Applied Statistics in Occupational Safety and Health by Janicak, Christopher A. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover-Page Halftitle Title Copyright Contents List of Figures and Tables 1 Fundamentals of Statistics

Statistics and Their Use in Safety Statistics Defined Common Terms and Notations Quantitative Data and Qualitative Data Statistical Notations Research Questions and Hypotheses Types of Studies

Retrospective Studies Prospective Studies Experiments

Statistical Samples versus Statistical Populations Bias Probability Sample Selection Procedures Sampling Techniques

Random Samples Simple Random Samples

Using a Random Numbers Table

Random Numbers Table Example Cluster Samples Stratified Random Samples

Nonprobability Sample Selection Procedures

Chunk Sampling Volunteer Samples

Variables

Dependent and Independent Variables

Summary Review Exercises

2 Probability and Chance

Probability

Marginal Probabilities Joint Probabilities Union Probabilities Conditional Probabilities

Factorials, Permutations, Ordered Combinations, and Combinations

Factorials Permutations Combinations

Binomial Probabilities Poisson Probability Summary Review Exercises

3 Distributions

Statistical Distributions and Populations Frequencies Histograms Frequency Polygons Percentages, Cumulative Percentages, and Percentiles Normal Distribution Binomial Distribution t Distribution Chi-Square Distribution F Distribution Summary Review Exercises

4 Descriptive Statistics

Data Formats

Categorical Data Ordinal Data Interval Data Ratio Data

Strength of the Data Formats Measures of Central Tendency

Mean Median Mode

Measures of Variability

Range Variance Variance Calculation Standard Deviation Interquartile Range

z-Scores

z-Scores and Percentages of the Population

Confidence Intervals for Means

95% Confidence Intervals 99% Confidence Intervals Interpreting Confidence Intervals

Summary Review Exercises

5 Statistical Tests

Statistical Hypotheses Inferential Statistical Testing Type I and Type II Errors Alpha Levels Statistical Power of a Test Inferential Statistics Test Procedure

Developing a Statistical Hypothesis Choosing the Appropriate Statistical Test or Procedure Determining the Statistical Distribution Determining Significance Levels Formulating a Decision Rule Running the Test Formulating a Conclusion and Making a Decision

Summary Review Exercises

6 Inferential Statistics for Means

z-Test Comparing a Sample Mean to a Known Population Mean

Test Assumptions Hypothesis Construction Determine Significance Levels Using a z-Table Formulate a Decision Rule z-Test Formula Conclusions Example z-Test Problem

Independent Samples z-Test

Test Assumptions Independent Samples z-Test Formula Example Independent Samples z-Test Problem Hypothesis Construction Conclusions

t-Test for a Single Mean

Test Assumptions Hypothesis Construction Determine Significance Levels Formulate a Decision Rule t-Test Formula for a Single Mean Conclusions Example t-Test Problem

t-Test for Independent Samples Paired Samples t-Tests

Test Assumptions Hypothesis Construction Determine Significance Levels Formulate a Decision Rule Test Formula Conclusions Example Paired Sample t-Test Problem Calculate t

One-Way Analysis of Variance

Procedure Assumptions Hypothesis Construction Procedure Formulas Hypothesis Construction Formulate a Decision Rule Calculate F Ratio Conclusions

Post Hoc Procedures Tukey’s HSD

Calculate Tukey’s HSD Formulate a Decision Rule Example ANOVA Problem Formulate a Decision Rule Calculate F Ratio Conclusions Run Post Hoc Tests

Summary Review Exercises

7 Correlation and Regression

Correlation

Pearson Correlation Coefficient Assumptions Pearson Correlation Coefficient Formula Sample Problem Significance Testing for Correlation Coefficients Test Hypotheses Test Formula Sample Problem Spearman Rank–Order Correlation Coefficient Assumptions Spearman Rank–Order Correlation Coefficient Formula Sample Problem Phi Coefficient Assumptions Phi Coefficient Formula Sample Problem Point Biserial Correlation Assumptions Point Biserial Correlation Formula Sample Problem

Linear Regression

Procedure Assumptions Linear Regression Formulas Sample Problem

Summary Review Exercises

8 Nonparametric Statistics

Underlying Assumptions Concerning Nonparametric Statistics Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit

Degrees of Freedom Test Assumptions Hypothesis Construction Test Formula Determining the Critical Value Sample Problem

χ2 Test of independence

Degrees of Freedom Expected Number of Cases Test Assumptions Hypothesis Construction Test Formula Sample Problem

Cochran’s Q Test

Test Assumptions Hypothesis Construction Cochran’s Q Test Formula Sample Problem

Summary Review Exercises

9 Survey Research

Types of Survey Studies Collecting and Maintaining Survey Data Outline for Planning a Survey Constructing the Instrument Types of Survey Items Forms of Questions

Unstructured Questions Structured Questions

Rating Scales Likert Scales Semantic Differential Scales Formatting Questionnaires for the Mail Sound Survey Research Procedures

Measurable Objective Representative Population Match the Hypothesis to the Statistical Tests Conduct Background Research Instrument Validity and Reliability Cover Letters and Instructions Sampling for Surveys Calculating Sample Sizes Survey Research Limitations Pilot Testing Permission to Use Human Subjects

Summary Review Exercises

10 Experimental Design

Experimental Design Uses Research Hypotheses and Experimental Design Dependent and Independent Variables Types of Experimental Designs

One-Way ANOVA Completely Randomized Design Randomized Block Design Latin Square Design Completely Randomized Factorial Design

Summary Review Exercises

11 Presenting Research

Data Presentation for Safety Professionals Displaying Descriptive Statistics

Displaying Tables Example Table Column Charts Pie Charts

Presenting Inferential Statistics

z-Tests and t-Tests Example Results from a Paired t-Test Procedure One-Way Analysis of Variance Correlation Procedures Regression Procedures Nonparametric Procedures

Using Computer Software to Develop Presentations

Sample Data Analysis Using Microsoft Excel Developing Presentations Using Microsoft Office

Summary Review Exercises

Appendix

Statistical Tables

Cumulative Distribution Function for the Standard Normal Random Variable Critical Values for the t Distribution Critical Values for the Chi-Square Distribution Critical Values for the F Distribution Table of Random Units Critical Values of the Studentized Range

Glossary of Terms References Solutions to Selected Sample Problems Index About the Author

← Prev
Back
Next →

← Prev
Back
Next →