Reading the Middle Ages · 2nd Edition by Rosenwein, Barbara H. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Contents Preface Abbreviations and Symbols Abbreviations for the Authorized Version of the Bible I. Prelude: The Roman World Transformed (c.300–c.600)

A Christianized Empire

1.1 Toleration or favoritism? Edict of Milan (313). Original in Latin. 1.2 Law: The Theodosian Code (438). Original in Latin. 1.3 Plague: Gregory the Great, Letter to Bishop Dominic of Carthage (600). Original in Latin.

Heresy and Orthodoxy

1.4 Heretics: A Donatist Sermon (c.318). Original in Latin. 1.5 Orthodoxy’s declaration: The Nicene Creed (325). Original in Greek.

Patristic Thought

1.6 Relating this world to the next: Augustine, The City of God (413–426). Original in Latin. 1.7 Monasticism: The Benedictine Rule (c.530–c.560). Original in Latin.

Saintly Models

1.8 The virginal life: Jerome, Letter 24 (To Marcella) (384). Original in Latin. 1.9 The eremetical life: Athanasius, Life of St. Antony of Egypt (357). Original in Greek. 1.10 The active life: Sulpicius Severus, The Life of St. Martin of Tours (397). Original in Latin. 1.11 St. Radegund as ascetic: Venantius Fortunatus, The Life of St. Radegund (before c.600). Original in Latin. 1.12 St. Radegund as relic collector: Baudonivia, The Life of St. Radegund (c.600). Original in Latin.

Barbarian Kingdoms

1.13 Gothic Italy as Rome’s heir: Cassiodorus, Variae (State Papers) (c.507–536). Original in Latin. 1.14 Gothic Spain converts: The Third Council of Toledo (589). Original in Latin. 1.15 Merovingian Gaul’s bishop-historian: Gregory of Tours, History (576–594). Original in Latin.

Timeline for Chapter One

II. The Emergence of Sibling Cultures (c.600–c.750)

The Resilience of Byzantium

2.1 Byzantine village life and the education of a saint: The Life of St. Theodore of Sykeon (7th c.). Original in Greek. 2.2 The argument for icons: John of Damascus, On Holy Images (730s or early 750s). Original in Greek. 2.3 The iconoclastic argument: The Synod of 754. Original in Greek. 2.4 Vilifying the iconoclasts: The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (before 818). Original in Greek.

The Formation of the Islamic World

2.5 Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry: Al-A‘sha, Bid Hurayra Farewell (before 625). Original in Arabic. 2.6 The sacred text: Qur’an Suras 1, 53:1–18, 81, 87, 96, 98 (c.610–622). Original in Arabic. 2.7 Umayyad diplomacy: The Treaty of Tudmir (713). Original in Arabic. 2.8 Taxation: A Tax Demand in Egypt (710). Original in Arabic and Greek. 2.9 Praising the Caliph: Al-Akhtal, The Tribe Has Departed (c.692). Original in Arabic.

The Impoverished but Inventive West

2.10 A world explained by words: Isidore of Seville, Etymologies (c.615-c.630) 2.11 A modern martyr in Francia: The Passion of Leudegar (680s). Original in Latin. 2.12 The settlement of disputes: Judgment of Childebert III (709 or 710). Original in Latin. 2.13 Reforming the Continental church: Letters to Boniface (723–726). Original in Latin. 2.14 Creating a Roman Christian identity for England: Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731). Original in Latin.

Timeline for Chapter Two

III. Creating New Identities (c.750–c.900)

The Material Basis of Society

3.1 Manors in the West: Polyptyque of the Church of Saint Mary of Marseille (814–815). Original in Latin. 3.2 Byzantine guilds: The Book of the Prefect (886–912). Original in Greek. 3.3 The sale of a slave in Italy: A Contract of Sale (725). Original in Latin.

The Abbasid Reconfiguration

3.4 An early view of the Prophet: Muhammad ibn Ishaq, Life of Muhammad (754–767). Original in Arabic. 3.5 Hadith: Al-Bukhari, On Fasting (9th c.). Original in Arabic. 3.6 The “New Poetry”: Abu Nuwas, Turning the Tables (c.800). Original in Arabic.

Al-Andalus

3.7 The minority—that is, Christian—view: Chronicle of Albelda (c.883). Original in Latin. 3.8 An Islamic Andalusian voice: Ibn ‘Abd Rabbihi, I Have Never Seen (before 940). Original in Arabic. 3.9 A Jewish poet in al-Andalus: Dunash ben Labrat, There Came a Voice (mid-10th c.). Original in Hebrew.

The Western Church and Empire

3.10 The pope and the Carolingians: Pope Stephen II, Letters to King Pippin III (755–756). Original in Latin. 3.11 Charlemagne as Roman emperor: Einhard, Life of Charlemagne (825–826?). Original in Latin. 3.12 Modeling the state on Old Testament Israel: The Admonitio Generalis (789). Original in Latin. 3.13 Ideals of family and fidelity: Dhuoda, Handbook for Her Son (841–843). Original in Latin.

Expanding Christianity

3.14 The Slavic conversion: Constantine/Cyril, Prologue to the Gospel (863–867). Original in Old Church Slavonic. 3.15 The Bulgarian Khan in Byzantine guise: Seal of Boris-Michael (864–889). 3.16 The Bulgarians adopt Christianity: Pope Nicholas I, Letter to Answer the Bulgarians’ Questions (866). Original in Latin.

Timeline for Chapter Three

IV. Political Communities Reordered (c.900–c.1050)

Regionalism: Its Advantages and Its Discontents

4.1 Fragmentation in the Islamic world: Al-Tabari, The Defeat of the Zanj Revolt (c.915). Original in Arabic. 4.2 The powerful in the Byzantine countryside: Romanus I Lecapenus, Novel (934). Original in Greek. 4.3 Donating to Cluny: Cluny’s Foundation Charter (910) and various charters of donation (10th–11th c.). Originals in Latin. 4.4 Love and complaints in Angoulême: Agreement between Count William of the Aquitanians and Hugh IV of Lusignan (1028). Original in Latin. 4.5 The Peace of God at Bourges: Andrew of Fleury, The Miracles of St. Benedict (1040–1043). Original in Latin. 4.6 A castellan’s revenues and properties in Catalonia: Charter of Guillem Guifred (1041–1075). Original in Latin.

Byzantine Expansion

4.7 Military life: Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, Military Advice to His Son (950–958). Original in Greek. 4.8 Imperial rule: Michael Psellus, Portrait of Basil II (c.1063). Original in Greek.

Scholarship across the Islamic World

4.9 Education: Al-Qabisi, A Treatise Detailing the Circumstances of Students and the Rules Governing Teachers and Students (before 1012). Original in Arabic. 4.10 Political theory: Al-Farabi, The Perfect State (c.940–942). Original in Arabic. 4.11 Logic: Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Treatise on Logic (1020s or 1030s). Original in Persian.

Kingdoms in East Central Europe

4.12 Hungary as heir of Rome: King Stephen, Laws (1000–1038). Original in Latin. 4.13 Coming to terms with Catholic Poland: Thietmar of Merseburg, Chronicle (1013–1018). Original in Latin. 4.14 Poland’s self-image: Boleslaw’s Coin (992–1000). 4.15 Kievan Rus’: The Russian Primary Chronicle (c.1113, incorporating earlier materials). Original in Russian.

Northern Europe

4.16 An Ottonian courtier-bishop: Ruotger, Life of Bruno, Archbishop of Cologne (late 960s). Original in Latin. 4.17 Literacy: King Alfred, Prefaces to Gregory the Great’s Pastoral Care (c.890). Original in Old English. 4.18 Law: King Æthelred, Law Code (1008). Original in Old English. 4.19 Christianity comes to Denmark: The Jelling Monument (960s).

Timeline for Chapter Four

Containing the Holy

Plate 1 Dome of the Rock (692) Plate 2 Icon with Saint Demetrios (2nd half 10th c.) Plate 3 Reliquary Locket (10th–11th c.) Plate 4 Page from a Qur’an (993) Plate 5 A Holy Vestment (late 10th–early 11th c.) Plate 6 Tlemcen, Great Mosque (1236) Plate 7 The Church as Reliquary: Sainte-Chapelle (1248) Plate 8 Monstrance (c.1430) Plate 9 Synagogue and Ark (1435) Plate 10 The Wienhausen Sepulcher (15th c.)

Reading through Looking

Plate 11 Seal of Boris-Michael (864–889) Plate 12 Boleslaw’s Coin (992–1000) Plate 13 The Jelling Monument (960s) Plate 14 The Bayeux Tapestry (end of the 11th c.) Plate 15 Gabriel de Valseca, Portolan Map (1447)

V. The Expansion of Europe (c.1050–c.1150)

Commercial Take Off

5.1 Cultivating new lands: Frederick of Hamburg’s Agreement with Colonists from Holland (1106). Original in Latin. 5.2 Ibn ‘Abdun, Regulations for the Market at Seville (early 12th c.). Original in Arabic. 5.3 The role of royal patronage: Henry I, Privileges for the Citizens of London (1130–1133). Original in Latin.

Church Reform

5.4 The royal view: Henry IV, Letter to Gregory VII (1075). Original in Latin. 5.5 The papal view: Gregory VII, Letter to Hermann of Metz (1076). Original in Latin.

The Clergy in Action

5.6 Vesting Prayers (c.1000?). Original in Latin. 5.7 The Star of Clerics (c.1200?). Original in Latin. 5.8 A Visitation Record (1268). Original in Latin.

The Crusades and Reconquista

5.9 Martyrs in the Rhineland: Rabbi Eliezer b. Nathan (“Raban”), O God, Insolent Men (early to mid-12th c.). Original in Hebrew. 5.10 A Westerner in the Holy Land: Stephen of Blois, Letter to His Wife (March 1098). Original in Latin. 5.11 The Muslim reaction: Ibn al-Athir, The First Crusade (13th c.). Original in Arabic. 5.12 The crusade in Spain and Portugal: The Conquest of Lisbon (1147–1148). Original in Latin.

The Norman Conquest of England

5.13 The pro-Norman position: William of Jumièges, The Deeds of the Dukes of the Normans (c.1070). Original in Latin. 5.14 The native position: “Florence of Worcester,” Chronicle of Chronicles (early 12th c.). Original in Latin. 5.15 The Conquest depicted: The Bayeux Tapestry (end of the 11th c.). 5.16 Exploiting the Conquest: Domesday Book (1087). Original in Latin.

The Twelfth-Century Renaissance

5.17 Logic: Peter Abelard, Glosses on Porphyry (c.1100). Original in Latin. 5.18 Medical science: Constantine the African’s translation of Johannitius’s Isagoge (before 1098). Original in Latin. 5.19 The healing power of stones: Marbode of Rennes, The Book of Stones (? late 11th c.). Original in Latin.

Cluniacs and Cistercians

5.20 The Cistercian view: Saint Bernard, Apologia (1125). Original in Latin. 5.21 The Cluniac view: Peter the Venerable, Miracles (mid-1130s–mid-1150s). Original in Latin.

Timeline for Chapter Five VI. Institutionalizing Aspirations (c.1150–c.1250)

The Crusades Continue

6.1 The Northern Crusades: Helmold, The Chronicle of the Slavs (1167–1168). Original in Latin. 6.2 The Fourth Crusade: Nicetas Choniates, O City of Byzantium (c.1215). Original in Greek.

Grounding Justice in Royal Law

6.3 English common law: The Assize of Clarendon (1166). Original in Latin. 6.4 English litigation on the ground: The Costs of Richard of Anstey’s Lawsuit (1158–1163). Original in Latin. 6.5 The legislation of a Spanish king: The Laws of Cuenca (1189–1193). Original in Latin.

Local Laws and Arrangements

6.6 A manorial court: Proceedings for the Abbey of Bec (1246). Original in Latin. 6.7 Doing business: A Genoese societas (1253). Original in Latin. 6.8 Women’s work: Guild Regulations of the Parisian Silk Fabric Makers (13th c.). Original in French. 6.9 Men’s work: Guild Regulations of the Shearers of Arras (1236). Original in French.

Bureaucracy at the Papal Curia

6.10 The growth of papal business: Innocent III, Letters (1200–1202). Original in Latin. 6.11 Petitioning the papacy: Register of Thomas of Hereford (1281). Original in Latin. 6.12 Mocking the papal bureaucracy: The Gospel According to the Marks of Silver (c.1200). Original in Latin.

Confrontations

6.13 Henry II and Becket: Constitutions of Clarendon (1164). Original in Latin. 6.14 Emperor and pope: Diet of Besançon (1157). Original in Latin. 6.15 King and nobles: Magna Carta (1215). Original in Latin.

Caring for the Body

6.16 The abbot of Cluny seeks medical help: Letters between Peter the Venerable and Doctor Bartholomew (c.1151). Original in Latin. 6.17 A doctor’s bedside manner: Advice from “Archimatthaeus” (2nd half of 12th c.). Original in Latin.

Vernacular Literature

6.18 A troubadour love song: Bernart de Ventadorn, When I see the lark (c.1147-c.1170). Original in Old Occitan. 6.19 A trobairitz love song: La Comtessa de Dia, I have been in heavy grief (late 12th–early 13th c.). Original in Old Occitan. 6.20 A political song from the south of France: Bertran de Born, Half a sirventés I’ll sing (1190). Original in Old Occitan. 6.21 Fabliaux: Browny, the Priest’s Cow and The Priest Who Peeked (13th c.). Original in Old French. 6.22 Romance: Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot (c.1177–1181). Original in Old French.

New Developments in Religious Sensibilities

6.23 Disciplining and purifying Christendom: Decrees of Lateran IV (1215). Original in Latin. 6.24 Devotion through poverty: Peter Waldo in The Chronicle of Laon (1173–1178). Original in Latin. 6.25 Devotion through mysticism: Jacques de Vitry, The Life of Mary of Oignies (1213). Original in Latin. 6.26 The mendicant movement: St. Francis, The Canticle to Brother Sun (1225). Original in Umbrian dialect. 6.27 Religious feeling turned violent: Chronicle of Trier (1231). Original in Latin.

Timeline for Chapter Six

VII. Discordant Harmonies (c.1250–c.1350)

East Central Europe in Flux

7.1 The Mongol Challenge: The Secret History of the Mongols (first half of the 13th c.). Original in Mongolian. 7.2 A Mongol reply to the pope: Guyuk Khan, Letter to Pope Innocent IV (1246). Original in Persian. 7.3 The Hungarian king bewails the Mongol invasions: Béla IV, Letter to Pope Innocent IV (c.1250). Original in Latin. 7.4 Poland as a frontier society: The Henryków Book (c.1268). Original in Latin. 7.5 The Lithuanian duke flirts with Christianity: Duke Gediminas, Letter to Pope John XXII (1322) and Letter to the Burghers of Lübeck, Rostock, Stralsund, Griefswald, Stettin, and Gotland (May 26, 1323). Original in Latin. 7.6 Pagan Lithuania in Christian Europe: Peter of Dusburg, Chronicle of the Prussian Land (c.1320–1326). Original in Latin. 7.7 Bulgaria claims a saint: The Short Life of St. Petka (Paraskeve) of Tarnov (13th c.). Original in Old Church Slavonic. 7.8 Bulgaria and Venice regularize commercial relations: Oath and Treaty (1347). Original in Italian.

Transformations in the Cities

7.9 The popolo gains power: The Ghibelline Annals of Piacenza (1250). Original in Latin. 7.10 The Hanseatic League: Decrees of the League (1260–1264). Original in Latin. 7.11 Food scarcity at Constantinople: Athanasius I, Patriarch of Constantinople, Letter (1306–1307). Original in Greek. 7.12 Too big to fail? A Great Bank Petitions the City Council of Siena (1298). Original in Latin.

Heresies and Persecutions

7.13 Inquisition: Jacques Fournier, Episcopal Register (1318–1325). Original in Latin. 7.14 Procedures for isolating lepers: Sarum Manual (based on materials from c.1360s). Original in Latin. 7.15 Jews in England: Statute of the Jewry (1275) and Petition of the “Commonalty” of the Jews (shortly after 1275). Originals in Latin and French, respectively.

Rulers and Ruled

7.16 A charismatic ruler: Joinville, The Life of St. Louis (1272). Original in French. 7.17 The commons participate: Summons of Representatives of Shires and Towns to Parliament (1295). Original in Latin. 7.18 The pope throws down the gauntlet: Boniface VIII, Clericis laicos (1296). Original in Latin. 7.19 The pope reacts again: Boniface VIII, Unam sanctam (1302). Original in Latin. 7.20 The French king responds to Boniface: William of Plaisians, Charges of Heresy against Boniface VIII (1303). Original in Latin. 7.21 Assembly of the Estates General in Paris: Grand Chronicles of France (1314). Original in French.

Modes of Thought, Feeling, and Devotion

7.22 Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas, Summa against the Gentiles (1259–1264). Original in Latin. 7.23 The vernacular comes into its own: Dante, Inferno, Canto V (Paolo and Francesca); Paradiso, Canto XXII (Meeting with St. Benedict) (1313–1321). Original in Italian. 7.24 Medieval drama: Directions for an Annunciation Play (14th c.). Original in Latin. 7.25 The feast of Corpus Christi: The Life of Juliana of Mont-Cornillon (1261–1264). Original in Latin.

Timeline for Chapter Seven

VIII. Catastrophe and Creativity (c.1350–c.1500)

The Plague

8.1 A medical view: Nicephorus Gregoras, Roman History (1350s). Original in Greek. 8.2 Processions at Damascus: Ibn Battuta, Travels (before 1368). Original in Arabic. 8.3 Prayers at York: Archbishop William, Letter to His Official at York (July 1348). Original in Latin. 8.4 Blaming the Jews: Heinrich von Diessenhoven, On the Persecution of the Jews (c.1350). Original in Latin. 8.5 A legislative response: Ordinances against the Spread of Plague at Pistoia (1348). Original in Latin.

The Ottomans

8.6 A Turkish hero: Ashikpashazade, Othman Comes to Power (late 15th c.). Original in Turkish. 8.7 Diplomacy: Peace Agreement between the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II and the Signoria of Venice (January 25, 1478). Original in Greek.

Byzantium: Decline and Fall

8.8 Before the fall: Patriarch Anthony, Letter to the Russian Church (1395). Original in Greek. 8.9 The fall bewailed: George Sphrantzes, Chronicle (before 1477). Original in Greek. 8.10 After the fall: Archbishop Genady of Novgorod and Dmitry Gerasimov, The Tale of the White Cowl (end of the 15th c.). Original in Russian.

War and Social Unrest

8.11 Chivalric and non-chivalric models: Froissart, Chronicles (c.1400). Original in French. 8.12 National feeling: Jeanne d’Arc, Letter to the English (1429). Original in French. 8.13 Patriotism in Italy: Petro Gentili’s Speech to the Council and Citizens of Lucca (1397). Original in Latin (introduction) and in Italian (speech). 8.14 The commons revolt: Wat Tyler’s Rebellion (after 1381). Original in Anglo-French.

Crises and Changes in the Church and Religion

8.15 The conciliarist movement: Jean Gerson, Sermon at the Council of Constance (1415). Original in Latin. 8.16 Taking part in the life of Christ: The Book of Margery Kempe (c.1430). Original in Middle English. 8.17 The Hussite program: The Four Articles of Prague (1420). Original in Czech.

The Renaissance

8.18 Re-evaluating antiquity: Cincius Romanus, Letter to His Most Learned Teacher Franciscus de Fiana (1416). Original in Latin. 8.19 A new theory of art: Leon Battista Alberti, On Painting (1435–1436). Original in Latin. 8.20 Defending women: Christine de Pisan, The Book of the City of Ladies (1404–1407). Original in French.

Finding a New World

8.21 A new kind of map: Gabriel de Valseca, Portolan Map (1447). 8.22 Taking Mexico: Hernán Cortés, The Second Letter (1520). Original in Spanish.

Timeline for Chapter Eight

Sources Index of Names, Places, and Readings

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