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Index
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1
Plato The Republic
The Cave
Plato and Socrates
Thrasymachus and Glaucon
Individual and state
Divison of labour
Rulers, Auxiliaries and Workers
Role of women
The myth of the metals
The just state and the just individual
The three parts of the soul
Philosopher kings
The theory of Forms
Examples of injustice
Against art
Criticisms of The Republic
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
2
Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics
Eudaimonia: a happy life
The function of a human being
The virtues
The Golden Mean
Action and culpability
Akrasia: weakness of will
The contemplative life
Criticisms of the Nicomachean Ethics
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
3
Boethius The Consolation of Philosophy
Philosophy
Chance and happiness
Evil and reward
God and free will
Criticism of The Consolation of Philosophy
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
4
Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince
Human nature
Virtù
Cesare Borgia versus Agathocles
Interpretations of The Prince
Criticisms of The Prince
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
5
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne Essays
Who was Montaigne?
Scepticism
Stoicism
On death
Other themes
Criticism of Montaigne’s Essays
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
6
René Descartes Meditations
Cartesian Doubt
The evidence of the senses
The evil demon
The Cogito
Cartesian Dualism
The wax example
God
Beyond doubt
Criticisms of Meditations
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
7
Thomas Hobbes Leviathan
The state of nature
Laws of nature
The social contract
The sovereign
The prisoners’ dilemma
Criticisms of Leviathan
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
8
Baruch de Spinoza Ethics
The title
God and pantheism
Mind and body
Freedom and human bondage
Love of God
Criticisms of Ethics
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
9
John Locke An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
No innate principles
Ideas
Primary and secondary qualities
Personal identity
Language
Criticisms of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
10
John Locke Second Treatise of Government
First and Second Treatises
The state of nature and laws of nature
Property
Money
Civil society
Rebellion
Criticisms of Second Treatise of Government
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
11
David Hume An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
The origin of ideas
The association of ideas
Causation
Free will
Miracles
Hume’s Fork
Criticisms of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
12
David Hume Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
The characters
The Design Argument
Criticisms of the Design Argument
The First Cause Argument
Was Hume an atheist?
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
13
Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract
Social contract
The general will
Freedom
The legislator
Government
Three types of government
Criticisms of The Social Contract
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
14
Immanuel Kant Critique of Pure Reason
The synthetic a priori
Appearances and the thing-in-itself
Space/time
The categories
The transcendental deduction
Criticism of the Critique of Pure Reason
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
15
Immanuel Kant Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals
The good will
Duty and inclination
Maxims
The categorical imperative
Kant, Aristotle and Mill
Criticisms of The Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
16
Thomas Paine Rights of Man
Common Sense
Rights of Man
Criticisms of Rights of Man
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
17
Arthur Schopenhauer The World as Will and Idea
The world as idea
The world as will
Art
Music
Free will
Suffering and salvation
Criticisms of The World as Will and Idea
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
18
John Stuart Mill On Liberty
Authorship
The Harm Principle
Freedom of speech
Criticisms of On Liberty
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
19
John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism
Bentham’s utilitarianism
Mill on higher and lower pleasures
The ‘proof’ of utilitarianism
Criticisms of Utilitarianism
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
20
Søren Kierkegaard Either/Or
Pseudonymous authorship
Either
The aesthetic approach to life
Crop Rotation
‘The Seducer’s Diary’
The ethical approach to life
Readings of Either/Or
Criticisms of Either/Or
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
21
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels The German Ideology , Part One
Historical materialism
Division of labour
Ideology
Revolution
Criticisms of The German Ideology
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
22
Friedrich Nietzsche Beyond Good and Evil
The title
The Will to Power
On the prejudices of philosophers
Truth
Unconscious drives
Religion
Criticisms of Beyond Good and Evil
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
23
Friedrich Nietzsche On the Genealogy of Morality
Genealogy
First essay: ‘good and evil’ and ‘good and bad’
Ressentiment
Second essay: conscience
Third essay: asceticism
Criticisms of On the Genealogy of Morality
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
24
Bertrand Russell The Problems of Philosophy
The title
What is philosophy?
Appearance and reality
Knowledge by acquaintance and by description
The a priori
Induction
Criticisms of The Problems of Philosophy
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
25
A. J. Ayer Language, Truth and Logic
The Verification Principle
Strong and weak senses of ‘verifiability’
Metaphysics and poetry
Philosophy
The problem of induction
Mathematics
Ethics
Religion
Criticisms of Language, Truth and Logic
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
26
R.G. Collingwood The Principles of Art
Who was R.G. Collingwood?
The technical theory of art
But doesn’t art involve craft?
Art so-called
Art proper
Criticisms of Collingwood’s theory of art
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
27
Jean-Paul Sartre Being and Nothingness
Phenomenological approach
Being
Nothingness
Freedom
Bad faith
Critique of Freud
Shame
Love
My death
Existential psychoanalysis
Criticisms of Being and Nothingness
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
28
Jean-Paul Sartre Existentialism and Humanism
What is existentialism?
What is humanism?
Answering his critics
Abandonment
Anguish
Despair
Sartre’s pupil
Criticisms of Existentialism and Humanism
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
29
Karl Popper The Open Society and Its Enemies
What did Popper mean by an open society?
Plato’s totalitarian tendencies
Hegel’s historicism
Marx
Criticism of The Open Society and Its Enemies
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
30
Ludwig Wittgenstein Philosophical Investigations
Relation to Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
The nature of philosophy
Meaning as use
Family resemblance terms
The Private Language Argument
Seeing aspects
Criticisms of Philosophical Investigations
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
31
Thomas Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
What Kuhn was arguing against
Normal science and revolutions
Paradigm shifts transform what can be observed
Criticisms of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
32
John Rawls A Theory of Justice
The original position
The liberty principle
The fair equality of opportunity principle and the difference principle
Criticisms of A Theory of Justice
Dates
Glossary
Further reading
Index (including key concepts)
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