The Age of the Democratic Revolution by Armitage, David -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Title Copyright CONTENTS List of Maps Foreword Part 1: The Challenge

Preface to Part 1 I. The Age of the Democratic Revolution

The Revolution of Western Civilization A “Democratic” Revolution: “Democrat” and “Aristocrat” in European Languages A Preview of What Follows

II. Aristocracy about 1760: The Constituted Bodies

The Diets of Eastern Europe Councils and Estates of the Middle Zone The Provincial Estates and Parlements of France Parliaments and Assemblies in the British Isles and America

III. Aristocracy about 1760: Theory and Practice

Montesquieu, Real de Curban, Blackstone, Warburton Uses and Abuses of Social Rank Problems of Administration, Recruitment, Taxation, and Class Consciousness

IV. Clashes with Monarchy

The QuasiRevolution in France, 1763–1774 The Monarchist Coup d’Etat of 1772 in Sweden The Hapsburg Empire

V. A Clash with Democracy: Geneva and JeanJacques Rousseau

Rousseau, Voltaire, and Geneva to 1762 The Social Contract, 1762 The Genevese Revolution of 1768

VI. The British Parliament between King and People

The British Constitution The First American Crisis: The Stamp Act Tribulations of Parliament, 1766–1774 The Second American Crisis: The Coercive Acts and the Continental Congress

VII. The American Revolution: The Forces in Conflict

The Revolution: Was There Any? AngloAmerica before the Revolution The Revolution: Democracy and Aristocracy The Revolution: Britain and Europe

VIII. The American Revolution: The People as Constituent Power

The Distinctiveness of American Political Ideas Constitution-Making in North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts A Word on the Constitution of the United States Ambivalence of the American Revolution

IX. Europe and the American Revolution

The Sense of a New Era Channels of Communication The Depths of Feeling The American Constitutions: An International Argument

X. Two Parliaments Escape Reform

The Arming of Ireland: “Grattan’s Parliament” The “Association” Movement in England The Reform Bills and Their Failure The Conservatism of Edmund Burke The “Appellation of Citizen” vs. the Test Act

XI. Democrats and Aristocrats—Dutch, Belgian, and Swiss

The Dutch Patriot Movement The Belgian Revolution A View of Switzerland Reflections on the Foregoing

XII. The Limitations of Enlightened Despotism

Joseph II: The Attempted Revolution from Above Leopold II: The Aristocratic Counterattack Three Charters of the North

XIII. The Lessons of Poland

The Gentry Republic The Polish Revolution: The Constitution of 1791 A Game of Ideological Football

XIV. The French Revolution: The Aristocratic Resurgence

The Problem of the French Revolution Ministers and Parlements, 1774–1788 The Aristocratic Revolt

XV. The French Revolution: The Explosion of 1789

The Formation of a Revolutionary Psychology The Overturn: May to August 1789 The Constitution: Mounier and Sieyès

Part 2: The Struggle Preface to Part 2

XVI. The Issues and the Adversaries

Bastille Day, 1792 Ideological War The Adversaries Shades of Doctrine

XVII. The Revolutionizing of the Revolution

The “Second” French Revolution Popular Revolutionism International Revolutionism

XVIII. Liberation and Annexation: 1792–1793

The Storm in the Low Countries The Submersion of Poland

XIX. The Survival of the Revolution in France

Gouvernement Révolutionnaire Reaction against Popular and International Revolutionism The Moral Republic The Meaning of Thermidor

XX. Victories of the CounterRevolution in Eastern Europe

The Problem of Eastern Europe The Impact of the Western Revolution in Russia The Abortive Polish Revolution of 1794 Agitations in the Hapsburg Empire The Jacobin Conspiracies at Vienna and in Hungary, 1794 An Addendum on Southeast Europe

XXI. The Batavian Republic

The Dutch Revolution of 1794–1795 The Frustration of the Conciliators Federalists and Democrats The Coup d’Etat of January 22, 1798: Dutch Democracy at Its Height A Word on the Dutch of South Africa

XXII. The French Directory: Mirage of the Moderates

After Thermidor The Directory The Sources of Moderate Strength

XXIII. The French Directory between Extremes

Democracy and Communism The Throne and the Altar Fructidor and Floréal

XXIV. The Revolution Comes to Italy

“World Revolution” as Seen from Paris, 1796 The Beginning of French Action in Italy Italy before 1796 The Kingdom of Corsica

XXV. The Cisalpine Republic

The Val Padana and the Bridge at Lodi The Cispadane Republic The Venetian Revolution and the Treaty of Campo Formio The Cisalpine Republic: Sketch of a Modern State Politics and Vicissitudes of the Cisalpine

XXVI. 1798: The High Tide of Revolutionary Democracy

The Great Nation, the SisterRepublics, and the Wave of Cisalpinization A Comparative View of the New Republican Order The Republican Constitutions Religion and Revolution: Christianity and Democracy

XXVII. The Republics at Rome and Naples

The Politics of the Semi-Peace The Roman Republic The Neapolitan Republic

XXVIII. The Helvetic Republic

Switzerland before 1798 Geneva: Revolution and Annexation The Swiss Revolutionaries Swiss Unity vs. External Pressures Internal Stresses in the Helvetic Republic

XXIX. Germany: The Revolution of the Mind

The Ambiguous Revolution Mainz Jacobins and Cisrhenane Republicans The Colossi of the Goethezeit CounterRevolutionary Cross Currents

XXX. Britain: Republicanism and the Establishment

British Radicalism and Continental Revolution Clubs and Conventions The “Lévee en Masse” of the People of Quality The Abortive Irish Revolution of 1798

XXXI. America: Democracy Native and Imported

The “Other” Americas, Latin and British Which Way the New Republic? The Impact of the Outside World The “Corruption of Poland” Democracy in America

XXXII. Climax and Dénouement

The Still Receding Mirage of the Moderates The Conservative Counter-Offensive of 1799 The Revolutionary Re-Arousal and Victory Two Men on Horseback

Appendixes

I. References for the Quotations at Heads of Chapters II. Translations of Metrical Passages III. Excerpts from Certain Basic Legal Documents

1. The Russian Charter of Nobility, 1785 2. The Prussian General Code, 1791 3. The Swedish Act of Union and Security, 1789 4. The Polish Constitution of 1791 5. The Hungarian Coronation Oath of 1790 6. The Brabant Declaration of Independence, 1789 7. The Geneva Edict of Pacification, 1782 8. The Canada Act, 1791 9. The Constitutions of the United States, 1787, and of Pennsylvania, 1790 10. The French Constitution of 1789–1791

IV. The Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776, and the French Declaration of Rights of 1789 V. “Democratic” and “Bourgeois” Characteristics in the French Constitution of 1791: Property Qualifications in France, Britain, and America

Index

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