The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness, Second by Schneider, Susan -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Page Table of Contents Notes on Contributors Introduction Part I: The Problems of Consciousness

1 A Brief History of the Scientific Approach to the Study of Consciousness

The Origin of Consciousness Studies: René Descartes After Descartes The Scientific Study of the Mental in the Nineteenth Century Developments in the Early Twentieth Century The Last 50 Years: The Triumph of Cognitive Psychology Introspection, Protocol Analysis, and Meta‐cognition The Current State of Consciousness Research Scientific Questions Further Readings References

2 Philosophical Problems of Consciousness

The Problem of Ownership The Problem of Perspectival Subjectivity The Problem of Mechanism The Problem of Duplicates The Problem of the Inverted Spectrum The Problem of Transparency The Problem of Unity The Problem of Divided Consciousness The Problem of Animal Consciousness Further Readings References

3 The Hard Problem of Consciousness

The Easy Problems and the Hard Problem Functional Explanation Some Case Studies The Extra Ingredient Further Readings References

Part II: The Origins and Distribution of Consciousness

4 Consciousness in Infants

Natural Origins of Human Consciousness and Its Growth in Human Company Genesis of Awareness in Action, and in Imitation of Actions Adaptations for Human Consciousness Before Birth Newborn Consciousness, Dependent on Care, But Independently Imaginative and Imitative How Can the Development of Infant ‘Individual’ Consciousness Be Observed Scientifically? Infant Consciousness Coordinates Movements That Are Self‐Aware, Emotional, and Communicative Innate Rhythms of the Infant Mind, in Communication and for Elaboration of Consciousness The “Musicality” of Protoconversation at 2 Months From 6 Weeks to 6 Months: Tightening up Movements and Sharpening Awareness; Exploring and Using Things Sharing Routines and Rituals: Performing “Musically,” and Showing Off a Personality Sharing Humor, with Self‐Consciousness, Pleasure, and Pride From 9 to 18 Months: Making Sense of the Space for Action in a Human‐Made World Coda: If Consciousness Is a Naturally Developing Function of Animal Life, Why Then Do Philosophers and Psychologists Have Problems with It? Further Reading References

5 Animal Consciousness

Motivations What’s the Issue? Representational Theories of Phenomenal Consciousness Degrees of Consciousness Evolution and Distribution of Consciousness Self‐consciousness and Metacognition Animal Pain and Suffering Summary References

6 Rethinking the Evolution of Consciousness

Introduction Natural History, Adaptation, and Just‐So Stories Questions About the Natural History of Consciousness Consciousness and the Complexity Argument Just‐So Stories and Beyond Conclusion Acknowledgements Further Readings References

7 Machine Consciousness

Introduction Criteria for a Conscious Machine Why Build Conscious Machines? A Spectrum and a Paradigm Global Workspace Systems Virtual Machine Functionalism Integrated Information: A Link Between the Material and the Mental Cognitive Neural Architectures Attention and Consciousness The Physiology of a Child A Depictive Model Phenomenology and Models The Emerging Paradigm Further Readings References

8 Panpsychism

Constitutive Panpsychism Panpsychism and its Rivals Reasons to Believe Panpsychism I – Explaining Biological Consciousness Reasons to Believe Panpsychism II – Characterizing the Nature of Matter Reasons to Doubt Panpsychism I – It’s Just Crazy, isn’t it? Reasons to Doubt Panpsychism II – The Combination Problem Conclusion References

Part III: Some Varieties of Conscious Experience

9 States of Consciousness

Definition and Components of Consciousness Formal Capacities of Mind The Sleep‐Waking Cycle The Neurophysiology of Sleep with Special Reference to Consciousness A Four‐Dimensional Model of Conscious State Brain Imaging and Lesion Studies in Humans Conclusions Further Reading References

10 Affective Consciousness

Evolution of Primal Affective Consciousness The Unconditional Affects of the Brain Neuro‐conceptual Distinctions between Affective and Cognitive Variants of Consciousness Sub‐neocortical Systems for Affective Consciousness Summary of Emotional Systems Pervasive Cognition–Emotion Interactions Further Readings References

11 Clinical Pathologies and Unusual Experiences

Defining Psychopathological States Common Psychological Conditions The Psychoses Conclusions and Clinical Implications Further Readings References

12 Altered States of Consciousness

Coda Further Readings References

13 Anomalous Experiences

Introduction Anomalous Experiences and Individual Differences Anomalous Experiences and Psychopathology Neuroscientific Research on Anomalous Experiences The Beneficial Effects of Anomalous Experiences Epistemological Challenges Further Readings References

14 Mindfulness

Introduction Mindfulness: A Therapeutic Tool Cultivating Mindfulness Mechanisms of Mindfulness Evidence of Effectiveness Quantifying Mindfulness Beyond Mindfulness Conclusions and Open Issues Further Readings References

15 Altered States

The Nature of Mystical Experience Further Readings References

Part IV: Some Contemporary Theories of Consciousness

16 The Global Workspace Theory of Consciousness

Introduction The Central Puzzle: Conscious Limits vs. Unconscious Vastness Brain Evidence for Vast Capacity of Unconscious Processes Psychological Evidence for Vast Unconscious Capacity Autobiographical Memory Global Access: An Answer to the Puzzle of Limited Capacity? Critiques of Globalist Approaches Summary and Conclusions Further Readings References

17 The Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness

Starting from Phenomenology Axioms: Essential Properties of Experience Postulates: Properties Required of a Physical Substrate to Support Experience Identity: An Experience as a Conceptual Structure Predictions and Explanations Extrapolations: From Mechanisms to Phenomenology Acknowledgements Further Readings References

18 The Intermediate Level Theory of Consciousness

Locating Consciousness Conclusions Acknowledgments Further Readings References

19 Representationalism about Consciousness

The Way of Ideas Representation to the Rescue The Exhaustion Thesis Wide vs. Narrow Representationalism Relational and Projectivist Approaches to the Exhaustion Thesis Transparent Experience The Demarcation Problem Introspective Minds Conclusion Further Readings References

20 Higher‐Order Theories of Consciousness

Higher‐Order Theories Explained and Contrasted with First‐Order Ones Inner‐Sense Theory Actualist Higher‐Order Thought Theory Dispositionalist Higher‐Order Thought Theory Further Readings References

21 Quantum Approaches to Brain and Mind

1 Introduction 2 Quantum Brain 3 Quantum Mind 4 Brain and Mind as Dual Aspects Acknowledgments Further Readings References

22 Daniel Dennett on the Nature of Consciousness

Dennett’s Critique of the Cartesian Theater Model Some Further Features of Dennett’s Views on Consciousness Further Readings References

23 Biological Naturalism

Biological Naturalism as Scientifically Sophisticated Common Sense Objections to Biological Naturalism from the Point of View of the Philosophical Tradition Conclusion Further Readings References

24 Emergentism

1 Objections 2 Emergentism’s Apologetics Conclusion Further Readings References

25 Dualism, Reductionism, and Reflexive Monism

The Dualist View The Reductionist View Reflexive Monism How Phenomenal Objects Relate to Real Objects Is the Brain in the World or the World in the Brain? Why This Matters Further Readings References

26 Naturalistic Dualism

Nonreductive Explanation Outline of a Theory of Consciousness The Principle of Structural Coherence The Principle of Organizational Invariance The Double‐Aspect Theory of Information Conclusion Further Readings References

27 Physicalist Panpsychism

Folly? Physicalist Panpsychism Experience Psychism An Argument Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Further Readings References

Part V: Some Major Topics in the Philosophy of Consciousness

28 Anti‐materialist Arguments and Influential Replies

Introduction Two Forms of Anti‐materialism Objections to the Central State Identity Theory and Functionalism The Conceivability Argument The Knowledge Argument The Explanatory Gap Replies Conclusion Further Readings References

29 Physicalism and the Knowledge Argument

How the Argument Works Rejecting Step 1 Rejecting Step 2 Hard‐to‐classify Responses Jackson’s Conclusions Russellian Monism Concluding Remark Further Readings References

30 Type Materialism for Phenomenal Consciousness

Objection 1 Reply Objection 2 Reply Objection 3 Reply Follow up to Objection 3 Reply Further Readings References

31 Functionalism and Qualia

Varieties of Functionalism Views of Qualia Anti‐functionalist Arguments Further Readings References

32 The Causal Efficacy of Consciousness

Huxley’s Epiphenomenalism Scientific Considerations: Methodological Epiphenomenalism Philosophical Problems of Mental Causation Mental Causation and Mind–Body Reduction Functionalization of Mental Properties Saving What’s Important about Phenomenal Consciousness Further Readings References

33 The Neurophilosophy of Consciousness

Neuroscience and Visual Consciousness Neurophilosophical Theories of Consciousness Further Readings References

34 Self‐Consciousness

The Problems of Self‐Consciousness Self‐Consciousness and the Metaphysics of the Self Direct Awareness and Propositional Awareness Immunity to Error through Misidentification The Scope of Self‐Consciousness Self‐Consciousness and the Cognitive Sciences Further Readings References

35 Philosophical Psychopathology and Self‐Consciousness

Introduction My Body, My Mind Searching for Real Cases of Misidentification Multiple Personality Disorder and Self‐Consciousness A Case of Alienated Self‐Consciousness Thought Insertion Trying to Resolve the Interpretative Puzzle Interpretation and Explanation Conclusion Further Readings References

36 Coming Together

An Elusive Quarry Ownership, Awareness, Attention Phenomenal Spaces and Fields Relational Unity: Pluralism versus Monism Subsumption, Wholes, and Holism Diachronic Unity A Branching of the Ways Further Readings References

37 Consciousness and Intentionality

Introduction Inseparatism Described and Refined Two Implications of Thesis C‐Ins Why Endorse Thesis C‐Ins? Nonconscious Mental States: Three Alternative Positions An Epistemic Gap Counter‐Argument against C‐Ins Inseparatism and the Impulse to Unity Further Readings References

Part VI: Major Topics in the Science of Consciousness

38 Studying Consciousness Through Inattentional Blindness, Change Blindness, and the Attentional Blink

Inattentional Blindness, Change Blindness, and the Attentional Blink Is Attention Necessary for Consciousness? To What Extent is Information Processed Unconsciously? A Neural Signature of Conscious Processing Conclusion Further Readings References

39 Conscious and Unconscious Perception

Unconscious Perception Conclusion Further Readings References

40 Conscious and Unconscious Memory

Seven (Plus or Minus Two) Principles of Conscious Recollection Dissociating Explicit and Implicit Memory Taxonomic Issues Theories of Explicit and Implicit Memory Interactions between Explicit and Implicit Memory The Phenomenal Experience of Remembering The Implicit and the Unconscious Further Reading References

41 Consciousness of Action

Introduction Cues for Action Recognition What is Consciously Represented in Actions Further Readings References

Topics in the Neuroscience of Consciousness

42 Methodologies for Identifying the Neural Correlates of Consciousness

Preliminaries Behavioral Correlates of Unconscious Processing Neural Correlates of Unconscious Processing Neural Correlates of Conscious Processing Necessary and Sufficient Neural Processes? Conclusions Further Reading References

43 Conscious Processing

Introduction Conscious versus Subconscious Processing Unity in Space or Time? Is Consciousness a Graded Phenomenon? The “Hard Problem” Revisited Further Readings References

44 Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Existence Different Kinds of Existence Intrinsic Meaning: Concepts and Relations Existence and Constitution: The Incoherence of Ontological Reductionism Acknowledgements Further Readings References

45 Split‐brain Cases

Characterizing Consciousness in the Split‐brain Patient Examining the Corpus Callosum’s Contribution to Unified Subjective Experience Explaining Unified Conscious Experience in the Split Brain Toward an Understanding of the Neural Bases of Consciousness Conclusions Further Readings References

46 Duplex Vision

Introduction Two Visual Pathways in the Cerebral Cortex Neurological Evidence Evidence from Visual Illusions Biological Tele‐assistance Consciousness and the Two Streams Further Readings References

47 Altered States of Consciousness after Brain Injury

Altered States of Consciousness after Brain Injury Coma and Chronic Disorders of Consciousness Brain Anatomy in Disorders of Consciousness Neurophysiology of the Minimally Conscious and Unresponsive States Models of Consciousness Diagnostic and Ethical Challenges Conclusion and Future Directions Further Readings References

48 Anesthesia and Consciousness

Anesthesia and Consciousness The Evolution of General Anesthesia Neural Mechanisms of Anesthesia Anesthesia and Awareness Unconscious Processing During Anesthesia The Limits of Implicit Memory in Anesthesia Implicit Perception During Anesthesia, Implicit Memory Afterward Further Readings References

49 The Neuropsychology of Conscious Volition

Introduction Cause and Effect Hierarchical versus Dynamic Models of Decision Making and Action Initiation The Empirical Study of Self‐initiated Movement and Conscious Volition Neuropsychological Disorders of the Will Summary Further Readings References

First‐Person Contributions to the Science of Consciousness

50 Phenomenological Approaches to Consciousness

The Intentionality of Consciousness The Phenomenal Aspect of Consciousness The Temporal Structure of Consciousness Self‐awareness Embodied Consciousness Further Readings References

51 Neurophenomenology and the Micro‐phenomenological Interview

Is Neurophenomenology a Branch of Naturalism? Deep Neurophenomenology At the Heart of the Neurophenomenological Method: Studying Experience Neurophenomenology in the Making: Epistemology and Methodology Further Readings References

52 Descriptive Experience Sampling

Pristine Inner Experience Descriptive Experience Sampling in Brief Constraints Applications Summary Further Readings References

53 Experiential Neuroscience of Pain

Defining Pain through an Experiential Perspective and Method Characteristics of Pain‐Related Emotions Overview of Neural Processing of Pain Existential Meanings of Pain Further Readings References

54 An Epistemology for the Study of Consciousness

The Investigation of Conscious Experiences Common Assumptions About the Way that Physical Phenomena Relate to Psychological Phenomena When an Experimenter is also a Subject The Sense in Which all Experienced Phenomena are Private and Subjective Public Access to the Stimulus Itself Public in the Sense of Similar Private Experiences From Subjectivity to Intersubjectivity The Quest for Objectivity Four Kinds of Objectivity Intra‐Subjective and Inter‐Subjective Repeatability Consequences of the Above Analysis for a Science of Consciousness The Empirical Method How Methods Used to Study Consciousness Differ from Methods Used in Physics Symmetries and Asymmetries of Access Critical Realism Critical Phenomenology Further Readings References

Resources for Students

1 Web Resources 2 Blogs Related to Consciousness 3 Introductory Books on Consciousness and Overviews of Fields in Consciousness Studies About the Editors

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