Egypt, Greece, and Rome · Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean by Freeman, Charles -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean Copyright Dedication PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS LIST OF PLATES LIST OF MAPS LIST OF FIGURES 1: Approaching the Ancient World 2: The Birth of Civilization: The Ancient Near East, 5000–1200 BC

Mesopotamia and the First Cities The Akkadians The Old Babylonian Period (2000–1600 BC) The Invention of the Alphabet The Assyrians and the Hittites

3: Pyramids and Power: The Creation of an Egyptian State, 3500–1500 BC

Beginnings The Unification of Egypt The First Dynasties The Building of the Pyramids The Collapse of the Old Kingdom The First Intermediate Period The Emergence of the Middle Kingdom

4: Stability and Expansion: Egypt in the Middle and New Kingdoms, 1985–1000 BC

The Years of Stability The Hyksos and the Second Intermediate Period The Emergence of the New Kingdom The Administration of the New Kingdom Kings and Temples The Cult of Aten The Nineteenth Dynasty: The Last of the Great Egyptian Dynasties The Disintegration of the New Kingdom Interlude1: The Amarna Letters

5: Living in New Kingdom Egypt

The Villagers of Deir el-Medina Survival Skills Home and Family Egyptian Medicine The Rituals of Death

6: The Ancient Near East, 1200–500 bc

The Neo-Assyrian Empire The Neo-Babylonian Empire The Land of Israel The Phoenicians Egypt in the First Millennium The Rise of the Persian (Achaemenid) Empire

7: ‘The Sea between the Lands’: The Mediterranean as the Cradle of the Classical World 8: Civilizations of the Bronze Age Aegean, 2000–1100 BC

The Minoans The Mycenaeans Postscript: The Chronology of the Aegean Bronze Age

9: The Birth of a New Greece, 1100–700 BC

The Migrations The Eighth-Century ‘Renaissance’ Homer Hesiod The Appearance of the Polis?

10: ‘Travelling Heroes’: The Greeks in a Wider World, 800–600 BC

The Orientalizing Revolution The Western Settlements Settlements in the Northern Aegean, Black Sea, and Libya The Lelantine War and the Emergence of Corinth Archilochus and Life on the Frontier Interlude2: Sappho and Lyric Poetry

11: Hoplites and Tyrants

The Hoplite Army The Tyrants Sparta Athens in the Sixth Century The Reforms of Solon The Peisistratid Tyranny The Reforms of Cleisthenes

12: Craftsmanship and Creativity in Archaic Greece

The Earliest Coinage Temples and Sculpture: The Influence of Egypt The Revival of Athenian Pottery The Birth of Western Philosophy

13: The Persian Wars 14: The Greek Way of Life

Industries, Crafts, and Trade Women in the Greek World Slavery Aristocratic Survivals

15: Experiencing the Supernatural

Interlude3: ‘After this all becomes possible’

16: Democracy and Empire

The Delian League The Resurgence of Aristocratic Influence The Democratic Revolution Democracy in Practice The Glorification of the City in Marble The Athenian Empire The Changing World of Athenian Democracy

17: Rethinking the World: From Aeschylus to Aristotle

The Drama Festivals Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides Aristophanes and Comedy Socrates Plato Aristotle Interlude4: Rhetoric

18: The Struggle for Power, 431–338 BC

Thucydides The Course of the War Lysander The Corinthian War The Fall of Sparta and Victory of Thebes The Vulnerability of the City-State in the Fourth Century Dionysius, Tyrant of Syracuse, and Jason of Thessaly The Kingdom of Macedon Philip of Macedon

19: Alexander the Great and the Transformation of the Greek World

The Young Alexander The Persian Adventure The Conquest of the Western Persian Empire The Humiliation of Darius The Campaigns of the East The March Home Administering the Empire The New Graeco-Macedonian World The Legacy

20: Tensions and Creativity

The Hellenistic Monarchies Cities in the Hellenistic World The Hellenistic Cults Greeks and Others Cultural Developments Arts in the Hellenistic Age Science and Mathematics The Philosophers The Jews in the Hellenistic Period Conclusion Interlude5: Celts and Parthians

The Parthians

21: The Etruscans and Early Rome

The Geography of Italy The Etruscans The Foundation of Rome Rome: The Age of Kings The Foundation of the Roman Republic The Expansion of Rome The Glorification of Victory

22: Rome Becomes a Mediterranean Power

The First Punic War The Beginnings of Provincial Administration The Second Punic War The Pacification of Spain and Northern Italy Rome Becomes Involved in Greece Polybius and The Universal History Motives for War and Imperialism The Impact of the East The Older Cato The Great Period of Senatorial Government Intimations of Popular Unrest

Note: The introduction of Roman coinage

23: Rome: A Republic under Stress,133:–55: BC

The Gracchi and the Challenge to Senatorial Government Marius and the Defence of the Empire The Revolt of the Allies Sulla The Rise of Pompey Cicero and the Catiline Conspiracy The Political System in the 60s: An Overview The Young Caesar The Republic and Provincial Administration Consulship and Command: Caesar Consolidates his Position Interlude6: Voices from the Republic

24: The Failure of Republican Politics, 55–31 BC

Caesar and Pompey: The Showdown The Civil War Caesar and the Search for a Political Solution The Aftermath of Caesar Antony versus Octavian: The Final Struggle of the Republic Why did the Republic Collapse? Interlude7: Women in the Roman Republic

25: Augustus and the Founding of Empire

Octavian’s Character The ‘Restoration’ of the Republic Augustus and the Empire The Poets of the Augustan Age The Res Gestae Divi Augusti The Problem of the Succession

26. Consolidating the Roman Empire, ad 14–161

Suetonius and Tacitus Tiberius The Prosperity of Italy Caligula The Emperor Claudius Nero AD 69: A Long Year of Revolt The Flavian Emperors Trajan: The Model Emperor Hadrian The ‘Good’ Emperor Interlude8: The Sebasteion at Aphrodisias

27: Running and Defending an Empire

Maintaining Control The Administration of the Provinces The Frontiers The Army The Integration of Local Elites Cities of the Empire

28: Social and Economic Life in the Empire

Wealth and Identity Slavery in the Roman World Manumission and Freedmen Land and Survival in the Roman Empire The Villa Cities and the Economy Trade Routes An Imperial Economy? Interlude9: The Romans as Builders

29: The Flourishing of Greek Culture

The Second Sophistic The Cities of Pisidia and the Greek East Ptolemy and Galen

30: An Empire in Crisis, ad 161–313

Threats to the Empire Marcus Aurelius Septimius Severus Caracalla and the Later Severan Emperors The Crisis of the Mid-Third Century The Effects of the Crisis The Romans Regain the Initiative Diocletian The Emergence of Constantine

31: The Early Christian Communities, ad 33–313

The Contemporary Evidence The Life of Jesus The Early Christian Community and the Missions of Paul The Early Christian Communities Christianity and the Greek Philosophical Tradition The Persecutions Postscript: Plotinus

32: Constantine and his Successors

Constantine and Christianity The Arian Controversy The Founding of Constantinople Constantine’s Successors and the Problems of Defence Ammianus Marcellinus The Imperial Administration Pressures on the Borders

33: The Christian Emperor

The Search for Theological Consensus The Consolidation of Christian Imperialism The Last Pagans? The Growth of Asceticism The Christian Intellectuals: John Chrysostom, Jerome, and Augustine Conclusion: A Transformed Society?

34: The Collapse of the Classical West, ad395:–600

The ‘Fall’ of the Western Empire The ‘Goths’ in the Western Empire A Disintegrating Empire Aetius, ‘The Last of the Romans’ The Final Years of the Western Empire, ad 455–476 Coming to Terms with a New World: The Survival of Roman Culture in the Late Fifth Century Theodoric and the Ostrogoths in Italy Boethius and Cassiodorus The Frankish Kingdom The Visigoths in Spain and Vandals in Africa Italy in the Late Sixth Century

35: The Emergence of the Byzantine Empire

Cultural Complexity in the East Constantinople and the Christian Emperors The Defence of the Empire Christianity in the Eastern Empire Justinian Justinian’s Law Codes The Nika Riots The Campaigns in Africa and Italy Procopius of Caesarea The Church of St Sophia The Last Years of Justinian The Emergence of the Byzantine Empire

36: Legacies WHAT TO READ NEXT

SELECTED FURTHER READING General (i.e. books that transcend a single civilization) Ancient near east Egypt The aegean bronze age Greece Etruscans Rome Christianity Late antiquity/byzantium Legacy

DATE CHART LIST OF EVENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS OF SOURCES INDEX

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