[Gutenberg 59134] • The Historians' History of the World in Twenty-Five Volumes, Volume 07 / The History of the Later Roman Empire by Unknown -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

THE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF THE WORLD Contributors, and Editorial Revisers. PART XI CONTENTS A SURVEY OF THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE AGES

THE TRANSITION TO THE MIDDLE AGES THE MIDDLE AGES

BOOK I THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EAST

INTRODUCTION THE SCOPE, THE SOURCES, AND THE CHRONOLOGY OF LATER ROMAN HISTORY IN THE EAST

A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE SOURCES THE CHRONOLOGY OF LATER ROMAN HISTORY IN THE EAST

CHAPTER I THE REIGN OF ARCADIUS [395-408 A.D.]

A COMPARISON OF THE TWO EMPIRES GREATNESS OF CONSTANTINOPLE THE EAST AND THE WEST ALARIC’S REVOLT EUTROPIUS THE EUNUCH TRIBIGILD THE OSTROGOTH; THE FALL OF EUTROPIUS ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM

CHAPTER II. REIGN OF THEODOSIUS THE YOUNGER TO THE ELEVATION OF JUSTINIAN [408-527 A.D.]

THE HUNS AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS DESCRIBES THE HUNS ATTILA, KING OF THE HUNS THE DIPLOMACY OF ATTILA ATTEMPT TO ASSASSINATE ATTILA SUCCESSORS OF THEODOSIUS JUSTIN I FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER III. JUSTINIAN AND THEODORA [525-548 A.D.]

THE FACTIONS OF THE CIRCUS AVARICE AND PROFUSION OF JUSTINIAN THE BUILDING OF ST. SOPHIA OTHER BUILDINGS OF JUSTINIAN FORTIFICATIONS SUPPRESSION OF THE SCHOOLS EXTINCTION OF THE ROMAN CONSULSHIP THE VANDALIC WAR BELISARIUS BELISARIUS ENTERS CARTHAGE TRIUMPH AND MEEKNESS OF BELISARIUS SOLOMON’S WARS WITH THE MOORS MILITARY TACTICS UNDER JUSTINIAN DECADENCE OF THE SOLDIERY FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER IV THE LATER YEARS OF JUSTINIAN’S REIGN [535-565 A.D.]

BYZANTIUM RIDS ROME OF THE GOTHS FINLAY’S ESTIMATE OF BELISARIUS THE GOTHS RENEW THE WAR BELISARIUS IN ROME GIBBON’S ESTIMATE OF BELISARIUS AND HIS TIMES BARBARIC INROADS SLAVIC INCURSIONS TURKS AND AVARS RELATIONS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE WITH PERSIA THE REVOLT IN AFRICA INVASION OF THE COTRIGUR HUNS END OF BELISARIUS DEATH OF JUSTINIAN JUSTINIAN AS A LEGISLATOR BURY’S ESTIMATE OF JUSTINIAN FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER V. REIGN OF JUSTIN II TO HERACLIUS [565-629 A.D.]

REIGN OF TIBERIUS THE EMPEROR MAURICE (582-602) AND THE WAR WITH PERSIA THE PERSIAN WAR (572-591) THE AVARS STATE OF THE ROMAN ARMIES REBELLION AGAINST MAURICE PHOCAS EMPEROR (602-610) HERACLIUS EMPEROR (610-641) HERACLIUS PLANS TO REMOVE THE CAPITAL TO CARTHAGE (618) THE AWAKENING OF HERACLIUS TRIUMPH OF HERACLIUS THE SIEGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE (626) THIRD EXPEDITION OF HERACLIUS BATTLE OF NINEVEH (627) THE END OF CHOSROES (628) FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER VI. HERACLIUS AND HIS SUCCESSORS [610-717 A.D.]

THE PROVINCES UNDER HERACLIUS BARRIERS AGAINST THE NORTHERN BARBARIANS RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES OF HERACLIUS WARS WITH THE MOHAMMEDANS THE REIGN OF CONSTANS II (641-668 A.D.) RELIGIOUS FEUDS THE GROWING DANGER FROM THE SARACENS REIGN OF CONSTANTINE IV (668-685 A.D.) SARACEN WARS AND SIEGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE (672 A.D.) JUSTINIAN II (685 A.D.) THE GOVERNMENT OF LEONTIUS (695-698 A.D.) JUSTINIAN RECOVERS THE THRONE ANARCHY FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER VII LEO THE ISAURIAN TO JOANNES ZIMISCES [717-969 A.D.]

Leo III (Leo the Isaurian), 717-741 A.D. THE SIEGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE (717-718 A.D.) REVOLT AGAINST LEO THE ICONOCLASTS ICONOCLASM AFTER LEO THE REIGN OF CONSTANTINE V (COPRONYMUS) (741-775 A.D.) GOVERNMENT OF COPRONYMUS; THE SARACEN WARS WARS WITH BULGARIA THE COUNCIL OF 754 LEO IV AND CONSTANTINE VI (775-797 A.D.) THE EMPRESS IRENE IRENE AND ICONOCLASM END OF BYZANTINE AUTHORITY AT ROME NICEPHORUS (802-811 A.D.) AND MICHAEL I (812-813 A.D.) LEO THE ARMENIAN (813-820 A.D.) The Amorian Dynasty (820-867 A.D.) MICHAEL II (820-829 A.D.) THEOPHILUS (829-842 A.D.) THEODORA AND MICHAEL THE DRUNKARD (842-867 A.D.) The Basilian or Macedonian Dynasty (867-1057 A.D.) BASIL (867-886 A.D.) LEO VI THE PHILOSOPHER (886-911 A.D.) CONSTANTINE VII PORPHYROGENITUS (911-919 A.D.) (944-959 A.D.) ROMANUS LECAPENUS (919-944 A.D.) ROMANUS II (959-963 A.D.) NICEPHORUS PHOCAS (963-969 A.D.) THE WARS OF NICEPHORUS FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER VIII GLORY AND DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE [969-1204 A.D.]

THE RUSSIAN WAR (970-971 A.D.) WAR WITH THE SARACENS (972-976 A.D.) THE APEX OF GLORY BASIL II AND HIS SUCCESSORS (976-1054 A.D.) SEPARATION OF GREEK AND LATIN CHURCHES THE COMNENI ROMANUS IN THE FIELD (1067-1071) CAPTIVITY OF THE EMPEROR THE SONS OF CONSTANTINE XI AND NICEPHORUS III (1071-1081 A.D.) ANNA COMNENA’S HISTORY TROUBLES OF ALEXIUS THE NORMAN INVASION JOANNES (II) COMNENUS (CALO-JOANNES) (1118-1143 A.D.) MANUEL I (1143-1180 A.D.) The Adventures of Andronicus ALEXIUS II (1180-1183 A.D.) ANDRONICUS I, EMPEROR (1183-1185 A.D.) GIBBON’S REVIEW OF THE EMPERORS ISAAC (II) ANGELUS (1185-1195 A.D.) INTERVENTION OF THE CRUSADERS THE CAPTURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE (1203 A.D.) SECOND CAPTURE, AND SACK OF THE CITY (1204 A.D.) FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER IX. THE LATIN EMPIRE [1204-1261 A.D.]

THE ELECTION OF AN EMPEROR BALDWIN CROWNED DIVISION OF THE TERRITORY THE POPE ACKNOWLEDGED FATE OF THE ROYAL FUGITIVES BALDWIN QUARRELS WITH BONIFACE OTHER CONQUESTS THE BULGARIAN WAR DEFEAT OF THE LATINS THE FATE OF BALDWIN HENRY OF HAINAULT PIERRE DE COURTENAI AND ROBERT OF NAMUR JEAN DE BRIENNE BALDWIN II THE CROWN OF THORNS PROGRESS OF THE GREEKS (1237-1261 A.D.) CONSTANTINOPLE RECOVERED BY THE GREEKS (1261 A.D.) TRACES LEFT BY THE FRANK DOMINATION IN THE GREEK EMPIRE FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER X THE RESTORATION OF THE GREEK EMPIRE [1204-1391 A.D.]

THEODORE (I) LASCARIS AND JOANNES VATATZES (1204-1254 A.D.) THEODORE (II) LASCARIS AND JOANNES (IV) LASCARIS (1254-1259 A.D.) Michael (VIII) Palæologus (1259-1282 A.D.) MICHAEL PALÆOLOGUS CROWNED EMPEROR (1259 A.D.) RETURN AND RULE OF THE GREEK EMPEROR THE PROVINCES OF THE EMPIRE ANDRONICUS II (1282-1325 A.D.) THE CATALAN GRAND COMPANY The Duchy of Athens WALTER DE BRIENNE AND CEPHISUS ANDRONICUS II TO THE RESTORATION OF THE PALÆOLOGI (1311-1355 A.D.) THE CRUSADE OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY THE EMPIRE TRIBUTARY TO THE TURKS FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER XI MANUEL II TO THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE [1391-1453 A.D.]

MANUEL II (1391-1399 A.D.) REIGN OF JOANNES VII (1423-1448 A.D.) BRIEF UNION OF THE GREEK AND ROMAN CHURCHES REIGN OF CONSTANTINE XIII (1448-1453 A.D.) WAR WITH MUHAMMED CHURCH DISSENSIONS PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENCE THE SIEGE BEGINS THE FINAL ASSAULT THE SACK OF CONSTANTINOPLE END OF THE COMNENI AND PALÆOLOGI FOOTNOTES

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS

Chapter I. The Reign of Arcadius Chapter II. The Reign of Theodosius the Younger to the Elevation of Justinian Chapter III. Justinian and Theodora Chapter IV. The Later Years of Justinian’s Reign Chapter V. Justin II to Heraclius Chapter VI. Heraclius and his Successors Chapter VII. Leo the Isaurian to Joannes Zimisces Chapter VIII. The Glory and Decline of the Empire Chapter IX. The Latin Empire Chapter X. The Restoration of the Greek Empire Chapter XI. Manuel II to the Fall of Constantinople

BOOK II THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST

INTRODUCTION HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE A PRELIMINARY SURVEY COMPRISING A CURSORY VIEW OF THE SWEEP OF EVENTS AND A TABLE OF CHRONOLOGY

FROM THE STIRRING OF THE HUNS TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE VISIGOTHIC KINGDOM (375-415 A.D.) THE VISIGOTHIC KINGDOM IN FRANCE AND SPAIN (415-711 A.D.) KINGDOM OF THE VANDALS IN AFRICA (439-534 A.D.) THE HERULIANS AND OSTROGOTHS IN ITALY (476-555 A.D.) THE EXARCHATE OVER ALL ITALY (553-568 A.D.) THE LOMBARD KINGDOM OF ITALY (568-774 A.D.) THE FRANKISH KINGS AND EMPERORS IN NORTH AND CENTRAL ITALY (774-888 A.D.) THE QUASI-ITALIAN SUCCESSION (888-962 A.D.) THE FIRST KINGDOM OF BURGUNDY (413-534 A.D.) THE SECOND KINGDOM OF BURGUNDY OR ARLES (879-1032 A.D.) THE KINGDOM OF THURINGIA THE KINGDOM OF THE SALIC FRANKS OR MEROVINGIANS (486-751 A.D.) THE CARLOVINGIAN KINGS (751-800 A.D.) THE EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE AND THE KINGDOM OF EAST FRANCIA (800-961 A.D.) THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

CHAPTER I ODOACER TO THE TRIUMPH OF NARSES [476-568 A.D.]

THE RISE OF THEODORIC THE GOTHS MOVE UPON ITALY THEODORIC THE GREAT (493-526 A.D.) THEODORIC AND THE CHURCH THE FATE OF BOETHIUS AND SYMMACHUS THE TROUBLES OF AMALASUNTHA JUSTINIAN INTERVENES WITIGES KING OF THE GOTHS BELISARIUS AND THE SIEGE OF ROME (536-538 A.D.) SUFFERINGS OF THE ROMANS THE POPE DEPOSED A THREE MONTHS’ TRUCE (537-538 A.D.) LAST EFFORTS OF THE GOTHS (538 A.D.) JEALOUSY OF THE ROMAN GENERALS A FRANKISH INVASION (539 A.D.) THE TEST OF BELISARIUS’ FIDELITY THE RISE OF TOTILA BELISARIUS AGAIN IN ITALY SECOND SIEGE OF ROME (MAY, 544-DECEMBER, 545 A.D.) TOTILA CAPTURES ROME (546 A.D.) BELISARIUS REMANTLES THE DESERTED CITY TOTILA AGAIN TAKES ROME (549 A.D.) NARSES RETURNS TO ITALY (551 A.D.) BATTLE OF TAGINÆ AND DEATH OF TOTILA (552 A.D.) PROGRESS OF NARSES INTERFERENCE OF THE FRANKS BATTLE OF CAPUA, OR THE VULTURNUS (554 A.D.) END OF GOTHIC SWAY FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER II LOMBARD INVASION TO LIUTPRAND’S DEATH [568-744 A.D.]

EARLY HISTORY OF THE LOMBARDS THEIR WANDERINGS FROM THE ELBE TO THE DANUBE THE LOMBARDS IN THE REGIONS OF THE DANUBE WARS WITH THE GEPIDS ALBOIN ANNIHILATES THE GEPID POWER ALBOIN PLANS TO INVADE ITALY THE END OF NARSES THE LOMBARDS ENTER ITALY THE END OF ALBOIN (573 A.D.) EXTENT OF LOMBARD SWAY THE REIGN AND WOOING OF AUTHARI LOMBARD GOVERNMENT AND LAW THE DECAY OF ROME THE LOMBARD KINGS (636-712 A.D.) DECLINE OF THE LOMBARD KINGDOM REIGN OF LIUTPRAND (712-744 A.D.) LIUTPRAND AND MARTEL LIUTPRAND AND THE ITALIAN POWERS LIUTPRAND, THE POPE, AND CONSTANTINOPLE PEACE WITH ROME HODGKIN’S ESTIMATE OF LIUTPRAND FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER III THE FRANKS TO THE TIME OF CHARLES MARTEL [55 B.C.-732 A.D.]

FIRST CONFLICTS WITH ROME FRANKS IN THE ROMAN ARMY EARLY KINGS AND THE SALIC LAWS THE REIGN OF CLOVIS CLOVIS TURNS CHRISTIAN (496 A.D.) SUCCESSORS OF CLOVIS TO PEPIN THE RISE OF PEPIN PEPIN OF HERISTAL THE CAREER OF CHARLES MARTEL (714-732 A.D.) FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER IV CHARLES MARTEL TO CHARLEMAGNE [732-768 A.D.]

THE SARACENS AGAIN REPELLED THE AFFAIRS OF ROME THE POPE CALLS TO CHARLES CARLOMAN AND PEPIN THE SHORT PEPIN SOLE RULER SECULARISATION THE ANOINTING OF PEPIN (751 A.D.) LOMBARD AFFAIRS THE POPE VISITS PEPIN PEPIN INVADES ITALY (755 A.D.) SECOND WAR WITH THE LOMBARDS DESIDERIUS MADE LOMBARD KING PEPIN AND THE AQUITANIANS FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER V CHARLEMAGNE [768-814 A.D.]

HIS BIOGRAPHY BY A CONTEMPORARY THE ITALIAN WAR (772-774 A.D.) THE SAXON WAR (772-804 A.D.) THE PASS OF RONCESVALLES (778 A.D.) THIRD VISIT TO ITALY (787 A.D.) BAVARIAN WAR WITH TASSILO (787-788 A.D.) WARS IN THE NORTH AND WITH THE AVARS (791-796 A.D.) DANISH WAR (808-810 A.D.) GLORY OF CHARLEMAGNE HIS FAMILY HIS PERSONAL LOOK AND HABITS HIS IMPERIAL TITLE (800 A.D.) HIS DEATH (814 A.D.) PORTENTS OF CHARLEMAGNE’S DEATH HIS WILL AND TESTAMENT GIESEBRECHT ON CHARLES THE GREAT The Final Subjugation of the Saxons The Imperial Coronation 800 A.D. Administration and Reforms of Charles Last Years of Charles THE LEGENDARY CHARLEMAGNE The Monk of St. Gall’s Story Sheppard’s Summary of the Legends FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER VI CHARLEMAGNE’S SUCCESSORS TO THE TREATY OF VERDUN [814-843 A.D.]

LOUIS LE DÉBONNAIRE, OR PIOUS (814-840 A.D.) HUMILIATION OF LOUIS LOUIS RETURNS TO POWER LAST YEARS OF LOUIS QUARRELS OF HIS SUCCESSORS CHARLES THE BALD AND LUDWIG THE GERMAN UNITE LOTHAIR BROUGHT TO TERMS (842 A.D.) OPPRESSION OF THE SAXON FREEMEN THE TREATY OF VERDUN (843 A.D.) FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER VII THE BIRTH OF GERMAN NATIONALITY [843-936 A.D.]

The Reign of Ludwig the German (843-876 A.D.) WAR WITH THE SLAVONIC TRIBES LUDWIG TURNS AGAINST CHARLES THE BALD (853-860 A.D.) THE END OF LOTHAIR LUDWIG AND CHARLES DIVIDE LOTHAIR’S POSSESSIONS (870 A.D.) LAST YEARS OF LUDWIG THE GERMAN THE SONS OF LUDWIG THE GERMAN; CHARLES THE FAT (876-887 A.D.) LUDWIG THE YOUNGER RAVAGES OF THE NORTHMEN CHARLES THE FAT (882-887 A.D.) ARNULF (887-899 A.D.) ARNULF ENTERS ITALY THE BABENBERG FEUD THE HUNGARIAN INVASIONS CONRAD THE FIRST (911-918 A.D.) REIGN OF HENRY (I) THE FOWLER (918-936 A.D.) THE UNIFICATION OF THE EMPIRE WARS AGAINST OUTER ENEMIES FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER VIII OTTO THE GREAT AND HIS SUCCESSORS [936-1024 A.D.]

THE CORONATION OF OTTO (936 A.D.) THE OVERTHROW OF THE STEM DUCHIES THE TENTH CENTURY RENAISSANCE THE STRENGTHENING OF THE MARKS VICTORY OVER THE MAGYARS AND WENDS THE REVIVAL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE THE IMPERIAL CORONATION (962 A.D.) WARS IN ITALY AGAINST BYZANTIUM COMPARISON OF HENRY THE FOWLER AND OTTO WITH CHARLEMAGNE THE UNFORESEEN EVILS OF OTTO’S REIGN OTTO II (973-983 A.D.) OTTO IN FRANCE AND ITALY QUELLING OF THE SLAVS OTTO III (983-1002 A.D.) OTTO III MAKES AND UNMAKES POPES HENRY (II) THE SAINT (1002-1024 A.D.) HENRY’S POLICY RELATION OF ITALY TO THE EMPIRE AT DEATH OF HENRY II FOOTNOTES

CHAPTER IX THE FRANCONIAN, OR SALIAN, DYNASTY [1024-1125 A.D.]

A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY CONRAD II INCREASES HIS POWER CONRAD IN ITALY AND GERMANY (1026-1039 A.D.) THE ACCESSION OF HENRY III (1039 A.D.) HENRY’S EFFORTS FOR PEACE THE PAPACY SUBORDINATED TO HENRY THE TRUCE OF GOD SORROWS OF HENRY’S LAST YEARS HENRY IV (1056-1106 A.D.) QUARREL BETWEEN HENRY IV AND GREGORY VII “GOING TO CANOSSA”: A CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNT HENRY’S STRUGGLE TO REGAIN POWER (1077-1090 A.D.) HENRY AND CONRAD END OF HENRY IV HENRY V AND THE WAR OF INVESTITURES FOOTNOTES

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS

Chapter I. Odoacer to the Triumph of Narses Chapter II. Lombard Invasion to Liutprand’s Death Chapter III. The Franks to the Time of Charles Martel Chapter IV. Charles Martel to Charlemagne Chapter V. Charlemagne Chapter VI. Charlemagne’s Successors to the Treaty of Verdun Chapter VII. The Birth of German Nationality Chapter VIII. Otto the Great and his Successors Chapter IX. The Franconian, or Salian, Dynasty

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