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Index
Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I. Distribution and Diversity of Pregnancy
Chapter 1. One Generation Inside Another
The Sexual Life Cycle
Gametogenesis
Gamete Deployment
Syngamy
Ontogeny and Pregnancy
Ontogenetic and Evolutionary Gradations of Pregnancy
Location of Fertilization
Nature of Parturition
Embryonic Provisioning and Parental Care
Viviparous Pregnancy in the Reproductive Timeline
Heterochrony
Some Unorthodox Routes to Internal Pregnancy
Internal Gestation Following External Fertilization
Virgin Births: Internal Gestation Without Sex
Sexual Inequalities and Female Authority Over Reproduction
Provision Ova with Substantive Yolk?
Accept Sperm for Internal Fertilization?
Encase Embryo in Egg?
Give Birth to Live Young?
Entrust Offspring Care to Males?
Other Sexual Asymmetries Related to Biological Parenthood
Assurance of Maternity
Assessment of Paternity
Evolutionary Reconstructions
Summary
Chapter 2. Vertebrate Live-Bearers: The Borne and the Born
Viviparity
Evolutionary Origins
Developmental Sequences
Trophic Relationships Between Mother and Fetus
The Cast of Viviparous Vertebrates
Bony Fishes
Cartilaginous Fishes
Fossil Fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
Summary
Chapter 3. Vertebrate Alternatives to Standard Pregnancy
Oviparity: The Borne and the Hatched
What Kinds of Eggs Are Shed?
What Is the State of the Offspring at Parturition?
What Type of Casing Surrounds the Egg?
The Cast of Oviparous Vertebrates
Birds
Bony Fishes
Cartilaginous Fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
Intermediate Conditions and Evolutionary Transitions
Ovoviviparity
Evolutionary Conversions
Summary
Chapter 4 Nonvertebrate Brooders
The Cast of Players
Annelida
Platyhelminthes
Cnidaria
Bryozoa
Echinodermata
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Urochordata
Plants
Evolutionary Transitions
Planktotrophy to Lecithotrophy
Onward to Female Brooding
Onward to Paternal Care of Offspring
Conflicts Promoted by Brooding
Sibling Conflict
Parent-Offspring Conflict
Parent-Parent Conflict
Genetic Parentage Assessments
Summary
Chapter 5. Human Pregnancy in Mythology and in Real Life
Conception and Contraception
Extracorporeal Fertilization
Superfetation
Twinning or Multibirth Pregnancy
Ectopic Pregnancy
From Preterm Labor to Prolonged Pregnancy
Spontaneous Abortion
Induced Abortion and Infanticide
Cesarean Section
Precocious Puberty
Standard Vaginal Delivery
The Placenta
Menopause
Male Pregnancy
Summary
Part II. Evolutionary Ramifications of Pregnancy
Chapter 6. Natural Selection During Mammalian Pregnancy
Delayed Implantation
Polyembryony
Sporadic
Constitutive
Dizygotic Twinning
Cooperation and Conflict Within the Nuclear Family
Evolutionary Conflict in Mother-Offspring Relations
Common Medical Problems During Pregnancy
Immunological Challenges
Infanticide
Menstruation
Other Categories of Conflict
Sibling Competition
Parental Conflicts and Genetic Imprinting
Summary
Chapter 7. Sexual Selection and Piscine Pregnancy
Anisogamy, Sexual Selection, and Animal Mating Behaviors
Categories of Sexual Selection
Intragender Versus Intergender
Female Choice Versus Male Choice
Precopulatory Versus Postcopulatory Female Choice
Female Pregnancy and Traditional Female Choice
Internal Male Pregnancy
Evolutionary Origins
Brood Pouch Designs
Genetic Parentage Analyses
External Pregnancy
Oral Brooding
Nest Tending by Males
Cuckoldry and Alternative Reproductive Tactics
Multiple Mating by Bourgeois Males
Other Routes to Foster Parentage
Egg Mimicry
Filial Cannibalism
Summary
Chapter 8. Pregnancy in a Comparative Light
Sexual Selection and Multiple Mating by the Pregnant Gender
Fishes with Alternative Pregnancy Modes
Fishes Versus Mammals
Invertebrates Versus Vertebrates
Natural Selection Stemming from Pregnancy and Brooding
Gestation as Parental Investment
Alternative Brooding Modes
Other Contrarian Selective Pressures
Conflict and Mating Systems
Footprints of Selection or Phylogeny?
Summary
Epilogue
Appendix: Molecular-Genetic Parentage Analysis
Glossary
References Cited
Index
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