Scientific Controversies · A Socio-Historical Perspective on the Advancement of Science by Raynaud, Dominique -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Title Page Copyright Contents List of Illustrations List of Tables Foreword Preface Introduction: Controversies at the Crossroads of two Specialties

1 The Sociology of Science 2 The Sociology of Conflict 3 Elements for a Classification

1 The Object 2 Polarity 3 Extent 4 Intensity 5 Duration 6 Forum 7 Recognition 8 Settlement

1 Relativism and Rationalism: A Metacontroversy

1 The Guiding Notions in the Debate

1 The Relativist Approach 2 The Rationalist Approach

2 The Debate within the Sociology of the Sciences

1 The Relativist Arguments 2 The Rationalist Arguments

3 Relativists versus Rationalists: The Place of Controversies

2 The Controversy between Pasteur and Pouchet: An Essay on the Principle of Accumulated Asymmetries

1 A Chronicle of the Controversy 2 An Inventory of Asymmetries

1 Ambiguous Asymmetries

1 Parisian versus provincial 2 Corresponding member versus full member of the french academy of sciences 3 Close versus distant ties with the emperor 4 Researchers acting in good or bad faith

2 Hidden Asymmetries

1' Professional versus dilettante 2' Well-established researcher versus young aspiring researcher 3' Prolific versus modestly productive researcher 4' Scientific style: Demonstration versus illustration 5' The skeptical versus the committed attitude 6' Upstanding researcher versus dishonest counterfeiter

3 The Social Conditioning of Science

1 Pasteur and Pouchet 2 The family of the Heterogenists 3 Theology and Spontaneous Generation

4 Conclusions

3 The Vitalism-Organicism Controversy between Paris and Montpellier: An Essay on the Social Determination of Knowledge

1 A Chronicle of the Controversy 2 The Prestige of the School of Montpellier

1 Student Enrollment 2 Access to Knowledge

3 Sociohistorical Analysis

1 Internal Factors

1 The interpretation of the clinical signs 2 The methods 3 Doctrine

2 External Factors

1 Scientific productivity 2 The philosophical presuppositions 3 The institutional framework 4 Professional interests 5 Political values and institutional affiliations

4 Conclusions

1 Productivity and Scientific Content 2 The Failure of the Notion of Determination

4 Intromission versus Extramission in Oxford:

1 Extramission versus Intromission

1 The Thesis of Extramission

1 The existence of phosphenes 2 The selectivity of the eye 3 The spherical form of the eye 4 The phosphorescence of the eye of the feline 5 The corruption of mirrors 6 The recessing of the eye

2 The Thesis of Intromission

1' The absence of night vision in man 2' The pain caused by bright light 3' The absence of instantaneous propagation of light 4' The impossibility of immensely long visual rays

2 The Arguments Presented by the Three Oxonians

1 The Position of Grosseteste 2 The Position of Bacon 3 The Position of Pecham

3 Sociohistorical Analysis

1 The Medieval Norms of Rationality 2 The Authority of Saint Augustine 3 Questions of Authority 4 A Rational Choice?

4 Conclusions

5 Al-Samarqandī's Native Theory of Controversies:

1 Science, Politics, and Negotiation 2 Samarqandī's Theory of the Scholarly Dispute

1 Samarqandī's Interest in the Nature and Resolution of Controversies 2 Samarqandī's Juridical Model

3 Two Antinomic Models

1 The Order of the Debate 2 The Weapons of the Disputant 3 The Settlement of Controversies

4 Conclusions

1 Samarqandī's Internal Epistemology 2 Samarqandī's Indifference to the Negotiation of Truth 3 Samarqandī's Juridical Model 4 A Contribution to the Analysis of the Settlement of Controversies

6 The SSK in the Name of Prestigious Ancestors:

1 Pierre Duhem

1 Epistemic Holism

First argument Second argument

2 Underdetermination of Theory

First argument Second argument

2 Willard Quine

1 Epistemic Holism

First argument Second argument Third argument

2 Underdetermination of Theory

First argument Second argument Third argument

3 Ludwig Wittgenstein

1 The Conventional Nature of Knowledge 2 The Language-Games

First argument Second argument Third argument

4 Conclusions

Conclusion: Toward an Epistemological Incrementalism

1 Sociological Conclusion

1 Interests and Values

1 Why should values be introduced into a model of controversies? 2 In what way do scientific controversies differ from other forms of conflict?

2 Cognitive Interests and Values

2 Epistemological Conclusions

1 The Falsificationist Thesis 2 Falsificationism versus Verificationism?

Case 1 The faulty logical framework does not Case 2 The faulty logical framework does ruin the conclusion

3 Toward Incrementalism

Appendix 1: The Works published by Pasteur and Pouchet Appendix 2: The Primary Archives on the Pasteur-Pouchet Debate Appendix 3: Excerpts from Pouchet's correspondence Appendix 4: The Works published by the supporters of vitalism and organicism Bibliography Index rerum Index nominum

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