Introducing Geographic Information Systems With ArcGIS® · 3rd Edition by Kennedy, Michael -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Contents Title Copyright Dedication Foreword Preface Preface to First Edition Introduction Part I: Basic Concepts of GIS

Chapter 1: Some Concepts That Underpin GIS

You Ask: “What Is GIS About?” And So You Ask Again: “What Is GIS About?” More of What GIS Is About Next Steps: Seemingly Independent Things You Need to Know Determining Where Something Is: Coordinate Systems Determining Where Something Is: Latitude and Longitude Geodesy, Coordinate Systems, Geographic Projections, and Scale Projected Coordinate Systems Geographic vs. Projected Coordinates: A Comparison Two Projected Coordinate Systems: UTM and State Plane Physical Dimensionality Global Positioning Systems Remote Sensing Relational Databases Searching (and Indexing) in General Another Definition of GIS Computer Software: In General

Step-by-Step

Understanding the File Structure for the Exercises Anatomy of the ArcCatalog Window Setting Some Options The Catalog Tree Connecting to a Folder The Toolbars and the Status Bar An Optional Step Exploring Basic GIS Data Storage Models Copying Data over to Your Personal Folder Examining the Table Deriving Information from the Table Sorting the Records Finding Values in a Table Identifying Geographic Features and Coordinates Looking at GeoGraphics A First Look at Metadata Using ArcCatalog to Place Data in ArcMap Using the Area on the Disk for Your Own Work Copying Data over to Your Personal IGIS Folder Searching for GIS Data Exploring Soils But Something Is Missing Is the Newly Found Data Applicable? Making a Personal Geodatabase Feature Class from a Coverage Looking at the Landcover Personal Geodatabase Feature Class Further Examining the Wildcat Boat Facility Area Data Sets Seeing the Results of the Join A Button for Instant Help: What’s This? (for ArcGIS Desktop version 10.0 only) Getting Instant Help for a Tool or Command (for ArcGIS Desktop version 10.1) The Help System and Documentation ArcGIS Help across the Internet What’s Next?

Chapter 2: Characteristics and Examples of Spatial Data

The Original Form of Spatial Data: Maps Moving Spatial Data from Maps to Computers: Forces for Change Spatial Data Limiting the Scope Spatial Data for Decision Making Sets of Spatial Data: The Database Spatial Databases: Inherent Difficulties Information Systems Uses for a Geographic Information System

Step-by-Step

The Basic Difference between ArcCatalog and ArcMap Exploring Data from the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) Preliminaries Seeing the GPS File in ArcMap Looking at the GPS Track in the Context of a Variety of GIS Data A Potpourri of Types of Geographic Data Displaying Layers from Vector-Based Datasets Housekeeping: Saving and Restoring a Map Selecting: Both Map Data and Attribute Data Using the Measure Tool and the Identify Tool County Boundaries and Polygons TIGER/Line Files The Table of Contents: Display vs. Source vs. Selection Digital Raster Graphics and Cell-Based Files A Look (Optional) at How DRG Color Values Are Put Together Experimenting with Different Ways of Seeing Data Digital Orthophotos More TIGER/Line Files Another Tie between Attributes and Geographics More Housekeeping: Shutting Down and Restarting ArcMap Digital Elevation Model Files Comparing the DEM and the DRG Contour Line Files TINs are Three-Dimensional Datasets Elevation Based on Massive Sets of Data: The Esri Terrain The Summarizing Procedure Some Geological Data Rasters of Land Cover Data You Are Not Alone (Assuming you have an Internet connection) Next Steps on Your Own The Next Chapter

Chapter 3: Products of a GIS: Maps and Other Information

GIS and Cartography—Compatibility? Products of a Geographic Information System Overall Requirements for Utility Classification of GIS Products Documenting Products Thoughts on Different Types of Products Don’t Ignore Character-Based Information Don’t Hesitate to Sort Information Consider Hard Copy Consider Balance in Product Content Elements of Product Design Units, Projection, and Scale Thoughts on Resolution and Scale Making Sure There Is a Base Map Measure of Quality Assurance The Decision Maker–Product Interface In Summary

Step-by-Step

The Data View and the Layout View Controlling Your View of the Map: Zooming Understanding the Panning and Other Controls Adding Other Map Elements Adding Data to Data Frames A Summary of the Graphic Indicators Tinkering with the Map—Scale Bars Legends Layer Files Layer Packages Styles Adding and Using a Style Reports Charts and Graphs Graphics Making Graphics out of Geographic Features

Chapter 4: Structures for Storing Geographic Data

Why Is Spatial Data Analysis So Hard? How the Computer Aids Analyzing Spatial Data Complexity of Spatial Data Structures for Spatial Data Storage Paradigms for Areal Data Fundamental Bases of Geographic Data Mode The Raster Data Model Vector Data Model A Multiplicity of “Storadigms” Vector-Based Geographic Datasets—Logical Construction Zero-Dimensional Entities in a Two-Dimensional Field: Points One-Dimensional Entities in a Two-Dimensional Field: Lines Two-Dimensional Entities in a Two-Dimensional Field: Polygons Three-Dimensional Entities in a Three-Dimensional Field: Triangles and Multipatches Specific Esri Spatial Vector Data Storage Mechanisms The Geodatabase Data Structure Geodatabase Software Polygons within Polygons—Perimeter and Area Calculations Geodatabases—Layout in the Computer Geodatabases—Logical Construction Geodatabases—Feature Shape Nested Polygons in Geodatabases Geodatabases and Attributes Objects—First Acquaintance The Shapefile Data Structure Shapefiles—Layout in the Computer Summarizing Vector Dataset Features Summary of Logical Structures of Vector-Based GIS Datasets Raster-Based Geographic Data Sets—Logical Construction Raster-Based Geographic Data Sets—Layout in the Computer TINs TIN-Based Geographic Data Sets—Layout in the Computer Spatial Reference

Step-by-Step

More Help Specification of your Input Text File for the “Create Features from Text File” Tool Labeling Features Making Polygons from Lines Areas and Perimeters Examined Labeling Features with Selected Attributes Computers and Inexact Computation Creating a New Topology Specifying Which Feature Moves When Features Are Adjusted: Rank Topology Rules Validating Topology A Warning: Changes Made through Topology Are Permanent

Chapter 5: Geographic and Attribute Data: Selection, Input, and Editing

Concerns about Finding and Collecting Data Looking for Data on the Internet Steps in Developing the Database GPS and GIS Anatomy of the Acronym: GPS What Time Is It?

Step-by-Step

Looking at Reference Systems Looking at Coordinate Systems Using the Reference System to Discover the Boundary Coordinates of a State Plane Zone Primary Lesson A Plan for Digitizing and Transforming Getting Started Loading an Image File as a Layer in ArcMap Loading the New, Blank Shapefile into ArcMap Adding Line Features to a Shapefile by Using the Editing Facility in ArcMap Converting a Shapefile to a Geodatabse Feature Class and Giving It Real-World Coordinates Converting the Shapefile to a Geodatabase Feature Class Moving the Foozit Court Feature Class into the Real World Preliminaries Making the Feature Class That Will Be the Object of the Digitization Georeferencing Moving the Sketch to UTM Zone Digitizing the Line Boundaries of the Islands Making Polygons of the Digitized Lines Making Multipart Polygons Five islands divided by county and agency Merging Multipart Polygons Making Copies of the Feature Class Using “Clip” to Remove Overlaps from the Feature Class Using Topology to Remove Overlaps from the Feature Class The Concept of the Edit Sketch Making Sketches with Snapping Experimenting with Editing Polygons Experimenting with Editor’s Union Experimenting with the Editor’s Intersect Experimenting with the Editor’s Buffer Capabilities Using Undo, Redo, Copy, and Cut Working with Line Editing Again Creating a 3-D Feature Organization Environment and Measurement (Spatial Data) Measurements (Non-spatial Data) Recording Data Team Assignments Undertaking the Data Entry Process Making a Table That Contains the Coordinate Data Making a Table That Contains the Student Data Populating the Student_Info Table with Data Joining the Two Tables to Make a Single Table Seeing the Results of the Join

Part II: Spatial Analysis and Synthesis with Gis

Chapter 6: Analysis of GIS Data by Simple Examination

Information Computer Hardware—What a Computer Does Continuous and Discrete Phenomena Some Implications of Discrete Representation for GIS Scientific Notation, Numerical Significance, Accuracy, and Precision Precision vs. Accuracy Basic Statistics Putting Values into Classes Measurement Scales

Step-by-Step

Examining the Toolbars Pointing at Records Two Windows Are Available for Selecting Selecting Records (and, Thereby, Features) Looking at the Other Capabilities of the Options Menu Selecting Features (and, Thereby, Records) Quick Selection of Features Selecting by Location Reviewing and Understanding Actions on the Table of Contents Layers and the Data Frames Changing Layer Properties Thinking about Maps Again Classification (or Categorization) and Symbolization User Selection of Classes A More Careful Look at Equal Intervals Defined Interval Quantiles Standard Deviation Natural Breaks Normalization Using Charts and Graphs Making a Layout Obtaining Data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census Converting the Census Data Spreadsheet to dBASEIV Format Using TIGER-Based Street and Block Shapefiles from Esri Assessing What We Have and What We Need to Solve the Problem Converting the Relevant Files to Cartesian Coordinates Finally

Chapter 7: Creating Spatial Feature Classes Based on Proximity, Overlay, and Attributes

Generating Features Based on Proximity: Buffering Generating Features by Overlaying Overlaying with Line and Point Feature Classes Spatial Joins in General Deriving Feature Classes by Selecting Attributes: Extraction

Step-by-Step

Using ArcToolbox to Make Buffer Zones around the Roads Variable-Width Buffers Make a New Feature Class from a Subset of Polygons: Extract More Complex Queries—And’s and Or’s Other Polygon Spatial Joins: Intersect and Identity The Getrich Saga Deriving Information by Combining Tables Overlaying the Feature Classes Create a Python Script from the Gold Model Modify the Python Script from the Gold Model Execute the Python Script Understanding Dissolve Making New Sites that Including the COST_HA Field Considering the Site Eccentricity Criterion Making a Model of the Wildcat Boat Solution

Chapter 8: Spatial Analysis Based on Raster Data Processing

A Really Different Processing Paradigm Facts about Rasters Coordinate Space Rasters with Integer Cell Values Rasters with Floating-Point Values What Is Raster Storage and Processing Good For? Rasters and Features Rasters: Input, Computation, and Output Where Raster Processing Shines: Cost Incurred Traveling over a Distance Proximity Calculation with Rasters Human Activity, Cost, and Distance Euclidean Distances on the Raster Euclidean Distance and the Spatial Analyst Proving Pythagoras Right Finding the Closest of Multiple Source Cells Excluding Distances beyond a Certain Threshold Other Factors That Influence Cost The Cost Distance Mechanism The Cost Distance Calculation Path Calculation in Euclidean Distance and Cost Distance Understanding How Total Costs Are Calculated Getting More Information: Paths and Allocations Direction and Allocation Rasters for Euclidean Distance Direction and Allocation Rasters for Cost Distance A Major Application of Raster Processing: Hydrology Basic Surface Hydrology Basic Surface Hydrology Concepts Calculating Flow Direction The Ultimate Destination of Water Is Off the Raster Area Flow Accumulation: Drainage Delineation and Rainfall Volume Nonuniform Rainfall Calculating the Length of a Potential Linear Water Body Assigning Identities to Streams Vector vs. Raster Representation Assigning Orders to Stream Links Watersheds and Pour Points

Step-by-Step

The Raster Calculator—Integer Rasters Arithmetic Calculation Boolean Operations Floating-Point Rasters Setting the General and Raster Environment Converting Features to Rasters Creating Rasters with Linear Features Buffering with Spatial Analyst (Maybe) Buffering—Plan B Reclassifying the Data Adding the Rasters with the Raster Calculator Converting Zones to Regions to Find Individual Sites Points and Density Thiessen, Dirichlet, Voronoi (and, of course, Decartes) Making a Raster Showing Straight-Line Distances to a Single Place Examining Many Source Cells and the Capping Distance Developing a Raster with Cost Distance Creating Direction and Allocation Rasters Using Cost Distance to Make Direction and Allocation Rasters Calculating a Least-Cost Path from “A” to “B” Setting Things Up Preparing to Create a Cost Surface Building a Cost Surface Improving the Understandability of the Map Examining the Surface with Various Spatial Analyst and 3D Tools Determining the Stream Channels Calculating Stream Order Numbering Each Stream Individually Identifying Basins Finding Pollution Culprits

Chapter 9: Other Dimensions, Other Tools, Other Solutions

Two Different Third Dimensions: The Temporal and the Vertical Spatial

The Third Spatial Dimension

3-D: 2-D (Spatial) Plus 1-D (Spatial) ArcScene ArcGlobe

The Third Spatial Dimension

An (Almost) New Software Package: ArcScene ArcScene What’s 3-D and What’s Not Viewing 3-D Data with Animation Making a TIN and Other 3-D Representations of Elevation Creating DEM files with Kriging Creating a Map of Contour Lines Two-and-a-Half Dimensions (2.5-D): Calculating Volumes Calculating a Volume with ArcGIS Other Neat Stuff You Can Do with 3D Analyst: Viewshed and Hillshade A Closer Look at ArcGlobe and Adding Data to It Making a Terrain

The Time Dimension: OVERVIEW

3-D: 2-D (Spatial) Plus 1-D (Temporal)

The Time Dimension: STEP-BY-STEP

Sliding through Time—Seeing Changes in Features at Intervals

Address Geocoding: OVERVIEW

A Second Fundamental Way of Defining Location TIGER/Line Files Precision of the Geographic Coordinates in TIGER Files Address Locators

Address Geocoding: STEP-BY-STEP

Finding the Geographic Position of an Address “Manually” Making an Address Locator Finding the Geographic Position of an Address “Automatically” TIGER Files and ZIP Codes More to Know—More Information Available

Analysis of Networks: Overview Analysis of Networks: Step-by-step

Finding the Shortest Route to a Facility Allocating Territories to Facilities

Linear Referencing: Overview Linear Referencing: STEP-BY-STEP

Intersecting Route Events What’s Not Covered Here

Afterword: From Systems to Science by Michael Goodchild Index Notes Download CD/DVD Content

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