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Index
Introduction
List of Contributors
Section I: Narcissism and NPD: Constructs and Models
Chapter 1: A Historical Review of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality
Term and Derivation
Narcissism as a Personality or Character Style and Disorder
The Rise of Interest in Narcissism
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Subtypes
Contributions from Social-Personality Psychology
Summary and Conclusion
Chapter 2: Narcissism in the DSM
Dsm-III: NPD Introduced
DSM-III-R
DSM-IV
DSM-5: Looking to the Future
Conclusion
Chapter 3: Narcissism in Official Psychiatric Classification Systems
Narcissistic Personality Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Narcissism as a Dimensional Construct
Overcoming Potential Hurdles in a Dimensional DSM-5 Conceptualization of NPD
Summary
Chapter 4: Narcissistic Grandiosity and Narcissistic Vulnerability
Phenotypic Description of Narcissistic Dysfunction
Narcissistic Grandiosity and Narcissistic Vulnerability
DSM
Assessment of Narcissistic Grandiosity and Narcissistic Vulnerability
Recommendations
Chapter 5: Psychoanalytic Theories on Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality
Introduction
Freud and the Drive Theory
Primary Narcissism
Aggression, Destructive Narcissism, and the Death Drive
Self-Esteem Regulation, Ego-Ideal, and Self-Criticism
Narcissistic Brittleness, Injury, and Trauma
From Drive Toward Structural- and Self-Theories
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
The Ego-Psychological and Object-Relation Theory
The Self-Psychological Theory
The Interpersonal Relational School and Intersubjectivity
Conclusion and Implications for Treatment
Chapter 6: Narcissism from the Perspective of the Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model
The Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model
The Distinctive Narcissistic Signature: Evidence Corresponding to the Model
Taking Stock: Heuristic Utility of the Self-Regulatory Model and Future Directions
Conclusions
Chapter 7: Trait Personality Models of Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Grandiose Narcissism, and Vulnerable Narcissism
Method and Results
Discussion
Chapter 8: Narcissism, the Agency Model, and Approach-Avoidance Motivation
Agency Model of Narcissism
Approach-Avoidance Motivation
Why Should Narcissists be Approach-Oriented?
Are Narcissists Approach-Oriented?
Approach Versus Avoidance Motivation: Is One More Important than the Other?
A Specific Application: Narcissism and Financial Decision Making
Conclusion
Chapter 9: Behind the Mask
The Psychodynamic Mask Model of Narcissism
Do Narcissists Possess Low Implicit Self-Esteem?
Fragile High Self-Esteem
The Inconsistent Association Between Narcissism and Implicit Self-Esteem
Conclusion
Section II: Assessment of Narcissism and NPD
Chapter 10: Assessment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Dimensional Versus Categorical Assessment of PDS
Structured and Semi-Structured Interviews for PD Assessment
Self-Report Measures for PD Assessment
Conclusions and Future Directions
Chapter 11: The Measurement of Trait Narcissism in Social-Personality Research
A Review of Narcissism Measures in Social-Personality Research
Summary
Chapter 12: Of Tails and their Dogs
The Tail-Wagging-the-Dog Critique of Narcissism Scales
An Illustrative Empirical Example
Chapter 13: Addressing Criticisms of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI)
Questions of Validity
Conclusions
Chapter 14: Assessment of Youth Narcissism
The Promise and Peril of Assessing Youth Narcissism
Assessment Approaches
Developmental Issues
Conclusions and Future Directions
Section III: Epidemiology and Etiology of Narcissism and NPD
Chapter 15: Sociodemographic Correlates of DSM-IV Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Methods
Statistical Analysis
Results
Conclusions
Chapter 16: Parenting as a Cause of Narcissism
Clinical Theories on Parenting and Narcissism
Putting Clinical Theory to Empirical Test
Future Directions
Conclusion
Chapter 17: Examining “Developmental Me”
The Life Span Trajectory of Narcissism
Narcissism Research During Childhood
Narcissism Research During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood
Narcissism Research During Adulthood
Connections to Social Investment Theory
Chapter 18: Narcissism and Culture
Cultural Products and Narcissism
Regional/National Culture and Narcissism
Generational Differences in Narcissism
Conclusions
Chapter 19: The Intertwined Evolution of Narcissism and Short-Term Mating
Empirical Evidence Consistent with Our Hypothesis
The Narcissism Literature from Our Evolutionary Perspective
Predictions and Future Directions
Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 20: Neurophysiological Correlates of Narcissism and Psychopathy
Neuroscientific Investigations of Narcissism
Neurocognitive Correlates of Related Personality and Motivational Constructs
Extraversion
Neuroscientific and Physiological Examinations of Psychopathy
Future Directions for Physiological Studies of Narcissism
Conclusion
Section IV: Comorbidity and Correlates
Chapter 21: Comorbidity between Narcissistic Personality Disorder and Axis I Diagnoses
Narcissistic Personality Disorder in Schizophrenia
Narcissistic Personality Disorder in Bipolar and Major Depression and Dysthymia
Narcissistic Personality Disorder and Anxiety Disorders
Narcissistic Personality Disorder and Eating Disorders
Narcissistic Personality Disorder and Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders (SUD)
The Concept of Narcissism and its Place in Psychopathology
Summary of the Comorbidity between Narcissistic Personality Disorder and Axis I Disorders
Recommendations and Future Research
Chapter 22: The Comorbidity of Narcissistic Personality Disorder with Other DSM-IV Personality Disorders
Comorbidity of NPD with other Personality Disorders
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Categorically Distinct?
NPD Diagnostic Co-Occurrence from the Perspective of the FFM
Conclusions
Chapter 23: “I Love Me Some Me”
Defining Our Terms
Examining the Links
Summary and Concluding Remarks
Chapter 24: Psychopathy and Narcissism
Theoretical Overlap between Psychopathy and Narcissism
Empirical Overlap between Psychopathy and Narcissism
Psychopathy and Narcissism through the Lens of the FFM
Conclusions
Section V: Intra- and Interpersonal Processes
Chapter 25: Getting to Know a Narcissist Inside and Out
Self-Perceptions: How Do Narcissists See Themselves?
Others’ Perceptions: How are Narcissists Seen by Others?
Meta-Perceptions: What Kind of Impression Do Narcissists think they Make?
Summary
Method
Results
Discussion
Chapter 26: Self-Other Discrepancies
NPD Viewed by Peers and Strangers
Discrepancies Among Self, Informants, and Interviewers
Npd and Social Impairment
Conclusions
Chapter 27: Narcissistic Self-Enhancement
Symptoms of Narcissistic Self-Enhancement
Competing Explanations for Narcissistic Self-Enhancement
Do Narcissists Undermine their Self-Enhancement Goals?
Concluding Thoughts
Chapter 28: When the Narcissistic Ego Deflates, Narcissistic Aggression Inflates
Historical Psychological Perspectives
Does Low Self-Esteem Predict Aggression?
Does Narcissism Predict Aggression?
Controversies
Future Research
Conclusion
Chapter 29: The Emotional Dynamics of Narcissism
An Emotion-Centered Model of Narcissism
Benefits of an Emotion-Centered Approach to Narcissism
Implications for Assessment
Conclusion
Chapter 30: Narcissism and Romantic Relationships
Agency Model
Contextual Reinforcement Model
Chocolate Cake Model
Can Narcissists Change?
Conclusion: Revisiting the Paradox
Chapter 31: Narcissism and Sexuality
Relationship between Narcissism and Specific Sexual Attitudes, Behaviors, and Outcomes
Theoretical and Empirical Inconsistencies
The Necessity of Domain-Specific Measurements of Narcissism
Directions for Future Research
Conclusion
Chapter 32: Narcissism and Social Networks
Social Network Analysis
Narcissism in Sociocentric Networks
Narcissism in Egocentric Networks
Narcissism and Online Social Networks
Conclusions
Chapter 33: Narcissism and the World Wide Web
Key Differences between the World Wide Web and the “Real World”
How Narcissists Use the Web
Review of Research on Narcissism and the World Wide Web
Call for Research and Narcissism on the World Wide Web
Conclusion
Chapter 34: Narcissism and Brand Name Consumerism
Consumer Behavior
Narcissistic Self-Enhancement
Narcissistic Materialism
Narcissistic Preference for Brand Names
Need for Additional Empirical Support for Narcissistic Brand-Name Preferences
Why Do Narcissists Prefer Brand Names? Distal Etiology
Empirical Validation of Inner Fragility Driving Narcissistic Brand-Name Preferences: Can Narcissists be “Rehabilitated”?
Does the Pursuit of Brand Names Bring about Happiness in Narcissists?
Concluding Remarks
Chapter 35: Leadership
Introduction
Narcissism as a Component of Personality
The Assessment of Narcissism
Narcissism and Leadership
Chapter 36: Celebrity and Narcissism
The Appeal of Celebrity to Narcissists
Why Narcissists Succeed in the Entertainment Industry
Celebrity as a Route to Narcissism
The Consequences of Being a Narcissistic Celebrity
Conclusion: From Celebrity to Culture
Chapter 37: Narcissism and Spirituality
Narcissism, Spirituality, and Religion
Narcissism and Self-Compassion
Narcissism and Humility
Implications for Clinical Practice
Conclusion
Section VI: Treatment
Chapter 38: Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Narcissistic Personality
Levels of Narcissism
Elements of Technique
Summary
Chapter 39: Attachment Theory and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Two Attachment Subtypes of Narcissism?
Attachment Experiences Associated with Narcissism: Overindulgence or Rejection?
Narcissistic Attachment Representations: Avoidant and/or Anxious?
Treatment Implications
Chapter 40: Schema Therapy for Narcissism
Early Maladaptive Schemas
Schema Modes
Core Developmental Domains
Applying Schema Therapy to Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)
Schemas of Patients with NPD
A Conceptualization of NPD in Schema Terms
Schema Modes of Patients with NPD
Goals and Strategies for Treatment: Barriers, Leverage, Self-Disclosure, Limit-Setting, and Empathic Confrontation
A Case Study
Concluding Remarks
Chapter 41: Cognitive Behavioral Approaches to the Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Cognitive Behavior Therapy Approaches and Outcomes
Obstacles to Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder
The Need for Randomized Clinical Trials is Clear
Case Example of Situational Analysis for a Patient with Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Conclusions
Chapter 42: Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder Symptoms in a Dialectical Behavior Therapy Framework
Why Dialectical Behavior Therapy?
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Collaboration and Nonjudgmentalness
Functional Analysis/Outcome Data
Therapist Burnout
Client Demographics and History
Presenting Symptoms and Treatment Goals
Treatment Goals and Structure
NPD Targets
Summary and discussion
Response to Treatment
Chapter 43: Treating Narcissus
Past Research on Reducing the Manifestations of Narcissism
Future Research on Reducing the Manifestations of Narcissism
Promising New Directions in Research
Conclusion
Conclusion: Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
About the Editors
Author Index
Subject Index
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