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Index
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Climate
Solar Radiation and Temperature
The Distribution of Radiant Energy from the Sun
The Effects of the Atmosphere
Average Radiation Budgets
Surface-Energy Budgets
Climatology
Temperature
The Global Variation of Mean Temperature
Diurnal, Seasonal, and Extreme Temperatures
Temperature Variation with Height
Circulation, Currents, and Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction
Short-Term Temperature Changes
Atmospheric Humidity and Precipitation
Atmospheric Humidity
Precipitation
Atmospheric Pressure and Wind
Atmospheric Pressure
Wind
Maritime Continent
Monsoons
Upper-Level Winds
Chapter 2: Climatic Classification
Approaches to Climatic Classification
Genetic Classifications
Empirical Classifications
The World Distribution of Major Climatic Types
Type A Climates
Type B Climates
Type C and D Climates
Type E Climates
Type H Climates
Chapter 3: Climate and Life
The Gaia Hypothesis
The Evolution of Life and the Atmosphere
The Role of the Biosphere in the Earth-Atmosphere System
The Biosphere and Earth’s Energy Budget
The Cycling of Biogenic Atmospheric Gases
Bioclimatology
Biosphere Controls on the Structure of the Atmosphere
Biosphere Controls on the Planetary Boundary Layer
Biosphere Controls on Maximum Temperatures by Evaporation and Transpiration
Biosphere Controls on Minimum Temperatures
Climate and Changes in the Albedo of the Surface
The Effect of Vegetation Patchiness on Mesoscale Climates
Biosphere Controls on Surface Friction and Localized Winds
Biosphere Impacts on Precipitation Processes
Climate, Humans, and Human Affairs
Chapter 4: Climate Change
The Earth System
Evidence for Climate Change
Causes of Climate Change
Solar Variability
Volcanic Activity
Tectonic Activity
Orbital (Milankovitch) Variations
Greenhouse Gases
Feedback Within the Earth System
Human Activities
Climate Change Within a Human Life Span
Seasonal Variation
Interannual Variation
Decadal Variation
El Niño
Climate Change Since the Emergence of Civilization
Centennial-Scale Variation
Millennial and Multimillennial Variation
Climate Change Since the Emergence of Humans
Recent Glacial and Interglacial Periods
Paleoclimatology
Glacial and Interglacial Cycles of the Pleistocene
The Last Great Cooling
Climate Change Through Geologic Time
Cenozoic Climates
Phanerozoic Climates
The Climates of Early Earth
Abrupt Climate Changes in Earth History
Chapter 5: Global Warming
Causes of Global Warming
The Greenhouse Effect
Radiative Forcing
The Influences of Human Activity on Climate
Carbon Sequestration
Natural Influences on Climate
Feedback Mechanisms and Climate Sensitivity
Climate Research
Modern Observations
Prehistorical Climate Records
Theoretical Climate Models
Potential Effects of Global Warming
Simulations of Future Climate Change
Environmental Consequences of Global Warming
Socioeconomic Consequences of Global Warming
Global Warming and Public Policy
Kyoto Protocol
The IPCC and the Scientific Consensus
The UN Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol
Future Climate-Change Policy
An Inconvenient Truth
Public Awareness and Action
Green Architecture
Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
Biofuels
Conclusion
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
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