
4 Derivatives Don’t Always Exist
Let’s Look at the Graph
Is there a gap?
Is there a jump?
Is there a corner?
Is there a gap?
Is there a jump?
Is there a corner?
When We Can Differentiate
Try to find the limits
Example
Another example
Try to find the limits
Example
Another example
When We Can’t Differentiate
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
Let’s Look at the Graph
Is there a gap?
Is there a jump?
Is there a corner?
Is there a gap?
Is there a jump?
Is there a corner?
When We Can Differentiate
Try to find the limits
Example
Another example
Try to find the limits
Example
Another example
When We Can’t Differentiate
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
5 Differentiating Polynomial Functions
Power Rule
Power of a binomial
Deriving the rule
Power of a binomial
Deriving the rule
Sum Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Mathematical induction
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Mathematical induction
Summing the Powers
How it looks
Break it down
Differentiate each term
Put it back together
How it looks
Break it down
Differentiate each term
Put it back together
Practice Exercises
Power Rule
Power of a binomial
Deriving the rule
Power of a binomial
Deriving the rule
Sum Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Mathematical induction
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Mathematical induction
Summing the Powers
How it looks
Break it down
Differentiate each term
Put it back together
How it looks
Break it down
Differentiate each term
Put it back together
Practice Exercises
6 More Rules for Differentiation
Multiplication-by-Constant Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Product Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Reciprocal Rule
Definition and notation
Caution!
The rule in brief
More caution!
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
Caution!
The rule in brief
More caution!
Example
Another example
Quotient Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Chain Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
Multiplication-by-Constant Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Product Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Reciprocal Rule
Definition and notation
Caution!
The rule in brief
More caution!
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
Caution!
The rule in brief
More caution!
Example
Another example
Quotient Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Chain Rule
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Definition and notation
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
7 A Few More Derivatives
Real-Power Rule
The old rule extended
Three examples
The old rule extended
Three examples
Sine and Cosine Functions
What’s the sine?
What’s the cosine?
Derivative of the sine
Derivative of the cosine
Example
Another example
Be warned!
What’s the sine?
What’s the cosine?
Derivative of the sine
Derivative of the cosine
Example
Another example
Be warned!
Natural Exponential Function
What’s a natural exponential?
What does it look like?
Offspring functions
Example
What’s a natural exponential?
What does it look like?
Offspring functions
Example
Natural Logarithm Function
What’s a natural log?
What does it look like?
Example
Where to find more derivatives
Real powers in general
What’s a natural log?
What does it look like?
Example
Where to find more derivatives
Real powers in general
Practice Exercises
Real-Power Rule
The old rule extended
Three examples
The old rule extended
Three examples
Sine and Cosine Functions
What’s the sine?
What’s the cosine?
Derivative of the sine
Derivative of the cosine
Example
Another example
Be warned!
What’s the sine?
What’s the cosine?
Derivative of the sine
Derivative of the cosine
Example
Another example
Be warned!
Natural Exponential Function
What’s a natural exponential?
What does it look like?
Offspring functions
Example
What’s a natural exponential?
What does it look like?
Offspring functions
Example
Natural Logarithm Function
What’s a natural log?
What does it look like?
Example
Where to find more derivatives
Real powers in general
What’s a natural log?
What does it look like?
Example
Where to find more derivatives
Real powers in general
Practice Exercises
8 Higher Derivatives
Second Derivative
An example
Another example
Still another example
An example
Another example
Still another example
Third Derivative
An example
Another example
Still another example
An example
Another example
Still another example
Beyond the Third Derivative
An example
Another example
Still another example
An example
Another example
Still another example
Practice Exercises
Second Derivative
An example
Another example
Still another example
An example
Another example
Still another example
Third Derivative
An example
Another example
Still another example
An example
Another example
Still another example
Beyond the Third Derivative
An example
Another example
Still another example
An example
Another example
Still another example
Practice Exercises
9 Analyzing Graphs with Derivatives
Three Common Traits
Concavity
Extrema
Inflection point
Concavity
Extrema
Inflection point
Graph of a Quadratic Function
An example
An example
Graph of a Cubic Function
Example
Example
Graph of the Sine Function
Analyzing the curve
Analyzing the curve
Practice Exercises
Three Common Traits
Concavity
Extrema
Inflection point
Concavity
Extrema
Inflection point
Graph of a Quadratic Function
An example
An example
Graph of a Cubic Function
Example
Example
Graph of the Sine Function
Analyzing the curve
Analyzing the curve
Practice Exercises
10 Review Questions and Answers
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
PART 2 Integration in One Variable
11 What’s an Integral?
Summation Notation
Specify the series
Tag the terms
The big sigma
A more sophisticated example
Specify the series
Tag the terms
The big sigma
A more sophisticated example
Area Defined by a Curve
Defining the region
Approximating the area
The shrinking increment
The Riemann magic
The integral notation
Defining the region
Approximating the area
The shrinking increment
The Riemann magic
The integral notation
Three Applications
Displacement vs. speed
Average value
Normal distribution
Displacement vs. speed
Average value
Normal distribution
Practice Exercises
Summation Notation
Specify the series
Tag the terms
The big sigma
A more sophisticated example
Specify the series
Tag the terms
The big sigma
A more sophisticated example
Area Defined by a Curve
Defining the region
Approximating the area
The shrinking increment
The Riemann magic
The integral notation
Defining the region
Approximating the area
The shrinking increment
The Riemann magic
The integral notation
Three Applications
Displacement vs. speed
Average value
Normal distribution
Displacement vs. speed
Average value
Normal distribution
Practice Exercises
12 Derivatives in Reverse
Concept of the Antiderivative
The notation
Antiderivatives of the zero function
The notation
Antiderivatives of the zero function
Some Simple Antiderivatives
Antiderivatives of nonzero constant functions
Antiderivatives of basic linear functions
Antiderivatives of basic quadratic functions
Antiderivatives of basic nth-degree functions
Real-number exponents
Antiderivatives of nonzero constant functions
Antiderivatives of basic linear functions
Antiderivatives of basic quadratic functions
Antiderivatives of basic nth-degree functions
Real-number exponents
Indefinite Integral
The notation
An example
“Pulling out” a constant
“Pulling out” the negative
Sum of indefinite integrals
The notation
An example
“Pulling out” a constant
“Pulling out” the negative
Sum of indefinite integrals
Definite Integral
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
An example
Another example
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
An example
Another example
Practice Exercises
Concept of the Antiderivative
The notation
Antiderivatives of the zero function
The notation
Antiderivatives of the zero function
Some Simple Antiderivatives
Antiderivatives of nonzero constant functions
Antiderivatives of basic linear functions
Antiderivatives of basic quadratic functions
Antiderivatives of basic nth-degree functions
Real-number exponents
Antiderivatives of nonzero constant functions
Antiderivatives of basic linear functions
Antiderivatives of basic quadratic functions
Antiderivatives of basic nth-degree functions
Real-number exponents
Indefinite Integral
The notation
An example
“Pulling out” a constant
“Pulling out” the negative
Sum of indefinite integrals
The notation
An example
“Pulling out” a constant
“Pulling out” the negative
Sum of indefinite integrals
Definite Integral
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
An example
Another example
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
An example
Another example
Practice Exercises
13 Three Rules for Integration
Reversal Rule
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Split-Interval Rule
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Substitution Rule
The rule in brief
Example
The rule in brief
Example
Practice Exercises
Reversal Rule
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Split-Interval Rule
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Substitution Rule
The rule in brief
Example
The rule in brief
Example
Practice Exercises
14 Improper Integrals
Variable Bounds
Adjusting the upper bound
Adjusting the lower bound
“Runaway” bounds
Adjusting the upper bound
Adjusting the lower bound
“Runaway” bounds
Singularity in the Interval
How to do it wrong
How to do it correctly: the left-hand side
How to do it correctly: the right-hand side
How to do it wrong
How to do it correctly: the left-hand side
How to do it correctly: the right-hand side
Infinite Intervals
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
Variable Bounds
Adjusting the upper bound
Adjusting the lower bound
“Runaway” bounds
Adjusting the upper bound
Adjusting the lower bound
“Runaway” bounds
Singularity in the Interval
How to do it wrong
How to do it correctly: the left-hand side
How to do it correctly: the right-hand side
How to do it wrong
How to do it correctly: the left-hand side
How to do it correctly: the right-hand side
Infinite Intervals
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
15 Integrating Polynomial Functions
Three Rules Revisited
The old rules
The new rules
The old rules
The new rules
Indefinite-Integral Situations
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Definite-Integral Situations
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
Three Rules Revisited
The old rules
The new rules
The old rules
The new rules
Indefinite-Integral Situations
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Definite-Integral Situations
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
16 Areas between Graphs
Line and Curve
Solve the system
Work out the geometry
Solve the system
Work out the geometry
Two Curves
Two “mirrored” parabolas
Integrate the difference function
Two “mirrored” parabolas
Integrate the difference function
Singular Curves
An infinitely tall zone
Determine the interval
Integrate the difference function
An infinitely tall zone
Determine the interval
Integrate the difference function
Practice Exercises
Line and Curve
Solve the system
Work out the geometry
Solve the system
Work out the geometry
Two Curves
Two “mirrored” parabolas
Integrate the difference function
Two “mirrored” parabolas
Integrate the difference function
Singular Curves
An infinitely tall zone
Determine the interval
Integrate the difference function
An infinitely tall zone
Determine the interval
Integrate the difference function
Practice Exercises
17 A Few More Integrals
Sine and Cosine Functions
Indefinite integrals of cosine and sine
Example
Another example
Indefinite integrals of cosine and sine
Example
Another example
Natural Exponential Function
Indefinite integrals of basic exponential functions
Example
Another example
Indefinite integrals of basic exponential functions
Example
Another example
Reciprocal Function
Indefinite integral of basic reciprocal function
Example
Another example
Where to find more integrals
Indefinite integral of basic reciprocal function
Example
Another example
Where to find more integrals
Practice Exercises
Sine and Cosine Functions
Indefinite integrals of cosine and sine
Example
Another example
Indefinite integrals of cosine and sine
Example
Another example
Natural Exponential Function
Indefinite integrals of basic exponential functions
Example
Another example
Indefinite integrals of basic exponential functions
Example
Another example
Reciprocal Function
Indefinite integral of basic reciprocal function
Example
Another example
Where to find more integrals
Indefinite integral of basic reciprocal function
Example
Another example
Where to find more integrals
Practice Exercises
18 How Long Is the Arc?
A Chorus of Chords
Breaking up the arc
The law of the mean
Finding the true arc length
Breaking up the arc
The law of the mean
Finding the true arc length
A Monomial Curve
Arc-in-a-box method
Setting up the integral
Working out the integral
Arc-in-a-box method
Setting up the integral
Working out the integral
A More Exotic Curve
Setting up the integral
Working out the value
Setting up the integral
Working out the value
Practice Exercises
A Chorus of Chords
Breaking up the arc
The law of the mean
Finding the true arc length
Breaking up the arc
The law of the mean
Finding the true arc length
A Monomial Curve
Arc-in-a-box method
Setting up the integral
Working out the integral
Arc-in-a-box method
Setting up the integral
Working out the integral
A More Exotic Curve
Setting up the integral
Working out the value
Setting up the integral
Working out the value
Practice Exercises
19 Special Integration Tricks
Principle of Linearity
The old rules
The new rule in brief
Example
Don’t be fooled!
The old rules
The new rule in brief
Example
Don’t be fooled!
Integration by Parts
An old idea revisited
Variations on a theme
Example
An old idea revisited
Variations on a theme
Example
Partial Fractions
A helpful formula
A preliminary example
“Reverse engineering”
A working example
A helpful formula
A preliminary example
“Reverse engineering”
A working example
Practice Exercises
Principle of Linearity
The old rules
The new rule in brief
Example
Don’t be fooled!
The old rules
The new rule in brief
Example
Don’t be fooled!
Integration by Parts
An old idea revisited
Variations on a theme
Example
An old idea revisited
Variations on a theme
Example
Partial Fractions
A helpful formula
A preliminary example
“Reverse engineering”
A working example
A helpful formula
A preliminary example
“Reverse engineering”
A working example
Practice Exercises
20 Review Questions and Answers
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
11 What’s an Integral?
Summation Notation
Specify the series
Tag the terms
The big sigma
A more sophisticated example
Specify the series
Tag the terms
The big sigma
A more sophisticated example
Area Defined by a Curve
Defining the region
Approximating the area
The shrinking increment
The Riemann magic
The integral notation
Defining the region
Approximating the area
The shrinking increment
The Riemann magic
The integral notation
Three Applications
Displacement vs. speed
Average value
Normal distribution
Displacement vs. speed
Average value
Normal distribution
Practice Exercises
Summation Notation
Specify the series
Tag the terms
The big sigma
A more sophisticated example
Specify the series
Tag the terms
The big sigma
A more sophisticated example
Area Defined by a Curve
Defining the region
Approximating the area
The shrinking increment
The Riemann magic
The integral notation
Defining the region
Approximating the area
The shrinking increment
The Riemann magic
The integral notation
Three Applications
Displacement vs. speed
Average value
Normal distribution
Displacement vs. speed
Average value
Normal distribution
Practice Exercises
12 Derivatives in Reverse
Concept of the Antiderivative
The notation
Antiderivatives of the zero function
The notation
Antiderivatives of the zero function
Some Simple Antiderivatives
Antiderivatives of nonzero constant functions
Antiderivatives of basic linear functions
Antiderivatives of basic quadratic functions
Antiderivatives of basic nth-degree functions
Real-number exponents
Antiderivatives of nonzero constant functions
Antiderivatives of basic linear functions
Antiderivatives of basic quadratic functions
Antiderivatives of basic nth-degree functions
Real-number exponents
Indefinite Integral
The notation
An example
“Pulling out” a constant
“Pulling out” the negative
Sum of indefinite integrals
The notation
An example
“Pulling out” a constant
“Pulling out” the negative
Sum of indefinite integrals
Definite Integral
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
An example
Another example
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
An example
Another example
Practice Exercises
Concept of the Antiderivative
The notation
Antiderivatives of the zero function
The notation
Antiderivatives of the zero function
Some Simple Antiderivatives
Antiderivatives of nonzero constant functions
Antiderivatives of basic linear functions
Antiderivatives of basic quadratic functions
Antiderivatives of basic nth-degree functions
Real-number exponents
Antiderivatives of nonzero constant functions
Antiderivatives of basic linear functions
Antiderivatives of basic quadratic functions
Antiderivatives of basic nth-degree functions
Real-number exponents
Indefinite Integral
The notation
An example
“Pulling out” a constant
“Pulling out” the negative
Sum of indefinite integrals
The notation
An example
“Pulling out” a constant
“Pulling out” the negative
Sum of indefinite integrals
Definite Integral
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
An example
Another example
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
An example
Another example
Practice Exercises
13 Three Rules for Integration
Reversal Rule
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Split-Interval Rule
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Substitution Rule
The rule in brief
Example
The rule in brief
Example
Practice Exercises
Reversal Rule
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Split-Interval Rule
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
The rule in brief
Example
Another example
Substitution Rule
The rule in brief
Example
The rule in brief
Example
Practice Exercises
14 Improper Integrals
Variable Bounds
Adjusting the upper bound
Adjusting the lower bound
“Runaway” bounds
Adjusting the upper bound
Adjusting the lower bound
“Runaway” bounds
Singularity in the Interval
How to do it wrong
How to do it correctly: the left-hand side
How to do it correctly: the right-hand side
How to do it wrong
How to do it correctly: the left-hand side
How to do it correctly: the right-hand side
Infinite Intervals
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
Variable Bounds
Adjusting the upper bound
Adjusting the lower bound
“Runaway” bounds
Adjusting the upper bound
Adjusting the lower bound
“Runaway” bounds
Singularity in the Interval
How to do it wrong
How to do it correctly: the left-hand side
How to do it correctly: the right-hand side
How to do it wrong
How to do it correctly: the left-hand side
How to do it correctly: the right-hand side
Infinite Intervals
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
15 Integrating Polynomial Functions
Three Rules Revisited
The old rules
The new rules
The old rules
The new rules
Indefinite-Integral Situations
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Definite-Integral Situations
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
Three Rules Revisited
The old rules
The new rules
The old rules
The new rules
Indefinite-Integral Situations
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Definite-Integral Situations
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
16 Areas between Graphs
Line and Curve
Solve the system
Work out the geometry
Solve the system
Work out the geometry
Two Curves
Two “mirrored” parabolas
Integrate the difference function
Two “mirrored” parabolas
Integrate the difference function
Singular Curves
An infinitely tall zone
Determine the interval
Integrate the difference function
An infinitely tall zone
Determine the interval
Integrate the difference function
Practice Exercises
Line and Curve
Solve the system
Work out the geometry
Solve the system
Work out the geometry
Two Curves
Two “mirrored” parabolas
Integrate the difference function
Two “mirrored” parabolas
Integrate the difference function
Singular Curves
An infinitely tall zone
Determine the interval
Integrate the difference function
An infinitely tall zone
Determine the interval
Integrate the difference function
Practice Exercises
17 A Few More Integrals
Sine and Cosine Functions
Indefinite integrals of cosine and sine
Example
Another example
Indefinite integrals of cosine and sine
Example
Another example
Natural Exponential Function
Indefinite integrals of basic exponential functions
Example
Another example
Indefinite integrals of basic exponential functions
Example
Another example
Reciprocal Function
Indefinite integral of basic reciprocal function
Example
Another example
Where to find more integrals
Indefinite integral of basic reciprocal function
Example
Another example
Where to find more integrals
Practice Exercises
Sine and Cosine Functions
Indefinite integrals of cosine and sine
Example
Another example
Indefinite integrals of cosine and sine
Example
Another example
Natural Exponential Function
Indefinite integrals of basic exponential functions
Example
Another example
Indefinite integrals of basic exponential functions
Example
Another example
Reciprocal Function
Indefinite integral of basic reciprocal function
Example
Another example
Where to find more integrals
Indefinite integral of basic reciprocal function
Example
Another example
Where to find more integrals
Practice Exercises
18 How Long Is the Arc?
A Chorus of Chords
Breaking up the arc
The law of the mean
Finding the true arc length
Breaking up the arc
The law of the mean
Finding the true arc length
A Monomial Curve
Arc-in-a-box method
Setting up the integral
Working out the integral
Arc-in-a-box method
Setting up the integral
Working out the integral
A More Exotic Curve
Setting up the integral
Working out the value
Setting up the integral
Working out the value
Practice Exercises
A Chorus of Chords
Breaking up the arc
The law of the mean
Finding the true arc length
Breaking up the arc
The law of the mean
Finding the true arc length
A Monomial Curve
Arc-in-a-box method
Setting up the integral
Working out the integral
Arc-in-a-box method
Setting up the integral
Working out the integral
A More Exotic Curve
Setting up the integral
Working out the value
Setting up the integral
Working out the value
Practice Exercises
19 Special Integration Tricks
Principle of Linearity
The old rules
The new rule in brief
Example
Don’t be fooled!
The old rules
The new rule in brief
Example
Don’t be fooled!
Integration by Parts
An old idea revisited
Variations on a theme
Example
An old idea revisited
Variations on a theme
Example
Partial Fractions
A helpful formula
A preliminary example
“Reverse engineering”
A working example
A helpful formula
A preliminary example
“Reverse engineering”
A working example
Practice Exercises
Principle of Linearity
The old rules
The new rule in brief
Example
Don’t be fooled!
The old rules
The new rule in brief
Example
Don’t be fooled!
Integration by Parts
An old idea revisited
Variations on a theme
Example
An old idea revisited
Variations on a theme
Example
Partial Fractions
A helpful formula
A preliminary example
“Reverse engineering”
A working example
A helpful formula
A preliminary example
“Reverse engineering”
A working example
Practice Exercises
20 Review Questions and Answers
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
PART 3 Advanced Topics
21 Differentiating Inverse Functions
A General Formula
What is an inverse function?
Differentiating “through the back door”
Example: “front door”
Same example: “back door”
What is an inverse function?
Differentiating “through the back door”
Example: “front door”
Same example: “back door”
Derivative of the Arcsine
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Derivative of the Arccosine
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Practice Exercises
A General Formula
What is an inverse function?
Differentiating “through the back door”
Example: “front door”
Same example: “back door”
What is an inverse function?
Differentiating “through the back door”
Example: “front door”
Same example: “back door”
Derivative of the Arcsine
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Derivative of the Arccosine
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Practice Exercises
22 Implicit Differentiation
Two-Way Relations
How shall we write it ?
Equations of circles
Equations of ellipses
Equations of hyperbolas
How shall we write it ?
Equations of circles
Equations of ellipses
Equations of hyperbolas
Two-Way Derivatives
Example: unit circle
Example: ellipse
Example: hyperbola
Example: unit circle
Example: ellipse
Example: hyperbola
Practice Exercises
Two-Way Relations
How shall we write it ?
Equations of circles
Equations of ellipses
Equations of hyperbolas
How shall we write it ?
Equations of circles
Equations of ellipses
Equations of hyperbolas
Two-Way Derivatives
Example: unit circle
Example: ellipse
Example: hyperbola
Example: unit circle
Example: ellipse
Example: hyperbola
Practice Exercises
23 The L’Hopital Principles
Expressions That Tend Toward 0/0
How it works
Example
Applying the rule twice
An important restriction
How it works
Example
Applying the rule twice
An important restriction
Expressions That Tend Toward ±∞/±∞
How it works
Example
Another variant of the rule
Another example
How it works
Example
Another variant of the rule
Another example
Other Indeterminate Limits
Expressions That Tend Toward 0·(+∞) or 0·(-∞)
Expressions That Tend Toward +∞ - (+∞)
Expressions tending toward +∞·0, -∞·0, -∞+(+∞), +∞+(-∞) or-∞(-∞)
Expressions That Tend Toward 0·(+∞) or 0·(-∞)
Expressions That Tend Toward +∞ - (+∞)
Expressions tending toward +∞·0, -∞·0, -∞+(+∞), +∞+(-∞) or-∞(-∞)
Practice Exercises
Expressions That Tend Toward 0/0
How it works
Example
Applying the rule twice
An important restriction
How it works
Example
Applying the rule twice
An important restriction
Expressions That Tend Toward ±∞/±∞
How it works
Example
Another variant of the rule
Another example
How it works
Example
Another variant of the rule
Another example
Other Indeterminate Limits
Expressions That Tend Toward 0·(+∞) or 0·(-∞)
Expressions That Tend Toward +∞ - (+∞)
Expressions tending toward +∞·0, -∞·0, -∞+(+∞), +∞+(-∞) or-∞(-∞)
Expressions That Tend Toward 0·(+∞) or 0·(-∞)
Expressions That Tend Toward +∞ - (+∞)
Expressions tending toward +∞·0, -∞·0, -∞+(+∞), +∞+(-∞) or-∞(-∞)
Practice Exercises
24 Partial Derivatives
Multi-Variable Functions
Two inputs, one output
A pure-mathematics example
The vertical-line test
Three inputs, one output
What about time?
Two inputs, one output
A pure-mathematics example
The vertical-line test
Three inputs, one output
What about time?
Two Independent Variables
“Slope” of a surface at a point
Derivative with respect to x
Derivative with respect to y
Example
Another example
“Slope” of a surface at a point
Derivative with respect to x
Derivative with respect to y
Example
Another example
Three Independent Variables
Derivatives with respect to x,y, and z
Example
Another example
Derivatives with respect to x,y, and z
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
Multi-Variable Functions
Two inputs, one output
A pure-mathematics example
The vertical-line test
Three inputs, one output
What about time?
Two inputs, one output
A pure-mathematics example
The vertical-line test
Three inputs, one output
What about time?
Two Independent Variables
“Slope” of a surface at a point
Derivative with respect to x
Derivative with respect to y
Example
Another example
“Slope” of a surface at a point
Derivative with respect to x
Derivative with respect to y
Example
Another example
Three Independent Variables
Derivatives with respect to x,y, and z
Example
Another example
Derivatives with respect to x,y, and z
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
25 Second Partial Derivatives
Two Variables, Second Partials
Second partials relative to x or y
Example
Another example
Second partials relative to x or y
Example
Another example
Two Variables, Mixed Partials
Differentiating with respect to x and then y
Differentiating with respect to y and then x
Example
Another example
A theorem
Differentiating with respect to x and then y
Differentiating with respect to y and then x
Example
Another example
A theorem
Three Variables, Second Partials
Second partials with respect to x,y, or z
Example
Another example
Second partials with respect to x,y, or z
Example
Another example
Three Variables, Mixed Partials
Six ways to mix
Example
Six ways to mix
Example
Practice Exercises
Two Variables, Second Partials
Second partials relative to x or y
Example
Another example
Second partials relative to x or y
Example
Another example
Two Variables, Mixed Partials
Differentiating with respect to x and then y
Differentiating with respect to y and then x
Example
Another example
A theorem
Differentiating with respect to x and then y
Differentiating with respect to y and then x
Example
Another example
A theorem
Three Variables, Second Partials
Second partials with respect to x,y, or z
Example
Another example
Second partials with respect to x,y, or z
Example
Another example
Three Variables, Mixed Partials
Six ways to mix
Example
Six ways to mix
Example
Practice Exercises
26 Surface-Area and Volume Integrals
A Cylinder
Circumference vs. displacement
Lateral-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Circumference vs. displacement
Lateral-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
A Cone
Circumference vs. displacement
Slant-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Circumference vs. displacement
Slant-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
A Sphere
Circumference vs. arc displacement
Surface-area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Circumference vs. arc displacement
Surface-area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Practice Exercises
A Cylinder
Circumference vs. displacement
Lateral-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Circumference vs. displacement
Lateral-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
A Cone
Circumference vs. displacement
Slant-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Circumference vs. displacement
Slant-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
A Sphere
Circumference vs. arc displacement
Surface-area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Circumference vs. arc displacement
Surface-area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Practice Exercises
27 Repeated, Double, and Iterated Integrals
Repeated Integrals in One Variable
Multiple definite integrals
Example
Another example
Multiple definite integrals
Example
Another example
Double Integrals in Two Variables
Prisms and slabs
Slabs parallel to the xz-plane
Slabs parallel to the yz-plane
Prisms and slabs
Slabs parallel to the xz-plane
Slabs parallel to the yz-plane
Iterated Integrals in Two Variables
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
Repeated Integrals in One Variable
Multiple definite integrals
Example
Another example
Multiple definite integrals
Example
Another example
Double Integrals in Two Variables
Prisms and slabs
Slabs parallel to the xz-plane
Slabs parallel to the yz-plane
Prisms and slabs
Slabs parallel to the xz-plane
Slabs parallel to the yz-plane
Iterated Integrals in Two Variables
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
28 More Volume Integrals
Slicing and Integrating
First, we slice
Next, we integrate
Finally, we integrate again
First, we slice
Next, we integrate
Finally, we integrate again
Base Bounded by Curve and x Axis
The proper structure of Cartesian xyz-space
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
The proper structure of Cartesian xyz-space
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Base Bounded by Curve and Line
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Base Bounded by Two Curves
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Practice Exercises
Slicing and Integrating
First, we slice
Next, we integrate
Finally, we integrate again
First, we slice
Next, we integrate
Finally, we integrate again
Base Bounded by Curve and x Axis
The proper structure of Cartesian xyz-space
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
The proper structure of Cartesian xyz-space
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Base Bounded by Curve and Line
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Base Bounded by Two Curves
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Practice Exercises
29 What’s a Differential Equation?
Elementary First-Order ODEs
How to recognize one
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
How to recognize one
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Elementary Second-Order ODEs
How to recognize one
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
For further study
How to recognize one
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
For further study
Practice Exercises
Elementary First-Order ODEs
How to recognize one
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
How to recognize one
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Elementary Second-Order ODEs
How to recognize one
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
For further study
How to recognize one
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
For further study
Practice Exercises
30 Review Questions and Answers
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
21 Differentiating Inverse Functions
A General Formula
What is an inverse function?
Differentiating “through the back door”
Example: “front door”
Same example: “back door”
What is an inverse function?
Differentiating “through the back door”
Example: “front door”
Same example: “back door”
Derivative of the Arcsine
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Derivative of the Arccosine
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Practice Exercises
A General Formula
What is an inverse function?
Differentiating “through the back door”
Example: “front door”
Same example: “back door”
What is an inverse function?
Differentiating “through the back door”
Example: “front door”
Same example: “back door”
Derivative of the Arcsine
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Derivative of the Arccosine
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Restricting the domain
Getting the formula
Practice Exercises
22 Implicit Differentiation
Two-Way Relations
How shall we write it ?
Equations of circles
Equations of ellipses
Equations of hyperbolas
How shall we write it ?
Equations of circles
Equations of ellipses
Equations of hyperbolas
Two-Way Derivatives
Example: unit circle
Example: ellipse
Example: hyperbola
Example: unit circle
Example: ellipse
Example: hyperbola
Practice Exercises
Two-Way Relations
How shall we write it ?
Equations of circles
Equations of ellipses
Equations of hyperbolas
How shall we write it ?
Equations of circles
Equations of ellipses
Equations of hyperbolas
Two-Way Derivatives
Example: unit circle
Example: ellipse
Example: hyperbola
Example: unit circle
Example: ellipse
Example: hyperbola
Practice Exercises
23 The L’Hopital Principles
Expressions That Tend Toward 0/0
How it works
Example
Applying the rule twice
An important restriction
How it works
Example
Applying the rule twice
An important restriction
Expressions That Tend Toward ±∞/±∞
How it works
Example
Another variant of the rule
Another example
How it works
Example
Another variant of the rule
Another example
Other Indeterminate Limits
Expressions That Tend Toward 0·(+∞) or 0·(-∞)
Expressions That Tend Toward +∞ - (+∞)
Expressions tending toward +∞·0, -∞·0, -∞+(+∞), +∞+(-∞) or-∞(-∞)
Expressions That Tend Toward 0·(+∞) or 0·(-∞)
Expressions That Tend Toward +∞ - (+∞)
Expressions tending toward +∞·0, -∞·0, -∞+(+∞), +∞+(-∞) or-∞(-∞)
Practice Exercises
Expressions That Tend Toward 0/0
How it works
Example
Applying the rule twice
An important restriction
How it works
Example
Applying the rule twice
An important restriction
Expressions That Tend Toward ±∞/±∞
How it works
Example
Another variant of the rule
Another example
How it works
Example
Another variant of the rule
Another example
Other Indeterminate Limits
Expressions That Tend Toward 0·(+∞) or 0·(-∞)
Expressions That Tend Toward +∞ - (+∞)
Expressions tending toward +∞·0, -∞·0, -∞+(+∞), +∞+(-∞) or-∞(-∞)
Expressions That Tend Toward 0·(+∞) or 0·(-∞)
Expressions That Tend Toward +∞ - (+∞)
Expressions tending toward +∞·0, -∞·0, -∞+(+∞), +∞+(-∞) or-∞(-∞)
Practice Exercises
24 Partial Derivatives
Multi-Variable Functions
Two inputs, one output
A pure-mathematics example
The vertical-line test
Three inputs, one output
What about time?
Two inputs, one output
A pure-mathematics example
The vertical-line test
Three inputs, one output
What about time?
Two Independent Variables
“Slope” of a surface at a point
Derivative with respect to x
Derivative with respect to y
Example
Another example
“Slope” of a surface at a point
Derivative with respect to x
Derivative with respect to y
Example
Another example
Three Independent Variables
Derivatives with respect to x,y, and z
Example
Another example
Derivatives with respect to x,y, and z
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
Multi-Variable Functions
Two inputs, one output
A pure-mathematics example
The vertical-line test
Three inputs, one output
What about time?
Two inputs, one output
A pure-mathematics example
The vertical-line test
Three inputs, one output
What about time?
Two Independent Variables
“Slope” of a surface at a point
Derivative with respect to x
Derivative with respect to y
Example
Another example
“Slope” of a surface at a point
Derivative with respect to x
Derivative with respect to y
Example
Another example
Three Independent Variables
Derivatives with respect to x,y, and z
Example
Another example
Derivatives with respect to x,y, and z
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
25 Second Partial Derivatives
Two Variables, Second Partials
Second partials relative to x or y
Example
Another example
Second partials relative to x or y
Example
Another example
Two Variables, Mixed Partials
Differentiating with respect to x and then y
Differentiating with respect to y and then x
Example
Another example
A theorem
Differentiating with respect to x and then y
Differentiating with respect to y and then x
Example
Another example
A theorem
Three Variables, Second Partials
Second partials with respect to x,y, or z
Example
Another example
Second partials with respect to x,y, or z
Example
Another example
Three Variables, Mixed Partials
Six ways to mix
Example
Six ways to mix
Example
Practice Exercises
Two Variables, Second Partials
Second partials relative to x or y
Example
Another example
Second partials relative to x or y
Example
Another example
Two Variables, Mixed Partials
Differentiating with respect to x and then y
Differentiating with respect to y and then x
Example
Another example
A theorem
Differentiating with respect to x and then y
Differentiating with respect to y and then x
Example
Another example
A theorem
Three Variables, Second Partials
Second partials with respect to x,y, or z
Example
Another example
Second partials with respect to x,y, or z
Example
Another example
Three Variables, Mixed Partials
Six ways to mix
Example
Six ways to mix
Example
Practice Exercises
26 Surface-Area and Volume Integrals
A Cylinder
Circumference vs. displacement
Lateral-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Circumference vs. displacement
Lateral-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
A Cone
Circumference vs. displacement
Slant-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Circumference vs. displacement
Slant-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
A Sphere
Circumference vs. arc displacement
Surface-area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Circumference vs. arc displacement
Surface-area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Practice Exercises
A Cylinder
Circumference vs. displacement
Lateral-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Circumference vs. displacement
Lateral-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
A Cone
Circumference vs. displacement
Slant-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Circumference vs. displacement
Slant-surface area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
A Sphere
Circumference vs. arc displacement
Surface-area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Circumference vs. arc displacement
Surface-area integral
Cross-sectional area vs. displacement
Volume integral
Practice Exercises
27 Repeated, Double, and Iterated Integrals
Repeated Integrals in One Variable
Multiple definite integrals
Example
Another example
Multiple definite integrals
Example
Another example
Double Integrals in Two Variables
Prisms and slabs
Slabs parallel to the xz-plane
Slabs parallel to the yz-plane
Prisms and slabs
Slabs parallel to the xz-plane
Slabs parallel to the yz-plane
Iterated Integrals in Two Variables
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
Repeated Integrals in One Variable
Multiple definite integrals
Example
Another example
Multiple definite integrals
Example
Another example
Double Integrals in Two Variables
Prisms and slabs
Slabs parallel to the xz-plane
Slabs parallel to the yz-plane
Prisms and slabs
Slabs parallel to the xz-plane
Slabs parallel to the yz-plane
Iterated Integrals in Two Variables
Example
Another example
Example
Another example
Practice Exercises
28 More Volume Integrals
Slicing and Integrating
First, we slice
Next, we integrate
Finally, we integrate again
First, we slice
Next, we integrate
Finally, we integrate again
Base Bounded by Curve and x Axis
The proper structure of Cartesian xyz-space
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
The proper structure of Cartesian xyz-space
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Base Bounded by Curve and Line
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Base Bounded by Two Curves
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Practice Exercises
Slicing and Integrating
First, we slice
Next, we integrate
Finally, we integrate again
First, we slice
Next, we integrate
Finally, we integrate again
Base Bounded by Curve and x Axis
The proper structure of Cartesian xyz-space
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
The proper structure of Cartesian xyz-space
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Base Bounded by Curve and Line
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Base Bounded by Two Curves
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Flat, level surface
Flat, sloping surface
Warped surface
Practice Exercises
29 What’s a Differential Equation?
Elementary First-Order ODEs
How to recognize one
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
How to recognize one
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Elementary Second-Order ODEs
How to recognize one
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
For further study
How to recognize one
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
For further study
Practice Exercises
Elementary First-Order ODEs
How to recognize one
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
How to recognize one
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Elementary Second-Order ODEs
How to recognize one
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
For further study
How to recognize one
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
For further study
Practice Exercises
30 Review Questions and Answers
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Final Exam
APPENDICES
A Worked-Out Solutions to Exercises: Chapters 1 to 9
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
B Worked-Out Solutions to Exercises: Chapters 11 to 19
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
C Worked-Out Solutions to Exercises: Chapters 21 to 29
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
D Answers to Final Exam Questions
E Special Characters in Order of Appearance
F Table of Derivatives
G Table of Integrals
A Worked-Out Solutions to Exercises: Chapters 1 to 9
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
B Worked-Out Solutions to Exercises: Chapters 11 to 19
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
C Worked-Out Solutions to Exercises: Chapters 21 to 29
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
D Answers to Final Exam Questions
E Special Characters in Order of Appearance
F Table of Derivatives
G Table of Integrals
Suggested Additional Reading
Index (with page links)
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