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Index
Cover page
Halftitle page
Series page
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
List of illustrations
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1. No enzymes, no life
Beginnings and basics
Can chemistry explain biology?
The death of vitalism and the birth of biochemistry
Chapter 2. Making things happen—catalysis
Thermodynamics and kinetics
Activation energy
Reversibility and equilibrium
Gaining insight from enzyme kinetics
Chapter 3. The chemical nature of enzymes
Isolation of enzymes
Purification and controversy
What are proteins?
Amino acid sequence
The shape of protein molecules
Protein folding
Forces in protein molecules
Chapter 4. Structure for catalysis
Structural complementarity—the lock-and-key model
Enzyme-substrate complexes—fact or fancy?
Catalytic groups
The importance of flexibility
Transition state analogues
Assembling the cast
Enzymes’ little helpers
Catalytic power
Chapter 5. Enzymes in action
Proteinases in digestion
Switching on: zymogens
Stomachs of the cell
Cell death
Blood clotting
Trapping useable chemical energy
Translating the genetic code
Isoenzymes
Chapter 6. Metabolic pathways and enzyme evolution
Proteins and evolution
Comparison across biological species
Enzyme families
Divergence and convergence
Where do new enzymes come from?
How did metabolic pathways arise?
Still further back
Chapter 7. Enzymes and disease
Enzymes in a medical context
Enzymes for diagnosis
Sick enzymes
Enzymes, SIDS, and Jamaican Vomiting Sickness
Enzymes as targets
Aspirin
Warfarin
Penicillin
Captopril
Viral infection: HIV, coronaviruses, etc.
Therapeutic enzymes
Enzyme conjugates, ADEPT
Chapter 8. Enzymes as tools
Thinking beyond the original biological context
Overcoming barriers to application
Enzymes for washing
Enzymes to make food
Skin, hair, and feathers
Enzymes for farming and waste treatment
Enzymes for chemistry?
Chapter 9. Enzymes and genes—new horizons
Tailored enzymes—a possibility?
Site-directed mutagenesis
Random mutagenesis and screening
Real targets: left- and right-handed molecules
Amino acid dehydrogenases
Enzymes, biological defence, and the genetic revolution
References
Further reading
Index
Scientific Revolution
Relativity
Racism
Planets
The U.S Congress
The European Union
The American Presidency
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