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Index
EGYPT GREECE AND ROME
Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean
FOREWORD
PREFACE
CONTENTS
LIST OF COLOUR PLATES
LIST OF MAPS
1
Rediscovering the Ancient World
2
Eygpt, the Gift of the Nile,3200-BC
Beginnings
The Unification of Egypt
The First Dynasties
The Building of the Pyramids
The Sixth Dynasty and the Collapse of the Old Kingdom
The Emergence of the Middle Kingdom
The Middle Kingdom: The Years of Stability
The Hyksos and the Second Intermediate Period
3
Egypt as an Imperial Power, 1500-1000 BC
The Emergence of the New Kingdom
The Administration of the New Kingdom
Kings and Temples
The Cult of Aten
The Nineteenth Dynasty: The Last of the Great Egyptian Dynasties
The Disintegration of the Old Kingdom
4
Daily Life in New Kingdom Egypt
The Villagers of Deir el-Medina
The Hazards of Life
The Power of the Past
Economy and Enterprise
Home and Family
The Rituals of Death
Conclusion: The Egyptian Achievement
5
The Ancient Near East, 3500-500 BC
Sumer, Babylon, and the First Cities
The Invention of the Alphabet
The Assyrians and the Hittites
The Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Land of Israel
The Phoenicians
Egypt in the First Millennium
The Rise of the Persian Empire
6
The Early Greeks, 2000-700 BC
The Minoans
The Mycenaeans
The Migrations
The Eighth-Century 'Renaissance'
Homer
Hesiod
The Appearance of the Polis
7
The Greeks in a Wider World, 800-600 BC
The Greeks and the Sea
The Orientalizing Revolution
The Western Settlements
Settlements in the Northern Aegean, Black Sea, and Libya
The Lelantine War and the Emergence of Corinth
Archilochus and Life on the Frontier
Sappho
8
Hoplites and Tyrants: The Emergence of the City State
The Hoplite Army
The Tyrants
Sparta
Athens in the Sixth Century
The Reforms of Solon
The Peisistratid Tyranny
The Reforms of Cleisthenes
9
Cultural Change in the Archaic Age
The First Coinage
Temples and Sculpture: The Influence of Egypt
The Revival of Athenian Pottery
The Birth of Western Philosophy
10
The Persian Wars
INTERLUDE ONE
Herodotus and Egypt
11
Everyday Life in Classical Greece
Life on the Land
Industries, Crafts, and Trade
Slavery
Citizens and Others
Women in the Greek World
Aristocratic Survivals
12
Religion and Culture in the Greek World
Music
Literacy and Education
The Classical Age in Art
The Greeks and Religion
13
Athens: Democracy and Empire
The Delian League
The Survival of Aristocratic Influence
The Democratic Revolution
Democracy in Practice
Literacy and Democracy
The Glorification of the City in Marble
The Athenian Empire
Democracy under Strain
14
From Aeschylus to Aristotle
Drama
Aeschylus
Sophodes
Euripides
Aristophanes and Comedy
The Sophists
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
15
The Struggle for Power, 431-338 BC
Thucydides
The Peloponnesian War
Lysander
The Corinthian War
The Fall of Sparta and Victory of Thebes
The Vulnerability of the City State in the Fourth Century
Dionysius, Tyrant of Syracuse, and Jason of Thessaly
The Kingdom of Macedonia
Philip of Macedon
16
Alexander of Macedon and the Expansion of the Greek World
The Young Alexander
The Persian Adventure
The Conquest of the Western Persian Empire
The Humiliation of Darius
The Campaigns of the East
The March Home
Administering the Empire
The New Greco-Macedonian World
17
The Hellenistic World
The Hellenistic Monarchies
Cities in the Hellenistic World
Greeks and Others
Arts in the Hellenistic Age
Science and Mathematics
Religion and Philosophy
The Jews in the Hellenistic Period
Conclusion
INTERLUDE TWO
Celts and Parthians
The Parthians
18
The Etruscans and Early Rome
The Geography of Italy
The Etruscans
The Foundation of Rome
Rome: The Age of Kings
The Foundation of the Roman Republic
The Expansion of Rome
The Glorification of Victory
19
Rome becomes a Mediterranean Power
The First Punic War
The Beginnings of Provincial Administration
The Second Punic War
The Roman Pacification of Spain and Northern Italy
Rome Becomes Involved in Greece
Polybius and The Universal History
Motives for War and Imperialism
The Impact of the East
The Older Cato
The Great Period of Senatorial Government
Intimations of Popular Unrest
20
From the Gracchi to Caesar, 133-55 BC
The Gracchi and the Challenge to Senatorial Government
Marius and the Defence of the Empire
The Revolt of the Allies
Sulla
The Rise of Pompey
Cicero and the Catiline Conspiracy
The Political System in the 60s: An Overview
The Young Caesar
Consulship and Command: Caesar Consolidates his Position
INTERLUDE THREE
Voices from the Republic
21
The Fall of the Roman Republic, 55-31 BC
Caesar and Pompey: The Showdown
The Civil War
Caesar and the Search for a Political Solution
The Aftermath of Caesar
Antony versus Octavian: The Final Struggle of the Republic
Why did the Republic Collapse?
INTERLUDE FOUR
Women in the Roman Republic
22
Augustus and the Founding of Empire
Octavian's Character
The 'Restoration' of the Republic
Augustus and the Empire
The Poets of the Augustan Age
The Problem of the Succession
23
Consolidating the Empire, AD 14-138
Suetonius and Tacitus
Tiberius
The Prosperity of Italy
Caligula
The Emperor Claudius
Nero
AD 69: A Long Year of Revolt
The Flavian Emperors
Trajan: The Model Emperor
Hadrian
The 'Good' Emperor
24
Administering and Defending the Empire
Maintaining Control
The Administration of the Provinces
The Structure of Administration
The Integration of Local élites
Cities and the Empire
The Frontiers
The Army
A Roman Empire?
INTERLUDE FIVE
The Romans as Builders
25
Social and Economic Life in the Empire
Agriculture and the Pax Romana
The Villa
The Vici
Trade Routes
Trade within and beyond the Empire
The Social and Economic Impact of Trade
Life at the Margins
Slavery in the Roman World
Manumission and Freedmen
Patrons and Clients
Everyday Life
The Integration of the Greek World
26
Transformations: The Roman Empire, 138-313
Threats to the Empire
Marcus Aurelius
Septimius Severus
Caracalla and the Later Severan Emperors
The Crisis of the Mid Third Century
The Effects of the Crisis
The Romans Regain the Initiative
Diocletian
The Emergence of Constantine
27
The Foundations of Christianity
The Gospel Evidence
The Life of Jesus
The Early Christian Community and the Missions of Paul
Christianity within the Spiritual Life of the Empire
The Early Christian Communities
Christianity and the Greek Philosophical Tradition
The Persecutions
28
The Empire in the Fourth Century
Constantine and Christianity
The Arian Controversy
Constantine's Successors and the Problems of Defence
Ammianus Marcellinus
The Imperial Administration
Pressures on the Borders
The Christian Emperor
The Survival of Pagan Culture
The Growth of Asceticism
Augustine
Jerome
John Chrysostom
Conclusion: a Transformed Society
29
The Creation of a New Europe, 395-600
The 'Fall' of the Western Empire
The Goths in the Western Empire
A Disintegrating Empire
Aetius, 'the Last of the Romans'
The Final Years of the Western Empire, 455-476
Coming to Terms with a New World: The Survival of Roman Culture in the Late Fifth Century
Theodoric and the Ostrogoths in Italy
Boethius and Cassiodorus
The Frankish Kingdom
The Visigoths in Spain and Vandals in Africa
Italy in the Late Sixth Century
30
The Emergence of the Byzantine Empire
The Eastern Empire: Cultural Complexity in the Late Empire
Constantinople and the Christian Emperors
The Defence of the Empire
Christianity in the Eastern Empire
Justinian
Justinian's Law Codes
The Nika Riots
The Campaigns in Africa and Italy
Procopius of Caesarea
The Church of St Sophia
The Last Years of Justinian
The Emergence of the Byzantine Empire
EPILOGUE
Legacies
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 1. REDISCOVERING THE ANCIENT WORLD
CHAPTERS 2, 3, AND 4. ANCIENT EGYPT
CHAPTER 5. THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST
THE GREEKS: GENERAL BOOKS
CHAPTER 6. THE EARLY GREEKS
CHAPTER 7. THE GREEKS IN A WIDER WORLD
CHAPTER 8. HOPLITES AND TYRANTS
CHAPTER 9. THE ARCHAIC AGE
CHAPTER 10. THE PERSIAN WARS
CHAPTERS 11 AND 12. LIFE IN CLASSICAL GREECE
CHAPTER 13. ATHENS: DEMOCRACY AND EMPIRE
CHAPTER 14. FROM AESCHYLUS TO ARISTOTLE
CHAPTER 15. THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER, 431-339 BC
CHAPTER 16. ALEXANDER OF MACEDON
CHAPTER 17. THE HELLENISTIC WORLD
INTERLUDE. CELTS AND PARTHIANS
THE ROMANS: GENERAL BOOKS
CHAPTER 18. THE ETRUSCANS AND EARLY ROME
CHAPTER 19. ROME AND THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD, 265-133 BC
CHAPTERS 20 AND 21. ROMAN POLITICS, 133-31 BC
INTERLUDE. WOMEN IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
CHAPTER 22. AUGUSTUS AND THE FOUNDING OF EMPIRE
CHAPTERS 23, 24, AND 25. THE ROMAN EMPIRE
CHAPTER 26. TRANSFORMATIONS: THE ROMAN EMPIRE 138-313
CHAPTER 27. THE FOUNDATIONS OF CHRISTIANITY
CHAPTERS 28, 29, AND 30. LATER ANTIQUITY
EPILOGUE. LEGACIES
DATE CHART
LIST OF EVENTS
BC
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS OF SOURCES
PLATES
LINE DRAWINGS
MAPS
INDEX
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