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Index
Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Plato The Republic The Cave Plato and Socrates Thrasymachus and Glaucon Individual and state Divison of labour Rulers, Auxiliaries and Workers Role of women The myth of the metals The just state and the just individual The three parts of the soul Philosopher kings The theory of Forms Examples of injustice Against art Criticisms of The Republic Dates Glossary Further reading 2 Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics Eudaimonia: a happy life The function of a human being The virtues The Golden Mean Action and culpability Akrasia: weakness of will The contemplative life Criticisms of the Nicomachean Ethics Dates Glossary Further reading 3 Boethius The Consolation of Philosophy Philosophy Chance and happiness Evil and reward God and free will Criticism of The Consolation of Philosophy Dates Glossary Further reading 4 Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince Human nature Virtù Cesare Borgia versus Agathocles Interpretations of The Prince Criticisms of The Prince Dates Glossary Further reading 5 Michel Eyquem de Montaigne Essays Who was Montaigne? Scepticism Stoicism On death Other themes Criticism of Montaigne’s Essays Dates Glossary Further reading 6 René Descartes Meditations Cartesian Doubt The evidence of the senses The evil demon The Cogito Cartesian Dualism The wax example God Beyond doubt Criticisms of Meditations Dates Glossary Further reading 7 Thomas Hobbes Leviathan The state of nature Laws of nature The social contract The sovereign The prisoners’ dilemma Criticisms of Leviathan Dates Glossary Further reading 8 Baruch de Spinoza Ethics The title God and pantheism Mind and body Freedom and human bondage Love of God Criticisms of Ethics Dates Glossary Further reading 9 John Locke An Essay Concerning Human Understanding No innate principles Ideas Primary and secondary qualities Personal identity Language Criticisms of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Dates Glossary Further reading 10 John Locke Second Treatise of Government First and Second Treatises The state of nature and laws of nature Property Money Civil society Rebellion Criticisms of Second Treatise of Government Dates Glossary Further reading 11 David Hume An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding The origin of ideas The association of ideas Causation Free will Miracles Hume’s Fork Criticisms of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding Dates Glossary Further reading 12 David Hume Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion The characters The Design Argument Criticisms of the Design Argument The First Cause Argument Was Hume an atheist? Dates Glossary Further reading 13 Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Social contract The general will Freedom The legislator Government Three types of government Criticisms of The Social Contract Dates Glossary Further reading 14 Immanuel Kant Critique of Pure Reason The synthetic a priori Appearances and the thing-in-itself Space/time The categories The transcendental deduction Criticism of the Critique of Pure Reason Dates Glossary Further reading 15 Immanuel Kant Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals The good will Duty and inclination Maxims The categorical imperative Kant, Aristotle and Mill Criticisms of The Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals Dates Glossary Further reading 16 Thomas Paine Rights of Man Common Sense Rights of Man Criticisms of Rights of Man Dates Glossary Further reading 17 Arthur Schopenhauer The World as Will and Idea The world as idea The world as will Art Music Free will Suffering and salvation Criticisms of The World as Will and Idea Dates Glossary Further reading 18 John Stuart Mill On Liberty Authorship The Harm Principle Freedom of speech Criticisms of On Liberty Dates Glossary Further reading 19 John Stuart Mill Utilitarianism Bentham’s utilitarianism Mill on higher and lower pleasures The ‘proof’ of utilitarianism Criticisms of Utilitarianism Dates Glossary Further reading 20 Søren Kierkegaard Either/Or Pseudonymous authorship Either The aesthetic approach to life Crop Rotation ‘The Seducer’s Diary’ The ethical approach to life Readings of Either/Or Criticisms of Either/Or Dates Glossary Further reading 21 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels The German Ideology , Part One Historical materialism Division of labour Ideology Revolution Criticisms of The German Ideology Dates Glossary Further reading 22 Friedrich Nietzsche Beyond Good and Evil The title The Will to Power On the prejudices of philosophers Truth Unconscious drives Religion Criticisms of Beyond Good and Evil Dates Glossary Further reading 23 Friedrich Nietzsche On the Genealogy of Morality Genealogy First essay: ‘good and evil’ and ‘good and bad’ Ressentiment Second essay: conscience Third essay: asceticism Criticisms of On the Genealogy of Morality Dates Glossary Further reading 24 Bertrand Russell The Problems of Philosophy The title What is philosophy? Appearance and reality Knowledge by acquaintance and by description The a priori Induction Criticisms of The Problems of Philosophy Dates Glossary Further reading 25 A. J. Ayer Language, Truth and Logic The Verification Principle Strong and weak senses of ‘verifiability’ Metaphysics and poetry Philosophy The problem of induction Mathematics Ethics Religion Criticisms of Language, Truth and Logic Dates Glossary Further reading 26 R.G. Collingwood The Principles of Art Who was R.G. Collingwood? The technical theory of art But doesn’t art involve craft? Art so-called Art proper Criticisms of Collingwood’s theory of art Dates Glossary Further reading 27 Jean-Paul Sartre Being and Nothingness Phenomenological approach Being Nothingness Freedom Bad faith Critique of Freud Shame Love My death Existential psychoanalysis Criticisms of Being and Nothingness Dates Glossary Further reading 28 Jean-Paul Sartre Existentialism and Humanism What is existentialism? What is humanism? Answering his critics Abandonment Anguish Despair Sartre’s pupil Criticisms of Existentialism and Humanism Dates Glossary Further reading 29 Karl Popper The Open Society and Its Enemies What did Popper mean by an open society? Plato’s totalitarian tendencies Hegel’s historicism Marx Criticism of The Open Society and Its Enemies Dates Glossary Further reading 30 Ludwig Wittgenstein Philosophical Investigations Relation to Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus The nature of philosophy Meaning as use Family resemblance terms The Private Language Argument Seeing aspects Criticisms of Philosophical Investigations Dates Glossary Further reading 31 Thomas Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions What Kuhn was arguing against Normal science and revolutions Paradigm shifts transform what can be observed Criticisms of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Dates Glossary Further reading 32 John Rawls A Theory of Justice The original position The liberty principle The fair equality of opportunity principle and the difference principle Criticisms of A Theory of Justice Dates Glossary Further reading Index (including key concepts)
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