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Index
CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
INTRODUCTION: RECRAFTING NEWS AND JOURNALISM
Journalism and democracy
This volume
Structure and contents
Notes
References
Part I THE EVOLVING IDEALS OF JOURNALISM
1 THE FOURTH ESTATE IDEAL IN JOURNALISM HISTORY
The press and its readers
The Fourth Estate and journalistic “independence”
Commercialization
Journalism and the state
Concluding remarks
References
Notes
2 JOURNALISM, HISTORY AND THE POLITICS OF POPULAR CULTURE
Liberty and libertinage
Popular culture: subject or object?
Representation – two models for ‘two nations’
Constitutional journalism – a ‘certain charmed spectacle’
‘Common human nature’ and ‘a universal fact’
Plus ça change?
References
3 THE ORIGINS OF OBJECTIVITY IN AMERICAN JOURNALISM
Objectivity, what is it?
Competing histories
An exceptional ethic?
The dynamics of critical elections
Why politics?
Partisan journalism of the gilded age
Declarations of press independence
A new news ethic
Note
References
4 JOURNALISTS AND THEIR PROFESSIONAL IDENTITIES
What is journalism about? The three traditions of the profession
Empirical evidence on these traditions
Challenges to journalism and its identity
Journalism as the new knowledge profession
The five competencies of journalism
Further professionalization needed
References
5 THE CHANGING STATUS OF WOMEN JOURNALISTS
Early women journalists
Women’s contemporary status in journalism
Gendered newsroom cultures and values
Women’s alternative journalism
Women in ‘male bastions’ of journalism
‘Post-feminist’ journalism
Women and the Internet future
Note
References
6 JOURNALISM AND ITS PUBLICS: THE LIPMANN–DEWEY DEBATE
The ‘modern news problem’
Truth and democracy
Standards of judgement
Chasing phantoms
‘The public’ versus ‘publics’
Divergent visions
References
7 PHOTOJOURNALISM: HISTORICAL DIMENSIONS TO CONTEMPORARY DEBATES
The pencil of nature
The rise of photojournalism
Challenging the veracity of the image
From documentary to emotional photojournalism
References
8 THE WATCHDOG’S NEW BARK : CHANGING FORMS OF INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING
The question of decline
Definitional stories
Reinterpreting investigations as scandals
Journalism as a stage
Collaborative investigations
A journalism of connections
Final thoughts
Notes
References
Part II NEWS AND SOCIAL AGENDAS
9 NEWS AND DEMOCRACY IN THE UNITED STATES: CURRENT PROBLEMS, FUTURE POSSIBILITIES
Political roles of the news media
The changing news media
Some political effects of news media changes
Implications for democracy
Increasing the journalistic contribution to democracy
The news media: necessary but insufficient
10 THE PRESS, POWER AND PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY*
Why press freedom does not guarantee quality public information
How political power can impose limits on public accountability
The case of Iraq
The press and Abu Ghraib
Indexing in other press systems
Conclusion
Note
Notes
References
11 MEDIA SPECTACLE, PRESIDENTIAL POLITICS, AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF JOURNALISM
Guy Debord’s society of the spectacle and media spectacles: some conceptual distinctions
Cultural studies and political spectacle: the case of the 2008 US presidential election
Deconstructing the spectacle
References
12 INTERNATIONAL NEWS FLOW
International news flow studies
International news agencies
Technological development
News routines
New forms of journalism
‘Global consciousness’
Notes
References
13 JOURNALISM AND POLITICAL CHANGE: THE CASE OF CHINA
Minben and democracy in China
Journalism as a ‘mouthpiece’
Journalism between the state and market
Democracy and the commercialised media
Conclusions
Notes
References
14 RETHINKING “DEVELOPMENT ” JOURNALISM
Competing definitions of development journalism
DJ and the debate about development communication
“Development” and its conceptual problems
Is “development journalism” still a useful category?
Conclusion
References
15 RADIO NEWS: RE-IMAGINING THE COMMUNITY
Radio in developing societies
Civic journalism and local radio
Community radio news in Cape Town, South Africa
From civic journalism to citizen journalism
Talk radio and educational radio
Conclusions
Notes
References
16 ALTERNATIVE JOURNALISM: IDEOLOGY AND PRACTICE
Theorising alternative media
The historical roots of alternative journalism
Ideology and practice in alternative journalism
Challenges to professional journalism
Rethinking authority and credibility
Conclusion
References
Part III NEWSMAKING: RULES, ROUTINES AND RITUALS
17 JOURNALISTS AS INTERPRETIVE COMMUNITIES, REVISITED
Journalists as members of interpretive communities
The hanging of Saddam Hussein
Discourse and journalism’s interpretive communities
Note
References
18 GATEKEEPING AND NEWS SELECTION AS SYMBOLIC MEDIATION
Newsroom background: the two symbolic models of news – informed public opinion and homogeneity
Newsroom foreground: gatekeeping and news selection as a form of newsroom subjectivity
References
19 JOURNALISM, NEWS SOURCES AND PUBLIC RELATIONS
Who leads the merry dance? Journalism and public relations in the UK
Setting the news agenda: UK “quality” newspapers and public relations
Setting the local agenda; local and regional journalism and public relations
Conclusion
Note
References
20 JOURNALISM ETHICS AS TRUTH -TELLING IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST
Professional journalistic moral imperative
The little matter of truth
In the Public Interest and for the Public Good
Moral ideals and journalistic practice
Note
References
21 MAKING UP THE NEWS: JOURNALISTS, DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL IN NEWS PRODUCTION
Deception in journalism
Social control in the newsroom – Breed and beyond
Breaking rules at work
Conclusions
Notes
References
22 ME, ME, ME: THE RISE AND RISE OF AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL JOURNALISM
The rise and rise of autobiographical journalism
The autobiographical society
The confessional society
Authenticity and autobiography
Conventions of autobiographical journalism
Conclusion
Notes
References
23 ‘DELIGHT IN TRIVIAL CONTROVERSY’? QUESTIONS FOR SPORTS JOURNALISM
Sports journalism: the state of textual play
Issues and debates
Conclusion: ‘Your Days are Numbered’.
References
24 JOURNALISM AND LOCAL POLITICS
‘The local’
A symbiotic relationship
Scrutiny, accountability and independence
More scrutinizing
A more independent local journalism
Conclusions
References
25 JOURNALISM AND CONVERGENCE CULTURE
Convergence culture
Multimedia news
Participatory journalism
Professional identity and convergence culture
Discussion
Note
References
26 JOURNALISM IN THE NETWORK
Scotsman.com: Democratic discourse in the 2007 Scottish election
Guardian.co.uk: Norms and the network
Multi-national perspective: Participatory journalism
Barbarians at the Gate or Liberators in Disguise?
Note
References
PART IV TRUTH , FACTS AND VALUES
27 NEWS AS CULTURE
Cultural resources/cultural processes
Media text/public performance
Solidarity and continuity/conflict and change
Universally human/politically contingent
Form of the content/content of the form
Framing as schematization/framing as categorization
The social/the cultural: a conclusion
References
28 NEWS AND THE EMOTIONAL PUBLIC SPHERE
The importance of the emotional public sphere
Defining the emotional public sphere
The contributions of news to the emotional public sphere
1. Containment and emotional labour1
2. The dramatic and the dull
3. Conflicts within and without
4. Detachment and the gut feeling
5. Re-emotionalising the public sphere?
How might news contribute to a healthier emotional public sphere?
Notes
References
29 RACE AND DIVERSITY IN THE NEWS
Entrenched inequality
(Im)balanced coverage
‘Fitting in’
Moving forward
Further reading
30 GETTING IT STRAIGHT: GAY NEWS NARRATIVES AND CHANGING CULTURAL VALUES
Why news matters
News frames our vision
Media, society transformed
Impact of AIDS and advocacy
Reframing gay issues
Future research
The 21st century media landscape
Hate speech
Conclusion
Notes
References
31 THE BROADCAST NEWS INTERVIEW: QUESTIONS OF DISCOURSE
The media interview and the news interview
The accountability interview with a public figure
The experiential/witness interview with an ordinary member of the public
The expert interview
The interview fragment
Conclusions
Notes
References
32 TABLOIDIZATION OF NEWS
Tabloidization and the news pages
Adjusting to new conditions? News article types
Tabloid pros and cons: some journalists’ perspectives
Conclusion: tabloidization as process and metaphor
Notes
References
33 TELEVISION NEWS IN THE ERA OF GLOBAL INFOTAINMENT
Global news
Epicentre of infotainment
Global growth of 24/7 news networks
Globalization of infotainment
Diluting or democratizing television news?
‘Soft news’ as soft propaganda
References
34 REAL NEWS/FAKE NEWS: BEYOND THE NEWS/ENTERTAINMENT DIVIDE
Organizing logics
Institutional parameters
Journalistic methods
Discursive voice
Fake news: the way of the future?
References
35 JOURNALISM IN THE CINEMA
A good tradition of love and hate
The dualities of screen journalism
Journalism in the movies
Studying journalism in the movies
Conclusion
Notes
References
PART V MAKING SENSE OF THE NEWS
36 JOURNALISM AND THE QUESTION OF CITIZENSHIP
Political citizenship and journalism
Economic citizenship and journalism
Cultural citizenship and journalism
Conclusion
Notes
References
37 NEWS, AUDIENCES AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE
Encoding/decoding
Notes
References
38 NEWS PRACTICES IN EVERYDAY LIFE : BEYOND AUDIENCE RESPONSE
The news habit
The end of the news habit?
News talk in everyday life
Conclusion: The future of news in everyday life
Note
References
39 LIVING WITH NEWS: ETHNOGRAPHIES OF NEWS CONSUMPTION
Media ethnographies: contestations, (some) resolutions and interdisciplinarity
Ethnography of news consumption
Ethnography and mediation
Conclusions
Notes
References
40 NEWS INFLUENCE AND THE GLOBAL MEDIA SPHERE: A CASE STUDY OF AL-JAZEERA ENGLISH
The CNN effect and beyond
News in a New Media Ecology
Al-Jazeera English
Method
Results and Discussion
Moving Forward
References
41 YOUNG CITIZENS AND THE NEWS
Children as citizens
News formats, features and the child citizen
Children’s news
Researching Newsround
Children’s voices
Conclusion
Notes
References
42 NEWS AND MEMORY: OLD AND NEW MEDIA PASTS
News generations
Collective memory in the broadcast age
Diffused memory in the post-broadcast age
Notes
References
PART VI CRISIS, CONFLICT AND CONTROVERSY
43 GLOBAL CRISES AND WORLD NEWS ECOLOGY
World news ecology: enveloping, complexly structured, interpenetrating
Global news surveillance, human rights and the march of democracy
Global focusing events, ‘natural’ disasters and geo-political dissent
Global spectacle, performative media and the production of violent images
Conclusions
References
44 REPORTING THE CLIMATE CHANGE CRISIS
The emergence and discursive control: a novel global risk
News-making and postnormal science
Scale, engagement and modes of representation
Between catastrophism and ecological modernization
Entertainment, advertising and the evolving meanings of climate change
The future of media practice and research
Acknowledgement
Notes
References
45 NEWS AND FOREIGN POLICY: DEFINING INFLUENCE BALANCING POWER
Some history
Mr. Hearst’s War
Mr. Murrow’s War
The “Fourth Branch” fallacy
The question of duty
New media, new issues
References
46 ICONIC PHOTOJOURNALISM AND ABSENT IMAGES: DEMOCRATIZATION AND MEMORIES OF TERROR
Iconic photojournalism
Key issues
Iconic photographs in war – ‘Memories of terror’
Reproducing ideology
Communicating social knowledge
Shaping collective memory
Modelling citizenship
Providing figural resources for communicative action
Conclusions
References
47 JOURNALISM AND THE VISUAL POLITICS OF WAR AND CONFLICT
Journalism and the politics of pity
The analytics of mediation
Greek-Cypriot conflict
Aesthetic quality
Moral agency
Iraqi war footage
Aesthetic quality
Moral agency
Journalistic reflexivity: the ethics and aesthetics of witnessing
Conclusion
Notes
References
48 JOURNALISTS AND WAR CRIMES
Journalists and human rights workers
The war photographer as forensic journalist
Notes
References
49 PEACE JOURNALISM
Origins
Counter-currents
A paradigm shift?
New frontiers
References
PART VII JOURNALISM’S FUTURES
50 NEWS IN THE DIGITAL AGE
New media and the news: reinvigorated democracy
Speed and space: expanding news platforms and increasing timeliness
Multiplicity and polycentrality: bringing diversity and challenging news dominance
Interactivity and participation: increasing civic intervention and citizen journalism
New media and the news: the depression of democracy
Speed and space: increasing pressures on a decreasing work force
Multiplicity and polycentrality: more of the same
Interactivity and participation: limited and thin
Conclusion
Note
References
51 REASSESSING JOURNALISM AS A PROFESSION
Aspects of journalistic professionalization
Knowledge, domain, skill: journalism as distinct occupation
Autonomy: from what and whom?
Rise – or fall?
References
52 CITIZEN JOURNALISM: WIDENING WORLD VIEWS, EXTENDING DEMOCRACY
History of citizen journalism
Inexact terminology
Ad hoc examples
Hybrid examples
Political inroads
Hyper-local news
Methods for collecting hyper-local news
Self-moderated citizen media
Reverse publishing citizen media in print
Involved proprietors on blogs
Aggregation sites
Mobile journalism
Email lists and online forums
Evolving Business Models
Note
References
53 NEWSPAPERS, LABOR AND THE FLUX OF ECONOMIC UNCERTAINLY
Neoliberal restructuring and labor
New media and flux in the newspaper industry
Newspapers’ annus horribilis?
Rationalizing flexible labor
References
54 IMPARTIALITY IN TELEVISION NEWS: PROFIBILITY VERSUS PUBLIC SERVICE
The current situation
An early warning sign
Partial news
‘Radical impartiality’
A diminution of diversity
Profit in populism
References
55 COMPARATIVE NEWS MEDIA SYSTEMS: NEW DIRECTIONS IN RESEARCH
Reconceptualizing the sociology of news
Commercial, political and field effects: some hypotheses
Comparative research as hypothesis testing: French–U.S. comparisons
Future challenges
Notes
References
56 STUDYING JOURNALISM: A CIVIC AND LITERARY EDUCATION
Philosophical pragmatism
The subject of journalism
Theory
Practice
Curricular choices
A common democratic culture
References
INDEX
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