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Index
Cover Page
Inside Frontcover
Halftitle Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Contents
1 Composing Literacy
Understanding the Rhetorical Situation
Reflecting on Your Own Literacy
Composing Your Own Literacy Narrative
Apply the rhetorical framework: who? what? when? where? how? and why?
Devise a topic.
Part One Writing Activities
2 Remembering an Event
Practicing the Genre: Telling a Story
Guide to Reading
Analyzing Remembered Event Essays
Determine the writer’s purpose and audience.
Assess the genre’s basic features.
Readings
Jean Brandt: Calling Home
Annie Dillard: From An American Childhood
Reflect: Make connections: Acting fearlessly.
Analyze: Use the basic features.
Respond: Consider possible topics: Remembering unexpected adult actions and reactions.
Jenée Desmond-Harris: Tupac and My Non-thug Life
Reflect: Make connections: Searching for identity.
Analyze: Use the basic features.
Respond: Consider possible topics: Recognizing a public event as a turning point.
Guide to Writing
The Writing Assignment
Starting Points: Remembering an Event
Writing a Draft: Invention, Research, Planning, and Composing
Choose an event to write about.
Test your Topic: Considering Your Purpose and Audience
Shape your story.
Ways In: How Do I Develop a Dramatic Arc?
Test your Story: Facing an Audience
Clarify the sequence of actions.
Describe key people and places vividly, and show their significance.
Use dialogue to portray people and dramatize relationships.
Clarify your story’s significance.
Ways In: How Can I Help My Readers Understand the Significance of My Story?
Write the opening sentences.
Draft your story.
Evaluating the Draft: Using Peer Review
A Peer Review Guide
Improving the Draft: Revising, Editing, and Proofreading
Revise your draft.
A Troubleshooting Guide
Edit and proofread your draft.
Using the Right Word or Expression
Choosing Vivid Language and Cutting Flab
Resolving Dialogue Issues
Using the Past Perfect
Reflecting on What You Have Learned
3 Writing Profiles
Practicing the Genre: Conducting an Interview
Guide to Reading
Analyzing Profiles
Determine the writer’s purpose and audience.
Assess the genre’s basic features.
Readings
Brian Cable: The Last Stop
Amanda Coyne: The Long Good-Bye: Mother’s Day in Federal Prison
Reflect: Make connections: Unfair punishment.
Analyze: Use the basic features.
Respond: Consider possible topics: Profiling one instance of a recurring event.
Gabriel Thompson: A Gringo in the Lettuce Fields
Reflect: Make connections: Switching perspectives.
Analyze: Use the basic features.
Respond: Consider possible topics: Immersing yourself.
Guide to Writing
The Writing Assignment
Starting Points: Writing a Profile
Writing a Draft: Invention, Research, Planning, and Composing
Choose a subject to profile.
Test your Choice: Considering Your Purpose and Audience
Conduct your field research.
Ways In: How Can I Manage My Time?
Ways In: How Do I Set up and Prepare for Interviews and Observations?
Ways In: How Do I Conduct Interviews? How Do I Conduct Observations?
Ways In: How Should I Present the Information I’ve Gleaned from Interviews and Observations?
Use quotations that provide information and reveal character.
Consider adding visual or audio elements.
Create an outline that will organize your profile effectively for your readers.
Determine your role in the profile.
Ways In: Which Role Will Best help me Convey the Experience of my Profile Subject?
Develop your perspective on the subject.
Ways In: How can I Develop a Perspective for my Profile?
Clarify the dominant impression.
Ways In: How Do I Fine-Tune My Dominant Impression?
Write the opening sentences.
Draft your profile.
Evaluating the Draft: Using Peer Review
A Peer Review Guide
Improving the Draft: Revising, Editing, and Proofreading
Revise your draft.
A Troubleshooting Guide
Edit and proofread your draft.
Checking the Punctuation of Quotations
Integrating Participial Phrases
A Common Problem for Multilingual Writers: Adjective Order
Reflecting on What You Have Learned
4 Explaining a Concept
Practicing the Genre: Explaining an Academic Concept
Guide to Reading
Analyzing Concept Explanations
Determine the writer’s purpose and audience.
Assess the genre’s basic features.
Readings
Jonathan Potthast: Supervolcanoes: A Catastrophe of Ice and Fire
Anastasia Toufexis: Love: The Right Chemistry
Reflect: Make connections: How love works.
Analyze: Use the basic features.
Respond: Consider possible topics: Examining other aspects of love
John Tierney: Do You Suffer from Decision Fatigue?
Reflect: Make connections: Your own experience with decision fatigue.
Analyze: Use the basic features.
Respond: Consider possible topics: Examining how emotions influence behavior.
Guide to Writing
The Writing Assignment
Starting Points: Explaining a Concept
Writing a Draft: Invention, Research, Planning, and Composing
Choose a concept to write about.
Test your Choice: Considering Your Purpose and Audience
Conduct initial research on the concept.
Ways In: What Do I Already Know about the Concept?
Focus your explanation of the concept.
Ways In: What Makes the Concept Interesting to me and my Readers?
Test your Choice: Evaluating Your Focus
Conduct further research on your focused concept.
Draft your working thesis.
Create an outline that will organize your concept explanation effectively for your readers.
Design your writing project.
Consider the explanatory strategies you should use.
Ways In: What Writing Strategies can I use to Explain my Focused Concept?
Use summaries, paraphrases, and quotations from sources to support your points.
Ways In: When Should I Summarize, Paraphrase, and Quote?
Use visuals or multimedia illustrations.
Use appositives to integrate sources.
Use descriptive verbs in signal phrases to introduce information from sources.
Write the opening sentences.
Draft your explanation.
Evaluating the Draft: Using Peer Review
A Peer Review Guide
Improving the Draft: Revising, Editing, and Proofreading
Revise your draft.
A Troubleshooting Guide
Edit and proofread your draft.
Avoiding Mixed Constructions
Using Punctuation with Adjective Clauses
Reflecting on What You Have Learned
5 Analyzing and Synthesizing Opposing Arguments
Practicing A Genre: Analyzing Opposing Arguments
Guide to Reading
Analyzing Four Genres
Determine the writer’s purpose and audience.
Assess the genres’ basic features.
Readings
Maya Gomez, Summary: “A Moral Market”
Maya Gomez, Annotated Bibliography: Compensating Kidney Donors
Maya Gomez, Report: Possible Solutions to the Kidney Shortage
Maya Gomez, Analysis: Satel vs. the National Kidney Foundation: Should Kidney Donors Be Compensated?
Guide to Writing
The Writing Assignment
Starting Points: Composing a Summary, an Annotated Bibliography, a Report, Or an Analysis
Writing a Draft: Invention, Research, Planning, and Composing
Choose a controversial topic to write about.
Test Your Choice: Choosing a Topic
Conduct research to find sources.
Summarize sources and annotate your working bibliography.
Ways In: How Do I Write a Summary?
Ways In: How Do I Draft a Commentary for an Annotated Bibliography?
Analyze your audience.
Ways In: What will make the Report or Analysis Interesting to my Readers?
Brainstorm subtopics for a report.
Choose opposing argument essays to analyze.
Synthesize sources for a report or an analysis.
Analyze and compare the opposing argument essays.
Ways In: How can I Analyze and Compare the Opposing Arguments?
Test your Choice: Evaluating Your Analysis
Draft a working thesis for your report or analysis.
Create an outline to organize your report or analysis effectively for your readers.
Develop your report or analysis.
Ways In: How can I Present my Analysis of the Opposing Arguments?
Ways In: What Explanatory Strategies Could I Use?
Use visuals or multimedia illustrations to enhance your explanation.
Write the opening sentences.
Draft your report or analysis.
Evaluating the Draft: Using Peer Review
A Peer Review Guide
Improving the Draft: Revising, Editing, and Proofreading
Revise your draft.
A Troubleshooting Guide
Edit and proofread your draft.
Using Commas around Interrupting Phrases
Correcting Vague Pronoun Reference
Reflecting on What You Have Learned
6 Arguing a Position
Practicing the Genre: Debating a Position
Guide to Reading
Analyzing Position Arguments
Determine the writer’s purpose and audience.
Assess the genre’s basic features.
Readings
Jessica Statsky: Children Need to Play, Not Compete
Amitai Etzioni: Working at McDonald’s
Reflect: Make connections: Useful job skills.
Analyze: Use the basic features.
Respond: Consider possible topics: Issues facing students.
Daniel J. Solove: Why Privacy Matters Even If You Have “Nothing to Hide”
Reflect: Make connections: Privacy concerns on the Internet.
Analyze: Use the basic features.
Respond: Consider possible topics: Issues concerning privacy.
Guide to Writing
The Writing Assignment
Starting Points: Arguing a Position
Writing a Draft: Invention, Research, Planning, and Composing
Choose a controversial issue on which to take a position.
Test your Choice: Choosing an Issue
Frame the issue for your readers.
Ways In: How can I Explore the Issue? What do my Readers Think?
Test your Choice: Framing Your Issue
Formulate a working thesis stating your position.
Ways In: How can I Devise an Arguable Thesis?
Develop the reasons supporting your position.
Ways In: How can I come up with Reasons that Support my Position?
Research your position.
Use sources to reinforce your credibility.
Identify and respond to your readers’ likely reasons and objections.
Ways In: How can I Figure out what my Readers will be Concerned about?
How can i Respond to Readers’ Reasons and Objections?
Create an outline that will organize your argument effectively for your readers.
Consider document design.
Write the opening sentences.
Draft your position argument.
Evaluating the Draft: Using Peer Review
A Peer Review Guide
Improving the Draft: Revising, Editing, and Proofreading
Revise your draft.
A Troubleshooting Guide
Edit and proofread your draft.
Editing for Tone
Using Commas before Coordinating Conjunctions
Avoiding Comma Splices When Using Conjunctive Adverbs to Link Independent Clauses
A Common Problem for Multilingual Writers: Subtle Differences in Meaning
Reflecting on What You Have Learned
7 Proposing a Solution
Practicing the Genre: Telling a Story
Guide to Reading
Analyzing Proposals
Determine the writer’s purpose and audience.
Assess the genre’s basic features.
Readings
Patrick O’Malley: More Testing, More Learning
Eric Posner: A Moral Market
Reflect: Make connections: Compromising on a solution.
Analyze: Use the basic features.
Respond: Consider possible topics: Moving the masses.
Kelly D. Brownell Thomas R. Frieden: Ounces of Prevention—The Public Policy Case for Taxes on Sugared Beverages
Reflect: Make connections: Government problem solving.
Analyze: Use the basic features.
Respond: Consider possible topics: Improving a group to which you belong.
Guide to Writing
The Writing Assignment
Starting Points: Proposing a Solution
Writing a Draft: Invention, Research, Planning, and Composing
Choose a problem for which you can propose a solution.
Frame the problem for your readers.
Ways In: What is the Problem?
Test your Choice: Defining the Problem
Assess how the problem has been framed, and reframe it for your readers.
Ways In: How has the Problem been Framed?
Develop a possible solution.
Ways In: How can I Solve this Problem?
Explain your solution.
Ways In: How can I Explain how my Solution would help solve the Problem?
Research your proposal.
Develop a response to objections or alternative solutions.
Ways In: How can I Draft a Refutation or Concession?
Create an outline that will organize your proposal effectively for your readers.
Write the opening sentences.
Draft your proposal.
Evaluating the Draft: Using Peer Review
A Peer Review Guide
Improving the Draft: Revising, Editing, and Proofreading
Revise your draft.
A Troubleshooting Guide
Edit and proofread your draft.
Avoiding Ambiguous Use of This and That
Revising Sentences That Lack an Agent
Reflecting on What You Have Learned
8 Justifying an Evaluation
Practicing the Genre: Telling a Story
Guide to Reading
Analyzing Evaluations
Determine the writer’s purpose and audience.
Assess the genre’s basic features.
Readings
William Akana: Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: A Hell of a Ride
Emily Nussbaum: The Aristocrats: The Graphic Arts of Game of Thrones
Reflect: Make connections: Binge-watching.
Analyze: Use the basic features.
Respond: Consider possible topics: Offering a mixed judgment.
Malcolm Gladwell: What College Rankings Really Tell Us
Reflect: Make connections: Ideology underlying judgments.
Analyze: Use the basic features.
Respond: Consider possible topics: Evaluating a text.
Guide to Writing
The Writing Assignment
Starting Points: Justifying an Evaluation
Writing a Draft: Invention, Research, Planning, and Composing
Choose a subject to evaluate.
Test your Choice: Choosing a Subject
Assess your subject and consider how to present it to your readers.
Ways In: What do I Think?
Formulate a working thesis stating your overall judgment.
Ways In: How can I Assert A Tentative Overall Judgment?
Develop the reasons and evidence supporting your judgment.
Ways In: How can I Come up with Reasons and Evidence to Support my Judgment?
Research your evaluation.
Respond to a likely objection or alternative judgment.
Ways In: How can I Respond Effectively to my Readers?
Organize your draft to appeal to your readers.
Consider document design.
Write the opening sentences.
Draft your evaluation.
Evaluating the Draft: Using Peer Review
A Peer Review Guide
Improving the Draft: Revising, Editing, and Proofreading
Revise your draft.
A Troubleshooting Guide
Edit and proofread your draft.
Reflecting on What You Have Learned
Part 2 Critical Thinking and Writing Strategies
9 A Catalog of Invention and Inquiry Strategies
Mapping
Create a cluster diagram to reveal relationships among ideas.
Make a list to generate a plan quickly.
Create an outline to invent and organize.
Writing
Use cubing to explore a topic from six perspectives.
Construct a dialogue to explore an experience or alternative view.
Use dramatizing to analyze behavior.
Freewrite to generate ideas freely and creatively.
Take notes in a journal.
Use looping to explore aspects of a topic.
Ask questions to explore a subject systematically.
10 A Catalog of Reading Strategies
Annotating
Martin Luther King Jr.: An Annotated Sample from “Letter from Birmingham Jail”
Taking Inventory
Outlining
Paraphrasing
Summarizing
Synthesizing
Contextualizing
Exploring the Significance of Figurative Language
Looking for Patterns of Opposition
Reflecting on Challenges to Your Beliefs and Values
Evaluating the Logic of an Argument
Test for appropriateness.
Test for believability.
Test for consistency and completeness.
Recognizing Emotional Manipulation
Judging the Writer’s Credibility
Test for knowledge.
Test for common ground.
Test for fairness.
11 Cueing the Reader
Orienting Statements
Use the thesis statements to announce the main idea.
Use forecasting statements to preview topics.
Paragraphing
Paragraph indents signal related ideas.
The topic sentence announces the paragraph’s focus.
Cohesive Devices
Pronouns connect phrases or sentences.
Word repetition aids cohesion.
Synonyms connect ideas.
Repetition of sentence structure emphasizes connections.
Collocation creates networks of meaning.
Transitions
Transitions emphasize logical relationships.
Transitions can indicate a sequence in time.
Transitions can indicate relationships in space.
Headings and Subheadings
Headings indicate sections and levels.
Headings are not common in all genres.
At least two headings are needed at each level.
12 Arguing
Asserting a Thesis
Make arguable assertions.
Use clear and precise wording.
Qualify the thesis appropriately.
Giving Reasons and Support
Use representative examples for support.
Use up-to-date, relevant, and accurate statistics.
Cite reputable authorities on relevant topics.
Use vivid, relevant anecdotes.
Use relevant textual evidence.
Responding to Objections and Alternatives
Acknowledge readers’ concerns.
Concede readers’ concerns.
Refute readers’ objections.
Logical Fallacies
Sentence Strategies for Argument
13 Analyzing and Composing Multimodal Texts
Understanding Multimodality
Analyzing Multimodal Texts
Composing Multimodal Texts
Reimagine your writing in a new genre or medium.
Design a multimodal text.
Choosing a Font
Using Colors
Using White Space
Embed visuals and media in texts.
Creating a Multimodal Presentation
Assess your rhetorical situation.
Determine how much information you can present in the allotted time.
Use cues to orient audience members.
Design your presentation effectively.
Part 3 Research Strategies
14 Planning a Research Project and Selecting Sources
Analyzing Your Rhetorical Situation and Setting a Schedule
Choosing a Topic and Getting an Overview
Focusing Your Topic and Drafting Research Questions
Developing a List of Keywords
Creating a Working Bibliography
Annotating Your Working Bibliography
Taking Notes on Your Sources
Finding Sources
Search library catalogs and databases.
Using Appropriate Search Terms
Broadening or Narrowing Your Results
Find books (and other sources).
Find articles in periodicals.
Find government documents and statistical information.
Find Web sites and interactive sources.
Using Google Scholar and Google Book Search
Using Interactive Sources
Conducting Field Research
Conduct observational studies.
Conduct interviews.
Conduct surveys.
15 Evaluating and Using Sources
Choosing Sources
Who wrote it?
How recently was it published?
Is the source scholarly or popular?
Who published it?
How is the source written?
What does the source say?
Acknowledging Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
What does and does not need to be acknowledged?
Avoid plagiarism by acknowledging sources and quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing carefully.
Using Sources to Support Your Ideas
Synthesize information from sources with your own ideas.
Use information from sources to support your claims.
Decide whether to quote, paraphrase, or summarize.
Copy quotations exactly, or use italics, ellipses, and brackets to indicate changes.
Use in-text or block quotations.
Use punctuation to integrate quotations into your writing.
Paraphrase sources carefully.
Write summaries that present the source’s main ideas in a balanced and readable way.
16 Citing and Documenting Sources in MLA Style
Citing Sources in the Text
Directory to In-Text-Citation Models
Creating a List of Works Cited
To cite a source without a model, use a similar model, or devise your own using the general principles.
Format your list of works cited.
Directory to Works-Cited-List Models
Student Research Project in MLA Style
17 Citing and Documenting Sources in APA Style
Citing Sources in the Text
Directory to In-Text-Citation Models
Creating a List of References
Directory to Reference-List Models
A Sample Reference List in APA Style
Acknowledgments
Index
Inside Backcover
Backcover
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