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WHAT IS LEARNING?
OUR PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
WHAT MAKES THESE PRINCIPLES POWERFUL?
INTENDED AUDIENCES
HOW TO READ THIS BOOK
NOTE
WHAT IS GOING ON IN THESE STORIES ?
WHAT PRINCIPLE OF LEARNING IS AT WORK HERE?
WHAT DOES THE RESEARCH TELL US ABOUT PRIOR KNOWLEDGE?
Activating Prior Knowledge
Accurate but Insufficient Prior Knowledge
Inappropriate Prior Knowledge
Inaccurate Prior Knowledge
WHAT STRATEGIES DOES THE RESEARCH SUGGEST?
Methods to Gauge the Extent and Nature of Students’ Prior Knowledge
Methods to Activate Accurate Prior Knowledge
Methods to Address Insufficient Prior Knowledge
Methods to Help Students Recognize Inappropriate Prior Knowledge
Methods to Correct Inaccurate Knowledge
SUMMARY
WHAT IS GOING ON IN THESE TWO STORIES?
WHAT PRINCIPLE OF LEARNING IS AT WORK HERE?
WHAT DOES THE RESEARCH TELL US ABOUT KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION?
Knowledge Organization: Form Fits Function
Experts’ Versus Novices’ Knowledge Organizations: The Density of Connections
Experts’ Versus Students’ Knowledge Structures: The Nature of the Connections
WHAT STRATEGIES DOES THE RESEARCH SUGGEST?
Strategies to Reveal and Enhance Knowledge Organizations
SUMMARY
WHAT IS GOING ON IN THESE STORIES?
WHAT PRINCIPLE OF LEARNING IS AT WORK HERE?
WHAT DOES THE RESEARCH TELL US ABOUT MOTIVATION?
Goals
Value
Expectancies
How Perceptions of the Environment Affect the Interaction of Value and Expectancies
Implications of This Research
WHAT STRATEGIES DOES THE RESEARCH SUGGEST?
Strategies to Establish Value
Strategies That Help Students Build Positive Expectancies
Strategies That Address Value and Expectancies
SUMMARY
WHAT IS GOING ON IN THESE STORIES?
WHAT PRINCIPLE OF LEARNING IS AT WORK HERE?
WHAT DOES THE RESEARCH TELL US ABOUT MASTERY?
Expertise
Component Skills
Integration
Application
WHAT STRATEGIES DOES THE RESEARCH SUGGEST?
Strategies to Expose and Reinforce Component Skills
Strategies to Build Fluency n Facilitate Integration
Strategies to Facilitate Transfer
SUMMARY
WHAT IS GOING ON IN THESE STORIES?
WHAT PRINCIPLE OF LEARNING IS AT WORK HERE?
WHAT DOES THE RESEARCH TELL US ABOUT PRACTICE?
Focusing Practice on a Specific Goal or Criterion
Identifying the Appropriate Level of Challenge for Practice
Accumulating Practice
Implications of This Research
WHAT DOES THE RESEARCH TELL US ABOUT FEEDBACK?
Communicating Progress and Directing Subsequent Effort
Timing Feedback Appropriately
Implications of This Research
WHAT STRATEGIES DOES THE RESEARCH SUGGEST?
Strategies Addressing the Need for Goal-Directed Practice
Strategies Addressing the Need for Targeted Feedback
SUMMARY
WHAT IS GOING ON IN THESE TWO STORIES?
WHAT PRINCIPLE OF LEARNING IS AT WORK HERE?
WHAT DOES THE RESEARCH TELL US ABOUT STUDENT DEVELOPMENT?
The Chickering Model of Student Development
Intellectual Development
Social ldentity Development
Implications of This Research
WHAT DOES THE RESEARCH TELL US ABOUT COURSE CLIMATE?
Stereotypes
Tone
Faculty-Student and Student-Student Interaction
Content
Implications of This Research
WHAT STRATEGIES DOES THE RESEARCH SUGGEST?
Strategies That Promote Student Development and Productive Climate
SUMMARY
WHAT IS GOING ON IN THESE STORIES?
WHAT PRINCIPLE OF LEARNING IS AT WORK HERE?
WHAT DOES THE RESEARCH ABOUT METACOGNITION TELL US?
Assessing the Task at Hand
Evaluating One’s Own Strengths and Weaknesses
Planning an Appropriate approach
Applying Strategies and Monitoring Performance
Reflecting on and Adjusting One’s Approach
Beliefs About Intelligence and Learning
Implications of This Research
WHAT STRATEGIES DOES THE RESEARCH SUGGEST?
Assessing the Task at Hand
Evaluating One’s Own Strengths and Weaknesses
Planning an Appropriate Approach
Applying Strategies and Monitoring Performance
Reflecting on and Adjusting One’s Approach
Beliefs About Intelligence and Learning
General Strategies to Promote Metacognition
SUMMARY
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