The Britannica Guide to Explorers and Explorations That Changed the Modern World by Publishing, Britannica Educational -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Introduction Chapter 1: Early Explorers

Exploration of the Atlantic Coastlines

Hanno Pytheas Erik the Red Lief Eriksson the Lucky Vinland

Persian and Roman Explorations

Pillars of Heracles

East-West Contact in Eurasia

Travels of Ibn Battūtah Travels of Marco Polo Silk Road Zheng He

Chapter 2: The Age of Discovery

The Sea Route East by South to Cathay Bartolomeu Dias and the Cape of Good Hope Vasco da Gama and the Route to India

The First Voyage The Second Voyage The Third Voyage

Columbus’s Voyages to the New World

Preparation for the First Voyage The First Voyage The Second and Third Voyages The Fourth Voyage and Final Years Columbus’s Journals

Vespucci’s Travels to South America

Vespucci’s Namesake

Magellan and the Circumnavigation of the Earth

Allegiance to Spain Discovery of the Strait of Magellan Circumnavigation of the Globe Strait of Magellan

Chapter 3: Colonial Exploration of the New World

Spain: The Conquests

Balboa Reaches the Pacific Cortés and the Conquest of the Aztecs Chocolate Francisco Pizarro and the Conquest of the Incas Francisco de Orellana De Soto and the Discovery of the Mississippi River Coronado’s Expeditions in Southwestern North America Juan Ponce de León: Florida and the Fountain of Youth St. Augustine

France in North America

Verrazzano’s Exploration of the Eastern Coast Cartier’s Exploration of the St. Lawrence River The St. Lawrence River and Seaway Samuel de Champlain Quebec La Salle’s Exploration of the Interior Jolliet and Marquette

Chapter 4: Journeys of Inquiry

Tasman’s Discoveries in the South Pacific

Dutch East India Company

Drake’s Circumnavigation

Drake Passage

La Pérouse and Dumont D’Urville’s Explorations of the Pacific

La Perouse Strait

Voyages of James Cook

Early Career Voyages and Discoveries Georg Forster

Humboldt’s Exploration of South America

Peru Current

Into the Heart of Africa

Livingstone’s Journeys into the Continental Centre Stanley’s Explorations Victoria Falls Ituri Forest Richard Burton and the Source of the Nile Lake Victoria

Chapter 5: Arctic Exploration

English and Dutch Exploration of the Eurasian Arctic Hudson’s Expeditions

The Search for the Northeast Passage The Voyage to Hudson Bay

Early Russian Exploration Conquest of the Northeast Passage The Northwest Passage

19th Century Attempts at the Passage Traverses of the Northwest Passage Since 1900

The North Pole

The Fram Expedition Fridtjof Nansen The Race for the Pole Matthew Henson Nautilus and Skate

Scientific Exploration

Svalbard The Russian Arctic Greenland The North American Arctic The Arctic Ocean

Chapter 6: Exploration of Antarctica

Voyages of Bellingshausen, Bransfield, and Palmer

Palmer Land

Voyages of Dumont d’Urville, Wilkes, and Ross

Ross Ice Shelf

The “Heroic Age” of Exploration

Discovery of the Antarctic Poles South Pole Shackleton and Scott’s Ill-Fated Attempts Amundsen’s Successful Expedition

Exploration Since 1920

Ann Bancroft Technological Advancements in Exploration Little America National Rivalries and Claims

Scientific Exploration

The Development of the IGY Post-IGY Research

Chapter 7: The Quest for Everest

Early Expeditions

Attempt of 1922 Attempt of 1924 Attempt of 1933 Reconnaissance of 1935 Attempts of 1936 and 1938 Royal Geographical Society

Golden Age of Everest Climbs

Spring Attempt of 1952 Autumn Attempt of 1952 The Historic Ascent of 1953 Everest-Lhotse, 1956 Attempts of 1960 The U.S. Ascent of 1963 The Indian Ascent of 1965

Developments 1965 to 1980

The Southwest Face The First Ascent by a Woman The West Ridge Direct Ascent Climbing Without Supplemental Oxygen The North Approach

The 1980s

First Solo Climb Further Exploration from Tibet Developments in Nepal The End of an Era

Notable Climbers

George Mallory John Hunt Edmund Hillary Tenzing Norgay Reinhold Messner

Chapter 8: Reaching for Great Heights and Depths

Auguste Piccard and Early Ascents into the Stratosphere Subsequent Stratospheric Flights Superpressure Balloons Introduction of the Bathysphere

William Beebe

Auguste Piccard and the Development of the Bathyscaphe

Jacques Piccard and the Mesoscaphe Mariana Trench

Chapter 9: Notable Archaeological Finds

Pompeii

History History of Excavations Description of the Remains Influence on European Culture Importance as Historical Source Giuseppe Fiorelli

Troy

Geography Archaeology Heinrich Schliemann Wilhelm Dörpfeld

Knossos

History Palace of Minos Sir Arthur Evans

Machu Picchu

Site and Excavation Architecture and Tourism Hiram Bingham

Valley of the Kings and Tutankhamen

Valley of the Kings Tutankhamen and His Tomb Howard Carter

Easter Island

Archaeology Thor Heyerdahl and the Kon-Tiki

Olduvai Gorge

The Fossil Beds The Leakey Family National Geographic Society

Glossary For Further Reading Index

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