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Index
Cover
Fmatter
Title
Copyright page
List
Preface 8
Preface 1
Part 1: Biology of microorganisms
1: Introduction to pharmaceutical microbiology
1 Microorganisms and medicines
2 Scope and content of the book
2: Fundamental features of microbiology
1 Introduction
2 Naming of microorganisms
3 Microbial metabolism
4 Microbial cultivation
5 Enumeration of microorganisms
6 Microbial genetics
7 Pharmaceutical importance of the major categories of microorganisms
8 Preservation of microorganisms
3: Bacteria
1 Introduction
2 Bacterial ultrastructure
3 Biofi lms
4 Bacterial sporulation
5 Bacterial toxins
6 Bacterial reproduction and growth kinetics
7 Environmental factors that infl uence growth and survival
8 Detection, identifi cation and characterization of organisms of pharmaceutical and medical signifi cance
9 References and further reading
4: Fungi
1 What are fungi?
2 Structure of the fungal cell
3 Medical signifi cance of fungi
4 Antifungal therapy
5 Medically important fungal pathogens of humans
6 Emerging fungal pathogens
7 Antibiotic production by fungi
8 Further reading
5: Viruses
1 Introduction
2 General structures of viruses
3 Virus – host cell interactions
4 Multiplication of human viruses
5 Cultivation of human viruses
6 Control of viruses
7 Viruses and gene therapy
8 Viruses as antimicrobials
9 Prions
10 Further reading
6: Protozoa
1 Introduction
2 Blood and tissue parasites
3 Intestinal parasites
4 Trichomonas and free - living amoebas
5 Host response to infection
6 Detection of parasites
7 Control of protozoan parasites
8 Acknowledgement
9 Further reading
Part 2: Pathogens and host responses
7: Principles of microbial pathogenicity and epidemiology
1 Introduction
2 Blood and tissue parasites
3 Intestinal parasites
4 Trichomonas and free - living amoebas
5 Host response to infection
6 Detection of parasites
7 Control of protozoan parasites
8 Acknowledgement
9 Further reading
8: Microbial biofilms: consequences for health
1 Introduction
2 Biofi lms
3 Tolerance of biofi lms to antimicrobials
4 Mechanisms of biofi lm tolerance
5 Treatment of chronic biofi lm infections
6 References and further reading
9: Immunology
1 Introduction
2 The innate immune system
3 The humoral adaptive immune system
4 Cell - mediated adaptive immune system
5 Some clinical perspectives
6 Summary
7 Acknowledgement
8 Further reading
10: Vaccination and immunization
1 Introduction
2 Spread of infection
3 Objectives of a vaccine/immunization programme
4 Classes of immunity
5 Types of vaccine
6 Routine immunization against infectious disease
7 The UK routine childhood immunization programme
8 Immunization of special risk groups
9 Acknowledgements
10 References and further reading
Part 3: Prescribing therapeutics
11: Antibiotics and synthetic antimicrobial agents: their properties and uses
1 Antibiotic development, past and present
2 β-Lactam antibiotics
3 Tetracyclines
4 Macrolides
5 Sulphonamides, trimethoprim and related drugs
6 Quinolones
7 Aminoglycosides
8 Glycopeptides
9 Antitubercular antibiotics
10 Newer antibiotics for MRSA and other Gram - positive cocci infections
11 Miscellaneous antibacterial antibiotics
12 Antifungal antibiotics
13 Antiviral drugs
14 References and further reading
12: Mechanisms of action of antibiotics and synthetic anti-infective agents
1 Introduction
2 The microbial cell wall
3 Protein synthesis
4 Chromosome function and replication
5 Folate antagonists
6 The cytoplasmic membrane
7 Further reading
13: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics
1 Introduction
2 Origins of resistance
3 Mechanisms of resistance
4 Resistance to ß - lactam antibiotics
5 Resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics
6 Resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics
7 Resistance to tetracycline antibiotics
8 Resistance to fl uoroquinolone antibiotics
9 Resistance to macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin antibiotics
10 Resistance to chloramphenicol
11 Resistance to the oxazolidinone antibiotics
12 Resistance to trimethoprim
13 Resistance to mupirocin
14 Resistance to peptide antibiotics — polymyxin
15 Resistance to antimycobacterial therapy
16 Multiple drug resistance
17 Clinical resistance — MIC values, breakpoints, phenotype and outcome
18 Concluding comments
19 Further reading
14: Clinical uses of antimicrobial drugs
1 Introduction
2 Principles of use of antimicrobial drugs
3 Clinical use
4 Antibiotic policies
5 Further reading
15: Antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic stewardship
1 The need for antimicrobial stewardship
2 Components of antimicrobial stewardship programmes
3 The effectiveness of stewardship strategies
4 Monitoring of antibiotic resistance
5 The impact on resistance of antibiotic availability to the public
6 References and further reading
16: Public health microbiology: infection prevention and control
1 Introduction
2 Healthcare - associated infections — defi nitions and range
3 Microorganisms that cause HCAI
4 Scale of the HCAI problem — prevalence and incidence
5 Responsibility for HCAI prevention and control
6 Keys to infection prevention and control
7 Zero tolerance and the principles of infection management
8 Professional support for infection prevention and control
9 References and further reading
Part 4: Contamination and infection control
17: Microbial spoilage, infection risk and contamination control
1 Introduction
2 Spoilage — chemical and physicochemical deterioration of pharmaceuticals
3 Hazard to health
4 Sources and control of contamination
5 The extent of microbial contamination
6 Factors determining the outcome of a medicament - borne infection
7 Preservation of medicines using antimicrobial agents: basic principles
8 Quality assurance and the control of microbial risk in medicines
9 Overview
10 Acknowledgement
11 References and further reading
18: Laboratory evaluation of antimicrobial agents
1 Introduction
2 Factors affecting the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants
3 Evaluation of liquid disinfectants
4 Evaluation of solid disinfectants
5 Evaluation of air disinfectants
6 Evaluation of preservatives
7 Rapid evaluation procedures
8 Evaluation of potential chemotherapeutic antimicrobials
9 Tests for biofi lm susceptibility
10 References and further reading
19: Chemical disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives
1 Introduction
2 Factors affecting choice of antimicrobial agent
3 Types of compound
4 Disinfection policies
5 References and further reading
20: Non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents: mode of action and resistance
1 Introduction
2 Mechanisms of interaction
3 Antimicrobial effects
4 Mechanisms of action
5 Enhancing activity
6 Mechanisms of resistance to biocides
7 Viricidal activity of biocides
8 Biocides and protozoa
9 Biocides and fungi
10 Inactivation of prions
11 Conclusion
12 References and further reading
21: Sterilization procedures and sterility assurance
1 Introduction
2 Sensitivity of microorganisms
3 Sterilization methods
4 Heat sterilization
5 Gaseous sterilization
6 Radiation sterilization
7 Filtration sterilization
8 New sterilization technologies
9 Sterilization control and sterility assurance
10 Bioburden determinations
11 Environmental monitoring
12 Validation and in - process monitoring of sterilization procedures
13 Sterility testing
14 The role of sterility testing
15 References and further reading
Part 5: Pharmaceutical production
22: Sterile pharmaceutical products
1 Introduction
2 Types of sterile product
3 Sterilization considerations
4 Quality control and quality assurance of sterile products
5 Acknowledgement
6 References and further reading
23: Principles of good manufacturing practice
1 Introduction
2 Defi nitions
3 Control of microbial contamination during manufacture: general aspects
4 Manufacture of sterile products
5 Aseptic areas
6 Guide to Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice
7 Conclusions
8 References and further reading
24: The manufacture and quality control of immunological products
1 Introduction
2 Vaccines
3 In vivo diagnostics
4 Immune sera
5 Human immunoglobulins
6 Monoclonal antibodies
7 References and further reading
25: Recombinant DNA technology
1 Introduction: biotechnology in pharmaceutical sciences
2 Enabling techniques
3 Biotechnology in the pharmaceutical industry
4 New diagnostics using recombinant DNA technology
5 Further reading
Part 6: Current trends and new directions
26: The wider contribution of microbiology to the pharmaceutical sciences
1 Introduction
2 Pharmaceuticals produced by microorganisms
3 Applications of microorganisms in the partial synthesis of pharmaceuticals
4 Applications of microorganisms in the discovery of pharmaceuticals
5 Use of microorganisms and their products in assays
6 Use of microorganisms as models of mammalian drug metabolism
7 Microorganisms as therapy
8 Insecticides
9 Bioterrorism
10 Concluding remarks
11 Acknowledgement
12 Further reading
27: Alternative strategies for antimicrobial therapy
1 Introduction
2 Essential oils
3 Honey therapy
4 Garlic
5 Probiotics
6 Maggot therapy
7 Photodynamic therapy (photoactivated disinfection)
8 Vaccines and immunotherapies
9 Silver
10 Bacteriophage therapy
11 Bacteriophage lysins
12 Conclusion
13 Further reading
Index
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